List of Indonesian national heroes
The title of National Hero of Indonesia (Indonesian: Gelar Pahlawan Nasional Indonesia) is awarded by the government of Indonesia to people who have made a significant contribution to the struggle for independence or the development of the nation.
The tradition of officially calling people Indonesian national heroes began in the time of President Sukarno . The first person to receive the title was Abdul Muis (issued by Presidential Decree No. 218/1959 on August 30, 1959). By early 2009, 143 people had been named as a national hero.
There are four types of national heroes:
- Heroes of National Independence: the term was used during the government of President Sukarno
- National hero: used since the beginning of the government of President Suharto
- Heroes of the Proclamation: Awarded to Sukarno and Mohammad Hatta , who declared Indonesian independence
- Heroes of the Revolution: awarded to people who were killed in the so-called September 30th Movement attempted coup in 1965
criteria
The first definition of criteria for a national hero was set in Presidential Resolution No. 241/1958. He defines a hero of national independence as "a person who, out of love for the nation, performed a great service or organized activity in resistance to colonialism in Indonesia, fought against enemies from overseas, or a great service in politics, in his lifetime , Statecraft, socio-economy or culture in the struggle for independence and the development of Indonesia ". This definition was refined in 1964 in Presidential Decree No. 33/1964. This defines a hero as someone who died in action or as a result of heroic acts fighting to defend the nation, or who, although not killed at the time, made sacrifices in defense of the nation. This definition has been used since 1964 without major changes.
List of people who have received the title so far (as of early 2009)
- Abdul Haris Nasution (1918–2000), independence fighter and later army general
- Abdul Halim (1911–1988), member of the Central Indonesian National Committee and fourth Prime Minister of Indonesia
- Abdul Muis (1883–1959), writer and nationalist
- Abdul Kadir Raden Tumenggung Setia Pahlawan (1771–1875), independence fighter in Kalimantan
- Abdulrachman Saleh, Maj. Gen. TNI. (1909–1947) killed in the struggle for independence
- Achmad Ri'fai , Kiai Hatschi
- Achmad Subardjo (1896–1978), Foreign Minister
- Adam Malik (1917–1984), Vice-President, General Assembly of the United Nations - President
- Adnan Kapau Gani (1905-?), Independence fighter
- Ageng Tirtayasa (1631–1683), Sultan of Banten
- Agus Salim, KH (1884–1954), politician
- Agustinus Adisutjipto Maj. Gen. TNI (1916–1947) Chief of the Air Force
- Ahmad Dahlan, KH (1868–1934), mosque preacher
- Ahmad Yani, Jend. TNI. Note (1922–1965), General, killed in the G30S coup
- Alimin Prawirodirdjo (1889–1964), politician, member of Budi Utomo
- Tengku Amir Hamzah (1911–1946), poet, killed in the struggle for independence
- Ide Anak Agung Gede Agung (1921–1999), politician and minister
- Andi Abdullah Bau Massepe (1918–1947), independence fighter killed in Sulawesi
- Andi Djemma (1901–1965), independence fighter
- Andi Mappanyukki (1885-1967)
- Andi Sultan Daeng Raja (1894–1957), member of the Provisional Independence Struggle (PPKI), exiled from the Dutch
- Antasari (1809-1892), prince in Borneo
- Arie Frederik Lasut (1918–1949), geologist, shot by the Dutch
- Bagindo Azizchan (1910-1047), mayor of Padang , fought against the Dutch
- Basuki Rachmat, General TNI (1921–1969), minister involved in the Supersemar
- Cik Di Tiro, Tengku (1836-1891) led the fight against the Dutch after they occupied Aceh
- Cuk Nyak Dhien (1850-1908), continued the fight against the Dutch after her husband Teuku Umar died
- Cut Nyak Meutia (1870–1910), died fighting the Dutch in Aceh
- Dewi Sartika, Raden (1884–1947), promoted the education of girls
- Pangeran Diponegoro (1785–1855), Javanese prince, hero of the Java War
- Djatikusumo, GPH (1917–1992) independence fighter
- Raden Djuanda Kartawidjaja (1911–1963), Prime Minister during the Permesta rebellions
- Ernest Douwes Dekker (1879–1950), also known as Danudirdja Setiabudi, journalist and activist
- Fakhruddin, H. (1890–1929) was sent to Mecca to improve the treatment of Indonesian pilgrims
- Fatmawati Hj. (1923–1980) one of President Sukarno's wives
- Ferdinand Lumban Tobing (1899–1962), minister and guerrilla
- Frans Kaisiepo (1921-1979), Governor, suggested the name "Irian" for West Papua ago
- Gatot Soebroto, General (1907–1962), independence fighter
- Gatot Mangkoepradja (1898-1968) was arrested by the Dutch in 1929, the establishment of the proposed Peta before, later to Indonesian army was
- Halim Perdana Kusumah (1922–1947), helped build the Indonesian Air Force, killed in a plane crash
- Hamengkubuwono IX, Sri Sultan (1912–1988), Vice President, Sultan and Governor of Yogyakarta
- Harun Bin Said, Corporal, aka Tahir (1947–1968) Officer during the Indonesian-Malaysian conflict
- Haryono, Lt. Gen. TNI, MT (1924–1965), general, killed during the G30S coup
- Hasan Basri H. (1923-1984)
- Sultan Hasanuddin (1631–1670), Sultan of Gowa
- Hasyim Asy'ari, KH (1875–1947), first president of the Nahdatul Ulama
- Hatta, Mohammad (1902–1980), Prime Minister, first Vice-President
- Hazairin (1906–1975), Minister of the Interior
- Herman Johannes (1912–1992), Indonesian scientist and politician.
