Minahasa
The Minahasa (also: Minahassa or Mina hasa ) are an ethnic group that is native to the Indonesian province of North Sulawesi . The Minahasa speak Minahasa languages .
Minahasa Raya is the core area that includes the Bitung , Manado and Minahasa areas, three of the administrative districts of North Sulawesi Province.
The region was originally inhabited by Malay-speaking people. It was colonized by Portugal in the 16th century , then by the Netherlands . The Minahasa identify strongly with the Dutch language and Protestantism - so much that in the course of Indonesia's independence in 1945 the region was in favor of joining the Netherlands and wanted to become a Dutch province. A significant number of Minahasa live in the Netherlands as part of the Indo (Eurasian) population there.
Their music is also heavily influenced by the previous colonial rulers; They celebrate their festivities with large marching bands with clarinets , saxophones , trumpets , trombones and tubas , all of which are made of local bamboo .
history
The name of the land of the Minahasa changed several times: first the area was called Batacina, then Malesung, later Minaesa. Finally, the current name Minahasa came up, which means "to become a unit". This name originated from the war against the kingdom of Bolaang Mangondow .
Up to the year 670 the north of Sulawesi did not develop any major state structure. In northern Sulawesi, the chiefs of different tribes, all of whom spoke different languages, met at a stone known as Watu Pinawetengan . There they founded a federation of independent states, which should form a unit and enable external enemies to be combated.
Origin of the Minahasa
It is unknown when the Minahasa land was first settled by humans, but the warugas ( sarcophagi ) in Sawangan Province prove that the ancestors of the Minahasa date back to the Stone Age . The Minahasa believe that they are descended from Toar and Lumimuut. Originally, the descendants of Toar-Lumimuut were divided into three groups: Makatelu-pitu (three times seven), Makaru-siuw (two times nine) and Pasiowan-Telu (nine times three). They enlarged quickly. But conflicts arose among these people early on. Their leaders (tona'as) decided to meet and talk about it. They met in Awuan north of the Tonderukan Hill. The meeting was named Pinawetengan u-nuwu (division of language) or Pinawetengan um-posan (division of rituals). At this meeting the offspring were divided into three groups, the Tonsea, Tombulu and Tontemboan, corresponding to the groups mentioned above. A memorial stone called Watu Pinabetengan (Stone of Division) was erected on the site of this meeting . It is a preferred tourist destination.
The groups of Tonsea, Tombulu and Tontemboan then established their main areas Maiesu, Niaranan and Tumaratas. Soon a number of villages were built outside of these areas. These new villages became the rulership centers of a group called “puak” and later “walak”, to be compared with the current area names.
Gradually a new group of people reached the Pulisan Peninsula . Because of countless conflicts in this area, they moved inland and built villages around a large lake. These people were then called Tondano, Toudano or Toulour, which means “water people”. This lake is now Lake Tondano.
In the following years other groups came to Minahasa. These goods:
- People from the islands of Maju and Tidore who landed in Atep. These people were the ancestors of the Tonsawang sub-ethnic group.
- People from Tomori Bay. These were the ancestors of Subethnie Pasam-bangko (Ratahan dan Pasan).
- People of Bolaang Mangondow who were the ancestors of the Ponosakan (Belang).
- People from the island world of Bacan and Sangi, who then conquered Lembeh and the islands of Talisei, Manado Tua, Bunaken and Mantehage. These were the sub-ethnic groups of the Bobentehu (Bajo). They landed at what is now called Sindulang. They established a kingdom called Manado, which ended in 1670 and became "walak Manado".
- People of Toli-toli who first landed in Panimburan and then went to Bolaang-Mangondow in the early 1700s
- and finally to a place that is now called Malalayang. These people were the ancestors of the Bantik sub-ethnic group.
These are the nine ethnic groups in Minahasa (which explains the number 9 in Manguni Maka-9): Tonsea, Tombulu, Tontemboan, Tondano, Tonsawang, Pasan Ratahan, Ponosakan, Babontehu, and Bantik.
The name Minahasa itself came about at a time when the Minahasa were fighting against the Bolaang Mangondow. Heroes of the Minahasa in these wars against the Bolaang Mangondow were: Porong, Wenas, Dumanaw and Lengkong (in the battle near the village of Lilang), Gerungan, Korengkeng, Walalangi (near Panasen, Tondano), Wungkar, Sayow, Lumi, and Worotikan (im War for the Amurang Bay).
Until the Dutch colonial period in the 17th and 18th centuries, the Minahasa lived in warlike tribes who practiced headhunting .
The European era
In the second half of the 16th century, both the Portuguese and the Spanish came to North Sulawesi. In the middle of the 17th century there was a rapprochement between the chiefs of the Minahasa and the Dutch East India Company (Verenigde Oostindische Compagnie, VOC) , which was brought into concrete form in 1679 by means of a contract that is called the “Corpus Diplomaticus Neerlando -Indicum 1934 ”in Volume III, No. 425. From 1801 to 1816 Minahasa was under British control with only a few interruptions. In 1817 Dutch rule was re-established for a long time.
