Castro de Monte Mozinho

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Castro de Monte Mozinho (Portugal)
Castro de Monte Mozinho
Castro de Monte Mozinho
Lisbon
Lisbon
postage
postage
Faro
Faro
Location of the Castro de Monte Mozinho in Portugal.

The Castro de Monte Mozinho , also known under the name Cidade Morta de Penafiel , is one of the larger Iron Age - Roman hilltop settlements in the tradition of the Castro culture in northwestern Portugal .

Foundation walls of the Roman mountain fortress, 2009

location

The settlement is located on the almost 400 m high crest of the eponymous Monte Mozinho in the area of ​​the communities ( Freguesias ) Oldrões and Galegos in the district ( concelho ) Penafiel , district Porto a good 7 km north of the confluence of the Douro and Tâmega .

Like most of the Castro culture settlements , the Castro de Monte Mozinho is located on a hilltop, but in contrast to many other settlements such as Briteiros or Sanfins , the slopes of the mountain are comparatively flat and hardly support the existing defensive structures.

history

That in the 1st century BC Castro, founded in the 4th century BC, is located in the south of the settlement area of ​​the Celtiberian Callaici (also Callaeci , Greek Καλλαικοί ), whose settlement area extended from the Douro in the south over the north of Portugal , Galicia and the west of Asturias and the west of León . The settlement area of ​​the Callaici , who presumably spoke a (proto-) Celtic language, largely coincides with the spread of the Castro culture; However, it and the Callaecia region only become historically tangible at the turn of the century when they were mentioned in the work of the writer Strabo . and Appian Although the northwest of the Iberian Peninsula was nominally part of the Roman province of Hispania citerior (established in 197 BC) as a result of the Second Punic War and despite the heavy defeat of the Callaici in 136 BC. It was only after the Cantabrian War (29 BC to 19 BC) under Augustus that Rome succeeded in asserting its claim to power and, with the establishment of the cities of Bracara Augusta ( Braga ) and Lucus Augusti (Lugo), the Romanization of the local residents Advancing the population.

There are only a few finds and findings from pre-Roman times. An urban redesign of the settlement in the Flavian - Antonine period with the establishment of the oval acropolis and the first temples is more clearly understandable . In the 2nd century the population thins out and only increases again in the last decades of the 3rd century. The necropolises uncovered in the north of the settlement show, despite the changing population density of the city, continuous settlement from the 1st to the 4th century. The Roman name of the settlement has not been passed down.

With an area of ​​about 20 hectares, the Castro do Mozinho is comparable to the well-known settlements of Briteiros and Sanfins and, like other large settlements of this period, is surrounded by a number of smaller, simultaneous settlements. However, whether the settlement had a central function cannot ultimately be deduced from the purely archaeological findings.

Road to the Acropolis, sight from 1982

research

The first archaeological excavations were carried out in 1930 under the direction of Abílio Miranda and continued in 1943 by Elísio Ferreira de Sousa and in 1947 by Fernando Russel Cortez. In 1948 the settlement area was registered and protected as IIP - Imóvel de Interest Público . Between 1974 and 1979, other campaigns were carried out by Carlos A. Ferreira de Almeida.

Further excavations began in 1982 by Teresa Soeiro. Further examinations were carried out regularly until 2006. A Centro Interpretativo has been attached to the Castro since 2008 .

Findings

The settlement extends over an area of ​​about 20 hectares.

Walls

It is protected by three wall rings, the thickness of which can be up to 3.50 m in the area of ​​the goals. So far unique in the area of ​​the Castro culture is the innermost, oval wall ring at the height of the dome, which protected an area of ​​approx. 550 a (35 × 20 m), which remained free from any development and probably served social or religious functions. The construction of this innermost wall is associated with the redesign of the settlement in the Flavian period. The walls were built using dry construction, the individual sections of which were filled with stones and closed on the outside with granite slabs.

Streets

Roads with granite paving open up and subdivide the individual parts of the settlement. A wide, also paved street leads from the entrance of the Acropolis to the north-east gate and should have been the main traffic axis of the settlement.

building

As in the settlements of a comparable period, stone buildings with a round and rectangular floor plan shape the image of the settlement. Several of these buildings are combined into areas (Quarteirão / Bairro) and separated from one another by walls and streets. The excavations allow a chronological separation of the buildings into two periods for this site. In the pre-Flavian times, round buildings with a pincer-shaped porch seem to have been predominant, later rectangular buildings, supplemented by a few round buildings without the characteristic porch.

At the height of the settlement, to the east of the intersection of the gateway to the Acropolis and the central road, Almeida could make the existence of a Roman temple probable, presumably dedicated to Jupiter. In addition to the numerous Roman finds, the building findings of the settlement show for the first time the increasing Romanization of the local population living there.

