Charter of Alaon

The Charter of Alaon is a fraudulently forged document with which the origin of the family of Duke Eudo of Aquitaine († 735) should be proven. It is dated January 21, 845 as a gift from a Count Vandregisil to the monastery of Santa María de Alaón in the County of Ribagorza and bears the signature of King Charles the Bald . However, the French historian Joseph-François Rabanis proved in 1856 that the charter was not drawn up until the 17th century. His research exposed supposedly established knowledge of the history of Gascony and the Kingdom of Navarre as meaningless.

refutation

One of the unsubstantiated claims of the charter is the descent of the dukes of Aquitaine and Gascony from the Merovingian king Charibert II († 632). His son Chilperich died shortly after his father, younger sons of Charibert, from whom Eudo should descend, are actually not known. The origin of Duke Lupus (I.) is also unknown and a relationship to Eudo or the Merovingians cannot be proven.

The House of Jiménez , who ruled Navarre from the 10th to the 13th centuries, was also pretended to be descended from Lupus and one of his sons. Although a relationship between Lupus and Jimeno, the eponymous ancestor of the House of Jiménez, is likely, no relationship between him and the Basques is known. In fact, it can be conclusively proven that neither the Aquitaine nor the Gascogni dukes were of Basque origin. Charles Higounet uses this approach to refer to genealogies as "fantasy structures". The historian Jules Villain even suggested a connection between the House of Comminges and Lupus (II) . In fact, no parents, wives or children are known of Lupus (II.), There are only assumptions.

The historian Arthur Giry (1848–1899) writes:

“Due to the claims of the House of Spain-Austria to the crown of France, the origin of one of the most famous forgeries in history, the Charter of Alaon, must be reported. This is an alleged diploma from King Charles the Bald dated January 21, 845, in which gifts from a certain Wandregisel to the Alaon monastery in the diocese of Urgel are confirmed. This confirmation of excessive length contains a genealogy of this Count Wandregisel, which aims to shed light on the origins of the earlier kings of Aragon, to have them descended from the dukes and kings of Aquitaine and to link them with the Merovingians. This document is said to have been reiterated nine times from 862 to 1041, but it appears that the ancient texts of neither the diploma nor its affirmations ever existed. A copy of it was given to Cardinal Aguirre by Aragon's archivist and annalist, Dormer, as if it came from the Seo de Urgel archives , who in good faith included it in his Collectio conciliorum Hispaniae (Volume III, Rome, 1694, in-fol. , P. 131). It seems that this text had been produced shortly before by the Spanish publicist Tamayo de Salazar, who was a famous impostor even in his day. As soon as it was published, the Charter of Alaon was accepted in France as one of the most valuable documents in our history, as it was overloaded with a plethora of apocryphal names, dates and facts. Dom Vaissète , in particular, created an entire historical system on this basis. Benjamin Guérard has the honor of being the first - almost sixty years ago - to do justice to this deception through a number of decisive arguments. However, these false texts have a tough life, especially since they are so interesting. Although the evidence, evidence and arguments have been piled up, many historians who did not think of it to defend the famous Charter, and even those who declare its inauthenticity, have become familiar with the dates and facts introduced by the Charter , resigned. Scraps of the Alaon Charter can be found in many contemporary historical writings. Even if such documents are finally condemned, it is clear that the story of them will be withheld. "

genealogy

The root list follows the information in the Alaon Charter and compares the individual entries with verifiable historical facts; in particular, this means that a person is to be regarded as unhistorical in the sense of not proven if no historical facts are given.