At the time of first contact with Europeans, the Sultanate of Ternate had influence on North Sulawesi and the area was often visited by seafaring Bugis traders from South Sulawesi. The Spanish and Portuguese, the first Europeans, landed in Minahasa via the port of Makassar , but also landed in Sulu (off the north coast of Borneo ) and in the port of Manado. The Spaniards established themselves in the Philippines . Although they had sporadic contacts with Minahasa, the influence of the Spaniards and Portuguese was limited by the power of Ternate.
The Portuguese left memories of their presence in the north in various ways. Portuguese surnames and various Portuguese words are otherwise not found in Indonesia, such as “garrida” for a beautiful woman and “buraco” for a bad man, which can still be found in Minahasa today. In the 1560s Portuguese came missionaries of the Franciscan according Minahasa and baptized a part of the people.
The presence of natural resources in Minahasa made Manado a strategic port for European merchant ships on their way to the Spice Islands of the Moluccas . The Spaniards built a fortress in Manado. The rulers of Minahasa wanted to end their rule and wanted the corrupt Spaniards away; they sent Supit and Pa'at dan Lontoh (their statues can be found in Kauditan, about 30 km from Bitung) to the Dutch VOC in Ternate with a request for help. The Dutch and their allies in Minahasa got the upper hand in 1655, built their own fortress in 1658, and drove out the last of the Spaniards a few years later.
in the early 17th century the Dutch had conquered the sultanate of Ternate and overtook the Spanish and Portuguese. As was the custom in the 1640s and 50s, the Dutch worked with local rulers to kick out their European competitors. In 1677 the Dutch occupied the island of Sangir and two years later Robert Padtbrugge, the Dutch governor of the Moluccas , visited the city of Manado. During this visit a treaty was concluded with the princes of the Minahasa, which led to the dominance of the Dutch for the next 300 years.
The Dutch helped unite the linguistically different Minahasa, and in 1693 the Minahasa achieved a decisive victory over the Bolaang in the south. Dutch influence flourished as the Minahasan adopted European values and the Christian religion. Mission schools in Manado were the first attempts at popular education in Indonesia from 1881; they gave their students opportunities to gain influence in state and military administration.
Relations with the Dutch were at times far from cordial (a war was fought in Tondano between 1807 and 1809), and the region did not come under direct Dutch influence until 1870. But then the Dutch and the Minahasa became so familiar with each other that the north of Sulawesi was often perceived as the 12th province of the Netherlands. A political movement based in Manado called “Twaalfde Provincie” (Twelfth Province) campaigned for the integration of Minahasa into the Dutch state in 1947.
Aside from Portuguese activities, Christianity became a power in the early years after 1820 when a Calvinist group, the Dutch Mission Society, gained an almost exclusive position from the Moluccas to Minahasa. The conversion of the Minahasa was almost complete in 1860. With the missionaries came mission schools, with the result that, like on Ambon and Roti, western education began much earlier in Minahasa than in other parts of Indonesia. The Dutch government took over some of these schools and established more. Because school lessons were held in Dutch , the Minahasa had an early advantage in finding posts in the government and the colonial army . Minahasers can be found in the educated elite of Indonesia to this day.
The Minahas fought alongside the Dutch to quell rebellions in other parts of the island kingdom, especially in the Java War of 1825-1830. It seemed that they got because of their loyalty, their Christian religion, their involvement as soldiers and because of them relative geographic isolation plays a special role; they developed a self-image to be “a little different people” among the other ethnic groups of the island kingdom.
Indonesian National Revolution
The Japanese occupation of 1942–45 was a period of oppression, and the Allies massively bombed Manado in 1945. During the Indonesian struggle for independence that followed, there was a bitter rift between pro-Indonesian Unitarians and those who favored a Dutch state . The appointment of Sam Ratulangi , a Christian from Manado, as the first governor of eastern Indonesia was crucial to the acceptance of the Minahas for the new republic.
As the young republic went from one crisis to the next, Jakarta's monopoly in the copra trade seriously weakened Minahasa's economy. Illegal exports flourished and in June 1956 Jakarta ordered the closure of the port of Manado, the republic's busiest smuggling port. Local authorities contradicted this and Jakarta gave in. Soon the Permestar rebels confronted the central government with demands for political, economic and regional reforms. Jakarta responded by bombing Manado in February 1958 and then occupying it in June.
The Minahasers' sense of “being special” quickly became a problem for the central government. As in Sumatra , there was a general feeling that the central government was inefficient, that development was stagnating, and that money was being transferred to Java. The circumstances favored the spread of communism .
In March 1957, the military leaders of both southern and northern Sulawesi began a confrontation with the central government for greater regional autonomy. They called for more local development, a fairer share of the revenue, help in suppressing the Kahar Muzakar rebellion in South Sulawesi, and a central government cabinet to be led jointly by Sukarno and Mohammad Hatta . At least in the beginning the 'Permestarebellion' ( Piagam Perjuangan Semesta Alam ) was more of a reformist than a separatist movement.