Outside the second ring of walls, north of the road, the remains of a Roman monument were uncovered that flanked the main entrance to the settlement.

North of the settlement area, several cremation grave fields from the 1st – 3rd centuries were created extra muros . Century and body graves of the 4th century uncovered.

Finds

In addition to numerous finds of native and Roman ceramics, glass, bricks and millstones, the site provided a complete series of coins from Caesar to Constantine , Aucissa fibulas , fragments of altars (among others dedicated to Jupiter) and remains of warrior statues.

The finds are distributed among the Museu Municipal de Penafiel , the Museum of Ethnography and History of Porto and the Museu de Antropología de Universidade do Porto .

literature

  • Carlos Alberto Ferreira de Almeida: O Templo do Mozinho eo seu conjunto. In: Portugália . Nova série, No. 1 . Porto 1980, p. 51 ff .
  • José de Pinho: A necrópole calaico-romana do Mosinho, Pena-Fidelis. 1931.
  • Armando Coelho Ferreira da Silva: A Cultura Castreja no Norte de Portugal . In: Revista de Guimarães . Volume Especial, No. I . Guimarães 1999, p. 111-132 .
  • Teresa Soeiro and Francisco Calo Lourido: Escavações de Monte Mozinho (1974–1998): projecto territorial e lugar deounter de Callaecia . In: Revista da Faculdade de Letras CIÊNCIAS E TÉCNICAS DO PATRIMÓNIO . tape XIII . Porto 2014, p. 143-158 .
  • Thomas G. Schattner (Ed.): Archaeological guide through Portugal (= cultural history of the ancient world . Vol. 74). Philipp von Zabern, Mainz 1998, ISBN 3-8053-2313-1 , p. 71 f.
  • further reading under Portal do Arqueólogo sv Bibliografia.

Web links

Commons : Castro de Monte Mozinho  - Collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c d Direção-Geral do Património Cultural. Retrieved December 12, 2017 .
  2. ↑ a b c Portal do Arqueólogo. Retrieved December 20, 2017 .
  3. ^ A b Emil Huebner : Callaici . In: Paulys Realencyclopadie der classischen Antiquity Science (RE). Volume III, 1, Stuttgart 1897, Sp. 1356-1359.
  4. ^ Pedro Barceló : Callaici . in: Der Neue Pauly, edited by: Hubert Cancik, Helmuth Schneider, Manfred Landfester
  5. ^ Eugenio R. Luján Martínez: The Language (s) of the Callaeci . In: E-keltoi . 6: The Celts in the Iberian Peninsula, May 3, 2006, pp. 689-714. Accessed December 17, 2017.
  6. ↑ Str. III 152ff.
  7. ^ Appian. Hisp. 70ff.
  8. ^ Theodor Mommsen : Roman history . tape 2 , no. 4 . Berlin 1925, chap. 1 , p. 10 ff .
  9. ^ Theodor Mommsen : Roman history . tape 3 , no. 5 . Berlin 1922, chap. 7 , p. 222 ff .
  10. ^ Theodor Mommsen : Roman history . tape 5 , no. 8 . Berlin 1927, chap. 7 , p. 57 ff .
  11. ↑ a b c d Antigua - Castro de Monte Mozinho. Retrieved December 25, 2017 .
  12. ^ Armando Coelho Ferreira da Silva: A Cultura Castreja no Norte de Portugal . In: Revista de Guimarães . Volume Especial, No. I . Guimarães 1999, p. 123 .
  13. ↑ in detail on the history of research: Teresa Soeiro and Francisco Calo Lourido: Escavações de Monte Mozinho (1974–1998): projecto territorial e lugar de Findero de Callaecia . In: Revista da Faculdade de Letras CIÊNCIAS E TÉCNICAS DO PATRIMÓNIO . tape XIII . Porto 2014, p. 143-158 .
  14. ^ A b Carlos Alberto Ferreira de Almeida: O Templo do Mozinho eo seu conjunto. In: Portugália . Nova série, No. 1 . Porto 1980, p. 51 ff .
  15. ↑ José de Pinho: A necrópole calaico-romana do Mosinho, Pena-Fidelis. 1931.
  16. ^ Teresa Pires de Carvalho: As necrópoles de Monte Mozinho: resultados preliminares. In: Revista Oppidum . número especial. Lousada 2008, p. 83-113 .
  17. ^ Museu de Penafiel. Retrieved December 25, 2017 .
  18. ↑ Thomas G. Schattner (ed.): Archaeological guide through Portugal (= cultural history of the ancient world. Vol. 74). Philipp von Zabern, Mainz 1998, p. 71 f.


Coordinates: 41 ° 8 ′ 46.8 "  N , 8 ° 18 ′ 40.2"  W.