1. Charibert ∞ Gisela, daughter of Amandus, Duke of Gascogne [historical: Charibert II. , † April 8, 632, 628 attested, 629 sub-king in Aquitaine , buried in Saint-Romain de Blaye , son of Chlothar II. And half-brother of Dagobert I . ; Charibert was about 18 years old when he died, he left a son, Chilperich, who died shortly after him (see list of Merovingians )]
   1. Boggis , Duke of Aquitaine; ∞ Oda [historical: The "Vita Landiberto episcopi Traiectensis" (Vita of Bishop Lambert of Maastricht ) by Canon Nicholas mentions Duke Boggis and his wife Oda ("Oda… Bohggis Aquitanorum ducis recens defuncti vidua"), these as amita , d. H. as Lambert's paternal aunt]
      1. Eudo , Duke of Aquitaine consisting of the districts of Toulouse, Cahors, Poitiers, Agen, Arles, Saintes and Périgueux; ∞ Waltrude, daughter of Duke Walchigis [historically Eudo as a person, probably 715/717, probably 725, † 735 ("Eodo Dux", † without year), † before 736 ("Karolus dimicabat contra filios Eodonis")]
         1. Hunoald ; ∞ NN [historical: son of Eudos ("Hunaldo filio Eodonis", and "Chunoaldo duce filio Eudone"); after Waifar's death in 768, Hunoald was reinstated as duke, rose against Charlemagne, was defeated and extradited by Duke Lupus of Gascony when the Franks threatened to invade Gascony] ∞ NN, † after 768, "matrem Waifarii et sororem eius ac neptos "were captured
            1. Waifar ; ∞ Adela (see below) [historical: "Waifarium dux Aquitaniorum", † June 2, 768]
               1. Lupus
            2. Daughter ∞ NN [not in the charter; historical: King Pippin held "matrem Waipharii et sororem eius et neptas eius" prisoner in 768]
            3. Daughter [not in the charter; historical: King Pippin held "aliam sororem Waifarii" prisoner in 768]
         2. Hatto; ∞ Wandrade [historical: "Hunaldus dux germanum suum nomine Hattonem" - the full brother of Duke Hunaldus with the name Hatto]
            1. Lupus [historical: "Wasconum dux Lupus" (770) without details of relationship]
               1. Adalaricus [historical: the Basque Duke Adalericus fought Chorso , the Duke of Toulouse (785/89), without any kinship information]
                  1. Sciminus (Jimeno)
                     1. Garsimirus (Garcia)
                  2. Centullus
                     1. Lupus
                        1. Donatus Lupus ∞ Faquilo, probably the daughter of Manius [historical: Ludwig the Pious sent 827 "Elisachar abbatem et Hildebrandum comitem… et Donatum" to suppress an uprising in the Spanish Mark, Louis the Pious sent 838 "Bonifatius comes et Donatus… comes… et Adrebaldus Flaviniacensis monasterii abbas "as envoy to Septimania," Dompna Faquilo "donated to the monastery of Saint-Orens de Lavendan for the souls of" Mansionis ... Donati Lupi comiti ... et filiis meis et filias ", signed with" Dattonis Donati comitis, Luponis, Luponis Centuli "- progenitor of the Counts of Bigorre]
                        2. Centulus Lupus [historically as Lupus Centulus, d. H. Lupus, son of Centulus, "Dompna Faquilo" donated the monastery of Saint-Orens de Lavendan for the souls of "Mansionis ... Donati Lupi comiti ... et filiis meis et filias", signed with "Dattonis Donati comitis, Luponis, Luponis Centuli" - progenitor the Count of Vice Counts of Béarn]
               2. Loup-Sanche
               3. Adela; ∞ Waifar (see above)
            2. Artalgarius
               1. Vandregisilus; ∞ Maria, daughter of Count Aznar [perhaps historically: "Asenarius comes de Iacca filiam suam Mariam nuptuit dedit Wandregisilo limitis Hispanici comitis, qui from Eudone Aquitaniæ ducis genus ducebat, quique anno 835 Alaonense monasterium fundavit et donavit" - Maria, the daughter of the Count Aznar of Jaca (Huesca) married the aforementioned Wandregisilus, count on the Hispanic border, who was descended from Duke Eudo of Aquitaine and who founded and furnished the Alaon Monastery in 835]
                  1. Bernarthus; ∞ Theuda
                  2. Atthonus, Count of Pallars; ∞ Eycelina
                  3. Antonius, Vice Count of Beziers; ∞ Adoyra
                  4. Asinarius (Aznar), Vice Count of Soule and Louvigny; ∞ Gerberga [historical: "Asinarius Solensis ac Lupiniacensis vicecomes cum uxore mea vicecomitissa Gerberga, et filiis nostris Asinario et Buchardo et Arnaldo et Faquilina" (July 20, 862) - progenitor of the Viscounts de Soule et de Louvigny without mentioned family connection]
               2. Ermiladius, Count of Agen
            3. Icterius, Count of Auvergne
         3. Remistanius [not in the charter; historical: "Remistanius avunculus Waiofario" and "Remistanius filius Eudone quondam", "Remistanius avunculus Waifarii", "Remistagnum"]
         4. Daughter; ∞ Munusa [historical: "Dux Francorum ... Eudo" married "filiam suam" to "unus ex Maurorum gente ... Munniz"]
      2. Imitarius
   2. Bertrandus