- Ignatius Slamet Rijadi (1927–1951), fought against the Japanese occupation of Indonesia and the Dutch
- Ilyas Yacoub, H. (1903–1958) wrote protest articles against the Dutch, repeatedly in prison and in exile
- Imam Bonjol, Tuanku (1772–1864), fought against the VOC in Sumatra
- Iskandar Muda, Sultan (1590–1636), Sultan of Aceh
- Ismail Marzuki (1914–1958) musician
- Iswahyudi (1918–1947), killed while attempting weapons for the Indonesian Air Force
- Iwa Kusuma Sumantri (1899–1971) founded a newspaper that was critical of the Dutch
- Izaac Huru Doko (1913–1985), opposed the establishment of the United States of Indonesia
- John Lie (1911-1998)
- Kapitan Pattimura (1783-1817), fought against the Dutch in Maluku
- Wilhelmus Zakaria Johannes (1895–1952), Indonesia's first radiologist
- Karel Sasuit Tubun (1923–1965), killed during the G30S coup
- Kiras Bangun (1854–1942), fought against the Dutch
- Kartini, Raden Ajeng (1879–1904), fought for women's rights
- Katamso Darmokusumo (1923–1965), general, killed during the G30S coup
- Ketut Jelantik, I Gusti († 1849)
- Ki Hadjar Dewantara (1889–1959), educator
- Kusumah Atmadja (1898–1952), allowed independence fighters to meet at his home, member of the Indonesian Constitutional Court
- La Maddukelleng (1700–1765), fought against the ships of the VOC , attacked Fort Rotterdam, Makassar
- KGPAA Mangkunegoro I (Prince Sambernyawa) (1725–1795) fought against the Dutch VOC
- Maria Walanda Maramis (1872–1924), established schools for girls
- Marta Christina Tijahahu (1800–1818), youthful freedom fighter
- RE Martadinata (1921–1966) Chief of the Navy
- Marthen Indey (1912–1986) fought for the integration of West Papua into Indonesia
- Maskoen Soemadiredja (1907–1986), campaigned for the rights of former freedom fighters
- Mas Mansyur, KH (1896–1946) co-founder of the Masyumi party , died after being arrested by the VOC
- Moestopo (? -1986), independence fighter
- Mohammad Natsir (1908–1993), member of the Central Indonesian National Committee, Masyumi Party member
- Muwardi (1907–1948), doctor, military
- Nani Wartabone (1907–1986), declared Indonesian independence in Sulawesi in 1942 , arrested by the Japanese and the Dutch
- Noer Alie (1914–1992), Islamic activist, fought against the Dutch
- I Gusti Ngurah Rai (1917–1946), Balinese freedom fighter, killed during the struggle for independence
- Nuku Muhammad Amiruddin (1738–1805), fought against the Dutch in Seram and Tidore
- Nyai Achmad Dahlan (1872–1946), fought for women's rights, wife of Achmad Dahlan
- Nyak Arief, Teuku (1899–1946), Acehnese freedom fighter
- Nyi Ageng Serang (1752–1828), guerrilla leader against the Dutch
- Otto Iskandardinata, R. (1897–1945), member of the Budi Utomo , helped set up the forerunner of the Indonesian Army , Minister
- Opo Daeng Risadju (1880–1964), arrested by the Dutch for political activities in Sulawesi
- Pajonga Daeng Ngalle (1901–1958), set up a militia that attacked the Dutch in Makassar
- Pakubuwono VI., Sri Susuhunan (1807–1849), refused to submit his kingdom to the Dutch, died in exile
- Donald Izacus Panjaitan (1925–1965), general, killed during the G30S coup
- Pong Tiku alias Ne 'Baso (1846–1907) killed fighting the Dutch in Tana Toraja , Sulawesi
- Raja Ali Haji (1808-1873) linguist
- Parman, Lt. Gen. TNI. Siswondo (1918–1965), general, killed in the G30S coup
- Pierre Tendean, Captain (1939–1965), killed during the G30S coup
- Raden Inten II. (1834-1856) fought against the Dutch in Sumatra
- Raden Mas Tirto Adhi Suryo (1880-1918), journalist
- Raden Panji Soeroso (1893–1981), Sarekat Islam activist, minister
- Raden Mas Surjopranoto (1871–1959) fought for workers' rights