Negotiations between the central government and the Sulawesi military leaders prevented violence in southern Sulawesi, but the Minahasa leaders were dissatisfied with the results and the movement split. Inspired by concerns about the possibility of being dominated by South Sulawesi, the leaders of the Minahasa declared North Sulawesi to have their own autonomous state in June 1957. At the time, the central government had the situation in South Sulawesi well under control, but there was no strong figure in North Sulawesi to rely on. There were also rumors that the US , suspected of supporting rebels in Sumatra, was also in contact with the leaders of the Minahasa.
The possibility of foreign intervention eventually led the central government to seek military support in southern Sulawesi. The Permesta forces were driven from central Sulawesi, from Gorontalo , from the island of Sangir and from Morotai in the Moluccas, from whose airfield the rebels were planning to bomb Jakarta. The rebel planes, backed by the US and flown by Filipino, Taiwanese and US pilots, were destroyed. US policy changed, now favoring Jakarta, and in June 1958 central government troops landed in Minahasa. The Permestar Rebellion finally ended in mid-1961.
The effect was that both the Sumatra and Sulawesi rebellions intensified the very trends that the rebels had hoped to weaken. The central authority was strengthened at the expense of local autonomy; radical nationalism gained the upper hand against pragmatic moderate forces; the power of the communists and Sukarnos increased while that of Hatta waned, and Sukarno was able in 1959 to set up his " Guided Democracy ".
It was only more recently that the Indonesian government adopted a policy of strengthening local autonomy - the very idea that the Permesta had fought for.
Culture
religion
With 97% of the population, the Minahasa region has one of the highest proportions of Christians in Indonesia. It has the highest density of churches in Indonesia, with a church almost every 100 meters. This is due to a very successful proselytizing campaign by European Christians in North Sulawesi.
In 1907 the publisher PWM Trap in Leiden, the Netherlands, published a Bible in the language of Tontemboan , a language of the Minahasa. It was edited by M. Adriani-Gunning and J. Regar.
kitchen
The Minahasa cuisine is very spicy and can contain elements that are typically not found in other regions of Indonesia, for example dog (RW, short for rintek wuuk , or "fine hair" in Tontemboan), cat ( tusuk , also known as eveready because of the cat logo ), Wood rat and "fruit bat" ( paniki ) are normal dishes. The provincial capital, Manado, is also often called “Kota Tinutuan”, referring to a popular local dish consisting of rice porridge with grains, smoked fish, vegetables and chilli. It is also known as Bubur Manado outside the province . Tinutuan is said to improve health and vitality.
dance
Kabasaran is the famous Minahasa war dance , reminiscent of the ancient martial tribes of Minahasa. The dancers wear red clothing, which in ancient times was reserved for advanced headhunters. This dance is similar to the Moluccan cakalele - war dance.
languages
Five different languages are spoken in Minahasa: Tonsawang , Tontemboan , Toulour , Tonsea and Tombulu . In 1996, the Summer Institute of published Linguistics in Dallas a document entitled North Sulawesi Language Survey of Scott Merrifield and Martinus Salea. It gives an overview of the classification and distribution of phonology and vocabulary.
In the Indonesian dialect of the Minahasa (“ Manado Malay ” or “Minahasa Malay”), influences from Spanish and Portuguese can be found:
Chair in Indonesian is called kursi , in Minahasa it is called kadera ( cadera - a Spanish word for hip ; cadeira - a Portuguese word for chair ).
Horse is called kuda in Indonesian , a word with origins in Sanskrit . In the city of Tomohon , a horse is called kafalio ( caballo - Spanish, cavalho - Portuguese).
Little is known about the Minahasa script, its origin or its translation.
National hero of Indonesia from Minahasa
- Aria Frederik Lasut
- Alexander Andries Maramis
- Maria Walanda Maramis
- Daan Mogot
- Robert Wolter Monginsidi
- Lambertus Nicodemus Palar
- Sam Ratulangi
- Pierre Andries Tendean
Web links
Individual evidence
- ↑ - ( Memento of the original from February 22, 2005 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. Document
- ↑ Minahassers in Indonesië en Nederland: migratie en cultuurverandering, Menno Hekker, Disertasi Universiteit van Amsterdam, 1993
- ↑ http://www.minahasaraya.net/frame1.htm?http&&&www.minahasaraya.net/bamboo.htm Minahasa website
- ↑ http://www.theminahasa.net/history/timeline/index.html Minahasa website
- ^ 'Leadership and social mobility in a southeast asian society', by MJC Schouten, ISBN 90-6718-109-9
- ^ Government of Minahasa Regency
- ↑ FS Watuseke: Sedjarah Minahasa. Tjetakan kedua. Manado, 1969.
- ↑ Godee Molsbergen, EC: Geschiedenis van de Minahasa dead in 1829, the 1928th
- ↑ Schouten, Mieke: Minahasa and Bolaangmongondow, Martinus Nijhoff, The Hague, 1981.
- ↑ Arsip Nasional RI No. 134, 162, 169.
- ↑ Minahasa website (English and Indonesian)
- ↑ The Minahasa - Social Structure - De Kabasaran Dans
- ^ Escritura Minahasa Promotora Española de Lingüística (Proel, sp.), Accessed September 27, 2018.