Without connection:

• Totilo, Duke of Gascony
• Sigihinus (Seguin) Mostellanicus Historically: "Vascones" rose against "ducem suum .... Sigiwinum"; "Sihiminum comitem" was chased away by Emperor Ludwig the Pious in 816 and fled to Spain, where it caused considerable problems for the emperor's people ("ubi postea multa turbationes contra gentes Imperatoris fecit")

literature

• The Charter of Alaon, Edition in: RHGF , Volume 8 (1752, new edition 1870), Diplomata Caroli Calvi XLIX. Pro monasterio beatæ Mariæ de Alaon. Apud Cardinalem de Aguirre Tomo 3 Concil. Hisp. Pag. 131 ", pp. 470-474, online
• Jean Justin Monlezun : Histoire de la Gascogne. Depuis Les Temps Les Plus Reculés Jusqu'a Nos Jours . Portes, Also 1846, Volume 1 (Monlezun relies on the Alaon Charter).
• Joseph-François Rabanis : Les Mérovingiens d'Aquitanie. Essai historique et critique sur la Charte d'Alaon . Durand, Paris 1856.
• Jean de Jaurgain : La Vasconie, étude historique et critique, première partie (1898)
• Jules Villain: La France Moderne, dictionnaire généalogique, historique et biographique . 3 volumes. Saint-Étienne et al. 1906–1913, (Reprint: Laffitte, Marseille 1979–1982), (Villain also uses the Charter).
• Charles Higounet : Histoire de Bordeaux . Volume 2: Bordeaux pendant le haut Moyen age . Féderation histoire du Sud-Ouest, Bordeaux 1963.
• Roger Collins : The Basques . 2nd edition. Blackwell Publishing, Oxford et al. 1990, ISBN 0-631-17565-2 , ( The peoples of Europe ).

