Tube cassia
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Tube cassia ( Cassia fistula ) |
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The Cassia fistula ( Cassia fistula ), also Purgier Cassia , Fisett Cassia or Indian Goldregen called, is a plant of the genus Kassien ( Cassia ) in the subfamily of caesalpinioideae (Caesalpinioideae) within the family of the Leguminosae (Fabaceae). It is used in many ways.
description
Vegetative characteristics
The tube cassia grows as a tree and reaches heights of 6 to 15, rarely up to 20 meters. The bark of young trees is smooth and ash-colored, whereas that of old trees is rough and dark brown.
The alternate leaves arranged on the branches have a length of 22.5 to 40 centimeters; they are divided into petioles and paired pinnate leaf blades. The bald, stem-round rhachis has a length of 12 to 25 centimeters; three to eight pairs of leaflets are lined up on it. The leathery leaflets are usually 6 to 10, rarely up to 20 centimeters and 4 to 8 centimeters wide ovate or ovate-elongated. The leaflets are initially hairy on both sides, later they are glabrous with a glossy top. The early falling stipules are delta-shaped and 1 to 2 millimeters long.
Inflorescences and flowers
The flowering period extends from April to June. In lateral, drooping, usually 20 to 40, rarely up to 60 centimeters long, racemose inflorescences are loosely arranged many flowers. The inflorescence stem has a length of 2 to 10 centimeters. The hairy bracts are ovate with a length of 8 to 10 millimeters. The 3 to almost 6 centimeters long, slender flower stalk is slightly hairy to bald.
The relatively large, fragrant, hermaphroditic, zygomorphen , pentadentate flowers have a diameter of 3.5 to 4 centimeters with double perianth (Perianth). The flower base (receptaculum) is cup-shaped. The five green, hairy, only briefly overgrown sepals bend back towards the flower stalk after opening and are narrowly egg-shaped with a length of 9 to 15 millimeters. The five free, almost identical, golden yellow petals are 2.5 to 3.5 centimeters long, blunt, broad, obovate, short keeled and clearly veined. Of the ten stamens , the three longest, protruding above the petals, are mostly rolled up with 3 to 4 centimeters long stamens and large, about 5 millimeters long, elongated anthers, the four medium-sized ones are fairly straight with 6 to 10 millimeters long stamens and the three fairly short ones are also erect and sterile with tiny anthers. The single carpel is slender and slightly pressed, hairy curly hair. The small, powerful stylus ends in a point-shaped scar.
Fruits and seeds
The hanging, rod-shaped legume , sometimes 30 to 60 centimeters long and 1.5 to 2.5 centimeters in diameter, sometimes referred to as sausage-shaped, is glossy black-brown when ripe and transversely divided into 40 by cardboard-like septa up to 100 subjects. It does not open at the belly seam when it is ripe, but it still counts as a legume. On each of the partitions, next to the dried fruit, lies the pulp, dried into a thin, blackish, licorice-like, sweet-tasting layer, each with a glossy, honey-brown, very hard seed on top.
Chromosome number and ingredients
The basic chromosome number is usually x = 14; there is diploidy with a chromosome number of mostly 2n = 28.
In addition to many other ingredients , polyphenols , oligomeric proanthocyanidins and flavonoids are particularly important.
Anthraquinone glycosides from Purgier cassia have a laxative effect on the large intestine.
distribution
The original home of the tube cassia is on the Indian subcontinent , from western Pakistan, Swat and Hazara eastwards to India , Myanmar and Sri Lanka . It thrives mainly in seasonal green forests at altitudes of around 1200 meters.
use
It is cultivated in the entire tropical belt as an ornamental and useful plant. The Indian laburnum is used as an ornamental wood in parks, gardens and avenues.
The bark / bark of Cassia fistula contains tannins and therefore is used for tanning and the red dye for coloring. The wood ash is used for pickling.
The very hard and durable wood is used, for example, to manufacture agricultural equipment, bridges and supports.
The pulp of the fruit is used in Bengal to flavor tobacco .
The pulp contains 60 to 70% sugar, some tannic acid and coloring . The fruits are sold in a dried state worldwide. The fruit peel is lignified and relatively hard. If you break the shell open, you will find the pulp as black, not dissimilar slices of liquorice (see picture). These discs separate the seed chambers from one another. The "musk slices" have a fine floral aroma, are suitable for consumption and are very sweet due to the high sugar content. The fruits of the tube cassia were often referred to as manna in the past .
