Chaerul Saleh
Chaerul Saleh (birth name: Chaerul Saleh Datuk Paduko Rajo ; born September 13, 1916 in Sawahlunto , Sumatra Barat , Dutch East Indies ; † February 8, 1967 in Jakarta ) was an Indonesian politician who was instrumental in the Indonesian declaration of independence . He later served as Minister for Development and Minister for Basic Industry and Mining between 1959 and 1966. At the same time he was President of the People's Consultative Assembly ( Majelis Permusyawaratan Rakyat ) from 1960 to 1966 and Third Deputy Prime Minister between 1963 and 1966. He was also Honorary General (Jenderal Kehormatan) of the Indonesian Armed Forces TNI (Tentara Nasional Indonesia) .
Life
Studies, independence fighter and declaration of independence
Chaerul Saleh first attended the elementary school (Sekolah Rakyat) in Medan and then between 1924 and 1931 the elementary school in Bukittinggi . After attending the HBS Hogereburgerschool in Medan between 1931 and 1937 , he began studying at the Law Faculty of the University of Indonesia in Jakarta in 1937 and graduated in 1942. During his studies he was chairman of the Indonesian Student Union between 1940 and 1942 and, after the Japanese occupation, initially became a member of the Seinendan Committee and a member of the Indonesian youth forces formed by the Japanese occupation forces . However, he later joined the anti-Japanese resistance movement and campaigned for Indonesia's independence. He joined the Sukarno- led Center for People's Power PUTERA (Pusat Tenaga Rakyat) and Barisan Pelopor , where he also met other leaders of the independence movement such as Mohammad Hatta , Ki Hadjar Dewantara and Mas Mansoer . He and his friends took an active part in the preparations for the proclamation of Indonesia's independence.
Together with Wikana , Soekarni and several other youths, Chaerul abducted Saleh Sukarno and Mohammad Hatta in Rengasdengklok to urge the two leaders to immediately declare and implement Indonesia's declaration of independence after Japan's defeat by the Allies in August 1945. On January 4th and 5th, 1946 he joined the Union des Kampf PP (Persatuan Perjuangan) founded by Tan Malaka in Surakarta . January 1946 was formally established. The main program of the PP is to refuse negotiations without 100% recognition of independence. At that time the PP was supported by the Central Indonesian National Committee KNIP ( Komite Nasional Indonesia Pusat) and other mass organizations. At the KNIP meeting in Surakarta from February 28 to March 2, 1946, the KNIP rejected the policies of Prime Minister Sutan Syahrir , who tended to negotiate with the Netherlands, with the results detrimental to Indonesia. As a result, support for the Syahrir cabinet fell. The PP awaited the appointment of Tan Malaka as Prime Minister. Adam Malik requested that the office of Prime Minister be transferred to Tan Malaka, but Sukarno refused. In fact, however, Sukarno reappointed Syahrir, who had formed his second cabinet on March 12, 1946, as prime minister, challenging some of the Union's views of the struggle.
The Union of Struggle, however, remained in opposition . On March 17, 1946, several political figures, mainly from the Union of Struggle, were arrested and imprisoned. In addition to Chaerul Saleh, these included Tan Malaka, Sukarni, Abikoesno Tjokrosoejoso , Mohammad Yamin , R. Soeprapto and Wondoamiseno . The PP was dissolved on June 4, 1946, but Tan Malaka's supporters continued the opposition. On June 26, 1946, Tan Malaka's supporters kidnapped Prime Minister Syahrir. On July 3, 1946, Sukarno was forced to form a government based on the PP concept. Sukarno did not stir, however, and still appointed Syahrir prime minister, who formed his third cabinet on October 2, 1946. Then the Syahrir Cabinet joined the Linggarjati Agreement on November 10, 1946 in southern Cirebon , where it was supported by the Communist Party of Indonesia PKI (Partai Komunis Indonesia) , the Indonesian Socialist Youth PESINDO (Pemuda Sosialis Indonesia) , the Assembly of Indonesian Peasants BTI (Barisan Tani Indonesia) , the People's Army (Lasykar Rakyat) , the Labor Party (Partai Buruh) , the Indonesian Christian Party PARKINDO (Partai Kristen Indonesia) and the Catholic Party (Partai Katolik) . On the other hand, the Consultative Council of the Muslims of Indonesia MASYUMI ( Majelis Syuro Muslimin Indonesia ) , the Indonesian National Party PNI (Partai Nasional Indonesia) , the Women's Party (Partai Wanita) , the Young Communist Force ACOMA (Angkatan Comunis Muda) , the Indonesian People's Party PARI (Partai Rakyat Indonesia) , the West Javanese People's Army (Laskar Rakyat Jawa Barat) and the Jelata People's Party (Partai Rakyat Jelata) have given their support to the Syahrir government. Only the Central Council of the Youth Congress (Dewan Pusat Kongres Pemuda) behaved neutrally in order not to endanger the unity of this union.