Web links

• Foundation for Medieval Genealogy: Gascony

Footnotes

1. ↑ Higounet, p. 44. In particular, with this statement he attacks Jean de Jaurgain and Jean-François Bladé .
2. ↑ See Collins.
3. ↑ Original text: "C'est aux prétentions de la maison d'Espagne-Autriche à des droits à la couronne de France qu'il faut sans doute rapporter l'origine d'un des faux les plus célèbres en histoire, connu sous le nom de Charte d'Alaon. C'est un prétendu diplôme du roi Charles le Chauve, en date du 21 janvier 845, confirmant des libéralités faites par un certain comte Wandregiselus à un monastère du diocèse d'Urgel du nom d'Alaon. Cette confirmation , d'une longeur démesurée, contient de ce comte Wandregisele toute une généalogie, dont l'objet est d'éclaircir l'origine des anciens rois d'Aragon, de les faire descendre des duc et rois de l'Aquitaine et da rattacher ceux -ci aux Mérovingiens. Ce document aurait été neuf fois confirmé de 862 à 1041, mais il ne semble pas qu'il ait jamais existé de textes anciens ni du diplôme ni de ses confirmations. Une copie en fut communiquée, comme provenant des archives de la Seo de Urgel, par l'archiviste et annaliste d'Aragon, Dormer, au cardinal d'Aguir re, qui l'inséra en toute bonne foi dans sa Collectio conciliorum Hispaniae (t. III, Rome, 1694, in-fol., P. 131). Il semble que ce texte ait été forgé peu de temps auparavant par un publiciste espagnol, fameux déjà de son temps comme imposteur, Tamayo de Salazar. A peine publiée, la charte d'Alaon fut acceptée en France comme l'un des documents les plus précieux pour notre historie, qu'elle à surchargée d'une foule de noms, de dates et de faits apocryphes. Dom Vaissète notamment a édifié sur cette base tout un système historique. C'est à Benjamin Guérard qu'il faut faire honneur d'avoir le premier, il ya bientôt soixante ans, fait justice de cette supercherie par quelques arguments décisifs. Mais les textes faux, surtout lorsqu'ils sont si intéressants, ont la vie dure. Bien que les demonstrations, les preuves et les arguments sont accumulés, nombre d'historiens qui ne songeraient pas à défendre la fameuse charte, ou même qui en proclament la fausseté, ne se résignent pas à rejeter de l'histoire les noms et les faits qu'elle ya introduits; il traîne des lambeaux de la charte d'Alaon in nombre d'écrits historiques récents. Et cependant, quand de tels documents ont été irrémédiablement condamnés, il est clair que l'histoire n'en saurait plus rien retenir. "Manuel de diplomatique (1894, pp. 884f.); Footnote on this:" Fauriel, Histoire de la Gaule méridionale, t. III (1836), append. II (Il y défend l'authenticité de la charte d'Alaon contre des critiques de Benjamin Guérard qui ne sont connues que par cette tentative de réfutation.) - M. Rabanis, Les Mérovingiens d'Aquitaine. Essai historique et critique sur la charte d'Alaon, Paris 1836, in-8. - E. Mabille, La charte d'Alaon. Note rectificative au t. II (1875) de l ' histoire générale de Languedoc , éd. Private, pp. 196-204. - JF Bladé, La charte d'Alaon et ses neuf confirmations, Agen, 1891, in-8 "
4. ↑ p. 471 (the charter in RHGF 8, see literature): "Haribertus Rex" married "Amandus Dux in Vasconia… filia suæ Giselæ Reginæ"; Charibert's wife is not known from other sources
5. ↑ p. 471: "Boggiso Duci et suo fratri Bertrando, quos Haribertus Rex habuit ex Gisela uxore" and "Boggiso Ducis Dagobertus Rex concessit post mortem fratris suis Ilderici Aquitaniæ Regis" - King Dagobert gave Aquitaine to Duke Boggis after the death of his (Boggis ') Brother Ildericus (Chilperich)
6. ^ Vita Landberti episcopi Traiectensis Auctore Nicolao 12, MGH SS rer. Merov. VI, p. 415.
7. ↑ p. 471: "Eudonis Aquitaniæ ducis, et fratris sui Imitarii; et eorum genitori Boggiso Duci" and "pago Tolosano, Cadurcensi, Pictaviensis, Agennensis, Arelatensi, Sanctonensi et Petragoricensi"; P. 470: "Valtruda, Valchigisi ducis de nostra progenie filia" as the wife of "Eudo Aquitaniæ Dux"; Eudo's wife is not known from other sources
