Abdul Haris Nasution
Abdul Haris Nasution (born December 3, 1918 in Kotanopan , Tapanuli , Dutch East Indies ; † September 6, 2000 in Jakarta ) was an Indonesian general of the Indonesian armed forces ( Tentara Nasional Indonesia ) and politician , who was recognized for his services to Indonesia, especially during of the War of Independence against the Netherlands , was awarded the title of national hero ( Gelar Pahlawan Nasional Indonesia ) introduced in 1959 and was the only five-star general ( Jenderal Besar ) in the history of the Indonesian armed forces alongside Suharto and Soedirman .
Life
Nasution joined the armed forces of the Dutch East Indies in 1941, but shortly after the invasion of the Imperial Japanese Army joined a collaborationist underground movement that fought against the Allies in World War II in the hope of an end to the centuries-old Dutch colonial rule .
After the end of World War II and Indonesia's declaration of independence from the Netherlands on August 17, 1945 by the two leaders of the independence movement, Sukarno and Mohammad Hatta , he took on a leading role in the war of independence between the Netherlands and the Netherlands, which lasted from 1945 to 1949 unrecognized republic and was during this time from 1946 to 1948 commander of the army command responsible for Jawa Barat ( Komando Daerah Militer III / Siliwangi ) in Bandung .
When it came to the formal recognition of independence on December 27, 1949 after the end of the War of Independence, he became Chief of Staff of the Armed Forces and held this position until 1952. During this time, he formed a unified army from the troops that had emerged from the guerrillas of the War of Independence excluded rebellious units.
In August 1950 there were clashes between President Sukarno and the army leadership. While Nasution, as chief of the general staff, demanded the modernization and downsizing of the army, Sukarno opposed a reform that feared the displacement of his followers from military positions. The situation worsened in the following two years and led to an attempted coup by Nasution on October 17, 1952. This was unsuccessful, however, because Sukarno, supported by his party Nasional Indonesia (PBI), in alliance with the Communist Party, succeeded in mobilizing the popular masses against the attempted coup. Shortly thereafter, Nasution was dismissed as chief of the general staff of Tentara Nasional Indonesia (TNI) and replaced by Colonel Bambang Soegeng .
After the parliamentary elections held on September 29, 1955, after the parliamentary elections held on September 29, 1955, there was no political stabilization, Nasution was recalled to active military service by President Sukarno on November 7, 1955 and, as the successor to Colonel Bambang Utoyo, again as Chief of the Army General Staff ( Kepala Staf TNI Angkatan Darat ) and held this post until June 22, 1962. In this capacity he crushed a rebellion of army units in 1956, which was supported by the CIA out of concern about growing communist influence . After the end of these uprisings in Sumatra , Sulawesi , Maluku and Kalimantan , which killed around 30,000 people, President Sukarno decided to introduce a "controlled decomacy".
As at February 15, 1958 local military commander and politician of the opposition in Padang , a Revolutionary Government of the Republic of Indonesia established that armed assistance from the US and the UK was supported, in April 1958, to have Java stationed troops used the Revolutionary Government to surrender forced.
This loyalty to the republic ultimately led to a strengthening of his position and the role of the armed forces, which from then on exerted a direct influence on the national politics of Indonesia, characterized by authoritarianism . His own influence is increased by the fact that he became defense minister on July 10, 1959, replacing the civilian Djoeanda Kartawidjaja , who in turn took over the office of finance minister. However, on June 23, 1962, Major General Ahmad Yani followed him as Chief of Army Staff.
When there was a counter-coup on September 30, 1965 under the command of Major General Suharto , the commander of the elite unit Kostrad , following a supposed coup attempt by the September 30th Movement , numerous leading military personnel were killed and the massacre ensued in the course of which at least 500,000 people - the estimates vary between 500,000 and up to 3 million fatalities - were killed, with the rural proletariat affiliated with the Communist Party (PKI) and the Chinese minority being particularly affected in the pogroms fueled by the military and the surviving opponents locked in concentration camps were.
Nasution escaped the kidnapping attempt by escaping to the grounds of the embassy of Iraq in Jakarta , wounded by gunfire . Subsequently, Nasution supported the officers' junta under the chairmanship of Suharto, but had to hand over the office of defense minister to Major General M. Sarbini on February 24, 1966 , before Suharto finally took over this office on August 28, 1966.
Instead, he succeeded Chaerul Saleh as President of the Consultative General Assembly ( Majelis Permusyawaratan Rakyat ) in 1966 . This body, which has been dominated by the military since the Suharto coup, elected Suharto, who had been empowered to exercise government since March 11, 1966, as president and successor of Sukarno on March 12, 1967.
The office of President of the People's Consultative Assembly was held by Nasution, who later became a critic of Suharto, until his replacement by Idham Chalid in 1972.
For his services to Indonesia, especially during the war of independence against the Netherlands, he was awarded the title of national hero introduced in 1959 .
Guerrilla War theorist
1961 appeared in the Cologne bridge builder publishing house Nasutions work The Guerilla War. Basics of guerrilla warfare from the perspective of the Indonesian defense system in the past and future , which fundamentally dealt with questions of guerrilla warfare. Above all, Nasution saw the danger of destabilizing young nation states if major powers were to succeed in instrumentalizing regional or local ethnic independence movements for their global political purposes. In 1965 an English-language edition was published by Praeger in New York under the title Fundamentals of guerilla warfare . The introduction came from Otto Heilbrunn , one of the leading Anglo-American experts on guerrilla warfare and counterinsurgency .
Web links and sources
- Entry (rulers.org)
- Meyers Großes Personenlexikon , Mannheim 1968, p. 937
Web links
Individual evidence
| personal data | |
|---|---|
| SURNAME | Nasution, Abdul Haris |
| BRIEF DESCRIPTION | Indonesian general and politician |
| DATE OF BIRTH | December 3, 1918 |
| PLACE OF BIRTH | Kotanopan , Tapanuli , Dutch East Indies |
| DATE OF DEATH | September 6, 2000 |
| Place of death | Jakarta |