Secretary of the GRR and Indonesian War of Independence
On June 27, 1947, Syahrir resigned and was replaced on July 3, 1947 by Amir Sjarifoeddin . In less than a year, Amir Syarifuddin's cabinet fell because of the so-called Renville Accord . On January 23, 1948, Amir resigned, whereupon the cabinet of Mohammad Hatta was formed in his place on January 31, 1948. Hatta tried to form a coalition. He offered three ministerial posts to the left wing, which, however, required four ministerial posts, including defense minister. Hatta refused and eventually only gave the left wing a ministerial post in the person of Supeno as Minister for Development and Youth. The remaining ministerial offices were held by members of MASYUMI, PNI, PARKINDO and the Catholic Party. In the meantime, Amir Syarifuddin resisted by founding the Popular Democratic Front FDR (Front Demokrasi Rakyat) . As compensation for the FDR, Soekarno released Tan Malaka on July 3, 1948. Tan Malaka and his followers founded the People's Revolutionary Movement GRR (Gerakan Rakyat Indonesia) on June 6, 1948, under the leadership of Moewardi as chairman, Syamsu Harya Udaya as vice chairman and Chaerul Saleh as secretary.
On September 13, 1948, Moewardi was kidnapped and killed by the PKI. War broke out between Barisan Banteng (pro GRR) and Pesindo (pro FDR). On September 17, Colonel Gatot Subroto was appointed military governor of Surakarta, Madiun, Semarang and the surrounding area. Gatot's orders to end the shooting on September 18, 1948 were ineffective as the PKI, led by Manowar Musso, continued to rebel. Then, after the PKI was crushed, the GRR carried out a political maneuver. Mohammad Yamin advocated the formation of a government based on a religious, nationalist and socialist basis, triple platform in order to gain popular support. The GRR was also consolidated. On October 3, 1948, the GRR merged with the People's Party, the Djelata People's Party (Partai Rakyat Djelata) , the Free Workers Party (Partai Buruh Merdeka) , the ACOMA and the People's Women to form the Proletarian Party (Partai Musyawarah Rakyat Banyak) called Mruba Partai . Chaerul Saleh was one of the personalities who joined the Murba Party , along with Adam Malik, Sukarni, Prijono and others. When Dutch military aggression II began in December 1948 during the Indonesian War of Independence , Saleh in West Java, Sukarni in Yogya and Central Java, and Tan Malaka in East Java joined Major Sabaruddin's battalion. Chairman Saleh, together with the Siliwangi Division, conducted a long march from Yogyakarta to Karawang and Sanggabuana. He then joined the National Army Division on August 17, 1949 under the leadership of Lieutenant Colonel Wahidin Nasution.
Since Chaerul Saleh did not agree with the outcome of the Dutch-Indonesian Conference KMB (Konferensi Meja Bundar) , which took place in The Hague from August 23 to November 2, 1949 , he fled with other members of the unit who had the incident in South Banten had caused Jakarta to Banten. He was arrested in February 1950 and remained in prison until 1952 for violating Indonesian government law.