8. ^ Fredegar , IV, Continuator, 10, MGH SS rer Merov II, p. 174
9. ^ Fredegar, IV, Continuator, 13, MGH SS rer Merov II, p. 175
10. ↑ Annales Metenses 735, MGH SS I, p. 325
11. ↑ Fredegar, IV, Continuator, 15, MGH SS rer Merov II, p. 175
12. ↑ Annales Petaviani 736, MGH SS I, p. 9
13. ↑ "primogenito Hunaldo" son of "Eudone Boggisi filio"; Monlezun: Hunoald abdicated in 745 in favor of his only son and became a monk in the monastery on the Île de Ré (p. 270), he died during the siege of Pavia , where he had placed himself under the protection of the Lombard king Desiderius (p. 294)
14. ↑ Annales Metenses 735, MGH SS I, p. 325
15. ↑ Fredegar, IV, Continuator, 25, MGH SS rer Merov II, p. 180
16. ^ Andreas Kalckhoff : Charlemagne. Profiles of a Ruler (1987), p. 36
17. ↑ ^{a b} Annales Metenses 768, MGH SS I, p. 335
18. ↑ p. 471: "primogenito… Vifario" as "nepote" from "Eudone Boggisi filio", d. H. Hunoald as father is implied but not pronounced; other sources do not mention Waifar's father; S 472: "Adelæ… Ducis Lupi filiæ" as mother of "Lupus"; other sources do not mention Adela
19. ↑ Annales Metenses 749, MGH SS I, p. 331
20. ^ "768 IV Non Iun", Annales Sancti Amandi Continuatio 768, MGH SS 1, p. 11
21. ↑ p. 472: "Vifarii" as the father of "Lupus"; other sources do not mention it
22. ↑ Annales Laurissenses 768, MGH SS I, p. 146
23. ↑ p. 470: "Hatthonis quondam Aquitanie ducis ac filii sui Artalgerii comitis" as "patris… et avi… Vandregisili comitis"; P. 471: "Vandradæ comitissæ" as "matris sui progenitoris" in relation to Vandregisilus; her name is not confirmed by other sources
24. ↑ Annales Metenses 744, MGH SS I, p. 327
25. ↑ p. 472: "Lupo Duci" as the son of "Hattonis Ducis" is not confirmed by other sources
26. ↑ Einhardi Annales 770, MGH SS I, p. 149.
27. ↑ S: 472: "Lupus captus" (the captured Lupus) left parts of Gascony to "ejus filio Adalarico"; Monlezun: Adalricus followed his father as a duke in the western part of the country (p. 302)
28. ↑ "Ea tempestate Chorso, dux Tholosanus, dolo cuisdam Wasconis, Adelerici nomine, circumventus est ..." - at this time (785/89) Chorso, Duke of Toulouse, was cunningly surrounded by that of the Basques, called Adlaericus; Vita Hludowici imperatoris 5, MGH SS II, p. 609
29. ↑ p. 472: "Scimino et Centullo" as sons of "Adalarico", whereby Gascony was divided between "dictum Sciminum et Lupum Centulli, demortui Centulli filium", no confirmation from other sources; Monlezun: Jimeno was deposed (probably 814/15) by Ludwig the Pious (p. 316)
30. ↑ p. 472: "Garsimirus Scimini genitus", no confirmation from other sources
31. ↑ p. 472: "Scimino et Centullo" as sons of "Adalarico", no confirmation by other sources
32. ↑ p. 472: "Scimino et Centullo" as sons of "Adalarico", whereby Gascon was divided between "dictum Sciminum et Lupum Centulli, demortui Centulli filium", no confirmation by other sources
33. ^ Marriage not in charter; P. 472: "Donatum Lupum et Centulupum" as sons of "Lupi Centulli Ducis", with Donatus Lupus as Count of Bigorre; Monlezun: Faquilène, daughter of Mancion and wife Donat-Loups, seems to belong to the family of the Vice Counts of Lavédan (p. 350)
34. ^ Vita Hludowici Imperatoris 41, MGH SS II, p. 630
35. ^ Vita Hludowici Imperatoris 59, MGH SS II, p. 644
36. ↑ ^{a b} Jaurgain, p. 163, quoted Bibl. Nat. mss., Collection Duchesne (Papiers d´Oïhenart), vol. 114, fo. 96, excerpt from the Cartulaire de Castelloboo (Livre verd de Benac), and Jean-Baptiste Larcher Glanage, Tome I, p. 274
37. ↑ S. 472: "Donatum Lupum et Centulupum" as sons of "Lupi cents Ulli Ducis" with Centulus lupus as Viscount of Bearn, no confirmation from other sources; Monlezun: Centulus Lupus' wife was called Auria (p. 351), he left a small child under her tutelage (p. 351)