Furthermore, the pulp and seeds are said to act as very mild laxatives . Warning, the seeds are said to be poisonous. Medical effects have been reported from many parts of plants.
symbol
In Thailand , Cassia fistula is the national flower and part of the coats of arms of many provinces; it is called there "Dok Khuen" or "Raja Phuek" (ราช พฤกษ). It is also the state flower of the Indian state of Kerala and is called "Kanikkonna" there.
Systematics
The species name Cassia fistula was 1753 Linnaeus in Species Plantarum , 1, pp 377-378 first published . There are many synonyms for Cassia fistula L .: Bactyrilobium fistula Willd. , Cassia bonplandiana DC. , Cassia excelsa Kunth , Cassia fistuloides Collad. , Cassia rhombifolia Roxb. , Cathartocarpus excelsus G. Don , Cathartocarpus fistula Pers. , Cathartocarpus fistuloides (Collad.) G.Don , Cathartocarpus rhombifolius G.Don .
Common names
For the tubular cassia (Latin cassia fistula ; from Greek kasía : spice bark ) exist or existed, sometimes only regionally, also the other German-language trivial names : Benblum ( Middle High German ), Benencrud (Middle High German), Bokishorn ( Old High German ), Casia ( Old High German), Cassenbaum (Middle High German), Cassenrörn (Middle High German), Cassia fistel (Old High German), Cassianbaum, Cassie fistule (Old High German), Cassienröhrlein (mentioned as early as 1696), Fistelinge (Middle High German), Fisetkassie, Spanish Meadowurst, Fistulkassie, Fistulkassie Purgierkassie, Röhrleinkassie and Wurströmhrlein.
photos
Drooping inflorescence
Inflorescences
Inflorescences
blossoms
Pinnate leaves and unripe fruits
Unripe fruit
Dried fruit
Fruits on sale
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swell
- Dezhao Chen, Dianxiang Zhang , Kai Larsen: Cassieae : Cassia fistula , p. 28 - online with the same text as the printed work , Wu Zheng-yi, Peter H. Raven, Deyuan Hong (ed.): Flora of China. Volume 10: Fabaceae , Science Press and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing and St. Louis 2010, ISBN 978-1-930723-91-7 (Description and Usage Sections).
- Syed Irtifaq Ali: Flora of West Pakistan: "Caesalpiniaceae". : Cassia fistula - online with the same text as the printed work , Cassia fistula at Tropicos.org. In: Flora of Pakistan . Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis (Description, Usage, and Distribution Sections).
- Raju Ilavarasan, Moni Mallika, Subramanian Venkataraman: Anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities of Cassia fistula Linn. bark extracts. In: African Journal of Traditional - CAM = Complementary and Alternative Medicines , 2, 1, 2005, pp. 70–85 ( PDF ; 163 kB).
Individual evidence
- ^ Cassia fistula at Tropicos.org. In: IPCN Chromosome Reports . Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis
- ↑ Theeshan Bahorun, Vidushi S. Neergheen, Okezie I. Aruoma: Phytochemical constituents' of Cassia fistula. In: African Journal of Biotechnology , Volume 4, Issue 13, 2005, pp. 1530–1540: Review online (PDF; 145 kB).
- ^ Rudolf Fritz Weiss : Textbook of Phytotherapy. 5th edition, Stuttgart 1982, p. 128.
- ↑ Symbols of Kerala at ENVIS Center: Kerala.
- ^ Linnaeus scanned in at biodiversitylibrary.org in 1753 .
- ^ Cassia fistula at Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, accessed on November 28, 2015.
- ↑ Data sheet at International Legume Database Information Service = ILDIS - LegumeWeb - World Database of Legumes , Version 10.38 from July 20, 2010 .
- ↑ Helmut Genaust: Etymological dictionary of botanical plant names. Birkhäuser, Basel / Stuttgart 1976, ISBN 3-7643-0755-2 , p. 98.
- ↑ Lorenz Fries : Synonima and just explanation of the words as one is to write in the artzny, all herbs, Wurtzlen, Bluomen, Somen, rocks, juices and other things [...]. Strasbourg 1519, sheet XIX ("cassia fistula [...] is a fruit like a long whistle, has marck and pits inside").
- ^ Georg August Pritzel , Carl Jessen : The German folk names of plants. New contribution to the German linguistic treasure. Philipp Cohen, Hannover 1882, page 84. ( online ).
Web links
- Cassia fistula at Useful Tropical Plants.