Minister, President of the People's Consultative Assembly and Loss of Power
After his release, Chaerul Saleh was posted by Sukarno to the Federal Republic of Germany , where he continued his studies at the Law Faculty of the Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn between 1952 and 1955 . In Germany he brought Indonesian students together and founded the Association of Indonesian Students PPI (Perhimpunan Pelajar Indonesia) . In the elections for the Constituent Assembly (Constituent Assembly) on December 15, 1955, the Murba party won only two of the 257 seats to be elected. In the following era of controlled democracy (Demokrasi Terpimpin) the possibilities for the Partai Murba opened up again, as Sukarno needed them as a counterweight to the position of the PKI. President Sukarno attended the Fifth Murba Party Congress in December 1955.
In December 1956 Saleh became vice chairman of the Veterans Legion (Legiun Veteran) . The leading figures of the party then finally entered the government of President Sukarno and First Minister Djuanda Kartavidjaja on April 9, 1957 . Chaerul Saleh became Minister of State for Veterans Affairs (Menteri Negara Urusan Veteran) and Prijono Minister for Education and Culture. On July 10, 1959, he finally became Coordinating Minister for Development (Menteri Coordinator Pembangunan) and Minister of Basic Industry and Mining (Menteri Perindustrian Dasar dan Pertambangan) in Work Cabinet I (Kerja I ) and also held these offices in Work Cabinets II, III and IV and in the Dwikora I cabinet until March 18, 1966. In 1960 he also became the first president of the People's Consultative Assembly ( Majelis Permusyawaratan Rakyat ), the bicameral parliament consisting of the House of Representatives DPR (Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat) and the Regional Council of Representatives (Dewan Perwakilan Daerah) .
In Labor Cabinet IV (Kerja IV) and Dwikora I cabinet , he was also Third Deputy Prime Minister (Wakil Perdana Menteri III) between November 13, 1963 and March 18, 1966 and thus, after Subandrio and Johannes Leimena, Sukarno's representative in the office of Prime Minister . He was also Honorary General (Jenderal Kehormatan) of the Indonesian Armed Forces TNI (Tentara Nasional Indonesia) and received an honorary doctorate in social sciences from Hasanuddin University .
In the course of the confrontation with neighboring Malaysia since 1963 and the attempted coup against Sukarno by the September 30 G30S / PKI (Gerakan September Tiga Puluh) movement in 1965, the conflict between the Murba party and the Indonesian Communist Party PKI intensified, which had gained influence at the time. The Murba party expanded its cooperation with the military and other parties and founded an agency to support Sukarnoism BPS (Badan Pendukung Soekarnoisme) , which, however, was dissolved by Sukarno himself. Subsequently, Sukarni and Syamsudin Chan were arrested in early 1965, suspended and finally in September 1965 the Murba party was dissolved. He was accused of receiving $ 100 million from the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) to overthrow President Sukarno. However, following the incident with the G30S / PKI, Chaerul Saleh was arrested by the government and died in custody on February 8, 1967. There was no official government explanation of the reasons for his detention.
Web links
- Politisi Murba, Jenderal Kehormatan TNI AD in Tokoh Indonesia
- Chaerul Saleh in Tokoh Indonesia
Individual evidence
- ↑ Other leading politicians held posts in the diplomatic service: Adam Malik was ambassador to the Soviet Union in 1959 and Soekarni was ambassador to the People's Republic of China in 1961 . Tan Malaka was posthumously named a national hero in 1963 .
- ↑ From August 27, 1964, his official title was Minister for Oil and Gas (Menteri Urusan Minyak & Gas Bumi)
- ↑ On October 17, 1966, however, the Murba party was rehabilitated by Presidential Decree No. 223.
| personal data | |
|---|---|
| SURNAME | Saleh, Chaerul |
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES | Saleh Datuk Paduko Rajo, Chaerul (maiden name) |
| BRIEF DESCRIPTION | Indonesian politician |
| DATE OF BIRTH | September 13, 1916 |
| PLACE OF BIRTH | Sawahlunto , Sumatra Barat , Dutch East Indies |
| DATE OF DEATH | February 8, 1967 |
| Place of death | Jakarta |