- Raja Haji Fisabilillah (1727–1784), resisted a sea blockade by the VOC for 11 months , killed in the process
- Ranggong Daeng Romo (1915–1947), military leader in Sulawesi , killed during the struggle for independence
- Rasuna Said, H. (1910-1965), women's rights activist
- Robert Wolter Monginsidi (1925–1949), attack leader during the struggle for independence , executed by shooting
- Sahardjo (1909–1963), Minister for Human Rights
- Sam Ratulangi (1890-1949), Minahasa politician
- Samanhudi (1878–1956), founded the forerunner of Sarekat Islam
- Silas Papare (1918–1978), campaigned for the integration of West Papua into Indonesia
- Sisingamangaradja XII. (1849–1907), Batak King, fought the Dutch in Sumatra
- Siti Hartinah, Ny. Hj. Fatimah (1923–1996), wife of Suharto
- Soepomo (1903-1958), contributed significantly to the Constitution of Indonesia in
- Soeprapto, Lt. Gene. TNI. (1920–1965), general, killed in the G30S coup
- Sudirman , General (1916–1950) Army leader in the struggle for independence
- R. Sugiyono Mangunwiyoto, Col. (1926–1965), killed during the G30S coup
- Sugiopranoto ( Albert Soegijapranata ) (1896–1963) first Indonesian archbishop
- Suharso (1912–1971), doctor, campaigned for the rights of the disabled
- Sukardjo Wiryopranoto (1903–1962), fought for political rights before the Japanese occupation of Indonesia, journalist
- Sukarno (1901–1970), nationalist, first president
- Sultan Agung (1591–1645), Sultan of Mataram
- Sultan Asyaidis Syarif Kasim II (1893–1968) first sultan of Riak opposed the Dutch, provided moral and material support for the struggle for independence
- Sultan Mahmud Badaruddin II (1767-1852) fought against the Dutch in Palembang , Sumatra
- Supeno (1916-1949), anti- Dutch guerrilla fighter
- Supriyadi (1923–1945?), Rebellion against the Japanese occupation of Indonesia in Blitar
- Surjo, RM (1895–1948) involved in the Battle of Surabaya , governor of East Java
- Sutan Sjahrir (1909–1966), nationalist, Prime Minister
- Sutoyo Siswomihardjo, Maj. Gen. TNI (1922–1965), general, killed during the G30S coup
- Soetomo (born as Subroto) (1888–1938) involved in setting up the Budi Utomo organization
- Sutomo alias Bung Tomo (1920–1981) leader in 1945 in the Battle of Surabaya
- Syekh Yusuf Tajul Khalwati (1626–1699), Islamic teacher, opposed the VOC in Banten , exiled to Ceylon
- Tan Malaka (1897-1949), nationalist
- Teuku Umar (1854–1899), fought against the Dutch in Aceh
- Thaha Sjaifuddin (1816–1904), fought against the Dutch in Jambi , Sumatra
- Mohammad Hoesni Thamrin (1894–1941), fought for the use of the word Indonesia during the Dutch colonial era
- Tjiptomangunkusumo (1886–1943), co-founder of the first political party, organized gatherings of nationalists, including Sukarno
- HOS Tjokroaminoto, (1883–1934) leader of Sarekat Islam
- Tuanku Tambusai (1784–1882), fought in the Padric War
- Untung Soerapati (1660–1706), anti- VOC activist
- Urip Sumohardjo (1893–1948), one of the founding fathers of the Indonesian Army
- Usman bin Haji Mohammad Ali, alias Janatin (1943–1968) military hero of the Indonesian-Malaysian conflict
- Wage Rudolf Supratman (1903–1938), author of the national anthem
- Wahid Hasjim, KH Abdul (1914–1953), co-founder of the Masyumi party , headed the Nahdlatul Ulama , Minister of Religion,
- Wahidin Soedirohoesodo (1852–1917), key figure in the Budi Utomo national movement
- Yamin, Mohammad (1903–1962), Key Role in Creating the Constitution of Indonesia , Writer
- Yos Sudarso (1925–1962), marine military, killed while in Dutch New Guinea
- Zainal Moestafa (1907–1944), fought for the rights of Romusha slave laborers during the Japanese occupation of Indonesia
- Zainul Arifin (1909–1963), military leader, government spokesman