38. ↑ not in the charter; Monlezun: Loup, Eudo's great-grandson, was strangled and hanged by the soldiers of King Charles, and left behind his son Adalric and perhaps Loup-Sanche as small children (p. 302), the source of this information is unknown
39. ↑ S 472: "Adelæ… Ducis Lupi filiæ" as the mother of "Lupus", other sources do not mention Adela
40. ↑ p. 470: "Hatthonis quondam Aquitanie ducis ac filii sui Artalgarii comitis" as "patris ... et avi ... Vandregisili comitis", no confirmation in other sources
41. ^ P. 470: "Vandregisilus Comes consanguineus noster ... post patris sui Artalgarii comitis mortem", and "Maria Comitissa" as the wife of "Vandregisilus comes consanguineus noster ..." and (p. 471) daughter of "quondam Asinario comite";
42. ↑ Vita Hludowici Imperatoris 32, MGH SS II (1826), p. 628, footnote 74, which, however, does not give a source for this statement (possible source is the Charter of Alaon, which was still considered genuine in 1826)
43. ↑ p. 470: "Bernarthi… Athonis nunc Palliavensis Comitis… Antonii hodie Vicecomitis Bitterrensis… itidemque Asinarii, nunc etiam Lupiniacensis ac Solensis Vicecomitis" as sons of "Vandregisilus comes consanguineus noster…" and "Bernarthi"… cumit uxissa
44. ↑ p. 470: "Bernarthi… Athonis nunc Palliavensis comitis… Antonii hodie vicecomitis Bitterrensis… idemque Asinarii nunc etiam Lupiniacensis ac Solensis vicecomitis" as sons of "Vandregisilus comes consanguineus noster…" and "Athonis… cum" Eyzelina ↑
45. ↑ p. 470: "Bernarthi… Athonis nunc Palliavensis comitis… Antonii hodie vicecomitis Bitterrensis… idemque Asinarii nunc etiam Lupiniacensis ac Solensis vicecomitis" as sons of "Vandregisilus comes consanguineus noster…" and "Anthonii su Adoy cum uxore"
46. ↑ p. 470: "Bernarthi… Athonis nunc Palliavensis comitis… Antonii hodie vicecomitis Bitterrensis… idemque Asinarii nunc etiam Lupiniacensis ac Solensis vicecomitis" as sons of "Vandregisilus comes consanguineus noster…" and "Asinarii ... cum Gerberga"
47. ↑ Juan Antonio Llorente , Noticias Históricas de las tres provincias vascongadas Álava, Guipúzcoa y Vizcaya (Madrid 1807), Vol. III, 7, pp. 38-80. here: p. 45
48. ↑ p. 472: "Icterius et ... Agennensi Ermiladius" as "avunculus et frater ... Vandregisili comitis", no confirmation from other sources
49. ↑ p. 472: "Arvernensi Comitatu Icterius et ... Ermiladius" as "avunculus et frater ... Vandregisili Comitis", no confirmation from other sources
50. ↑ Fredegar (Continuator) 45 and 50, MGH SS rer Merov II, pp. 189 and 191
51. ↑ Annales Metenses 765, MGH SS I, p. 334
52. ↑ Annales Laurissenses 768, MGH SS I, p. 146
53. ↑ not in the charter; with Monlezun the daughter is called Lampagie (p. 253/54), based on the chronicle Isidore von Bejas
54. ↑ Isidori Pacensis Episcopi Chronicon 58, España Sagrada VIII, p. 302
55. ↑ p. 471: "Eudonis Aquitanie ducis, et fratris sui Imitarii; et eorum genitori Boggiso Duci"
56. ↑ p. 471: "Boggiso Duci et suo fratri Bertrando, quos Haribertus Rex habuit ex Gisela uxore"
57. ↑ p. 472: "Totilo Duci" became Duke of Gascogne before "Sigihino Mostellanico"; it is implied that this happened after the Jimeno uprising; Monlezun: was installed by Louis the Pious and died in 845 (p. 341)
58. ↑ p. 472: "Totilo Duci" became Duke of Gascogne before "Sigihino Mostellanico", the current Duke; it is implied that this happened after the Jimeno uprising
59. ↑ Einhardi Annales 816, MGH SS I, p. 203
60. ^ Vetus chronic. manuscript. Collegii S. Andr. Burdegal. (Chronicle from Saint-André in Bordeaux), in: Arnauld d'Oïhenart (1592–1668) Notitia utriusque Vasconiae, tum Ibericae, tum Aquitanicae, qua praeter situm regions et alia scitu digna (1638, 1656), p. 257, cited von Jaurgain, p. 119. Nobody knows this chronicle from Saint-André in Bordeaux except d'Oïhenart.