Conciliabulum of Pisa

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The Conciliabulum of Pisa ( Latin conciliabulum actually: 'place of a council', also to be understood as a diminutive : 'council') was a counter-council that took place in Pisa in the years 1511 and 1512 .

prehistory

The Conciliabulum of Pisa owed its creation to a union of the oppositional cardinals with the foreign opponents Pope Julius II after the failure of the League of Cambrai . Was the Pope with Louis XII shortly before . France and Kaser Maximilian were in league, so he now changed his policy and allied himself with the Republic of Venice to drive the French and Germans out of Italy. The main opponent here was the Kingdom of France , which had been trying to gain hegemony in Italy for 200 years. Louis XII. replied to the Pope on two levels: on the one hand, he increased the political and military pressure on the Papal States , on the other hand, he undertook to attack the Pope on the spiritual terrain with internal church means. On July 30, 1510, he convened an assembly of ecclesiastical dignitaries in Orléans , which met in September of the same year in Tours and, at the behest of the French king, decided to admonish the Pope and reassert the principles of Gallicanism .

course

On February 15, 1511, Louis XII. three procurators who were supposed to convene the council. A second meeting of church dignitaries invited Julius II in April 1511. On May 16 of the same year, the Cardinals Federico Sanseverino , Francisco de Borja , Bernardino López de Carvajal , René de Prie and Guillaume Briçonnet - according to their statements with the consent of four other members of the College of Cardinals - called a council for September 1, 1511 Pisa a. Emperor Maximilian I and King Ludwig XII. of France joined the convocation on the same day. The Pope was asked to obey the summons before the council.

With the convocation of the cardinals - even if only a minority - the emperor and the most Christian king (the honorary title of the kings of France at that time), the council was hardly objectionable from a canonical point of view, one followed the legal idea of the canonists of that time Emergency law. In addition, the cardinals gave a sound justification: Julius II had acted contrary to canon law by violating the Frequens Constitution and breaking the election surrender, which obliged him to hold a general council within two years of his election. This was an emergency that was supposed to justify the calling of a general council. The opponents, including Cardinal Giovanni Antonio Sangiorgio , objected that there was no culpable omission on the part of the Pope. Moreover, since the Council of Basel (1431–1449) , the Frequens decree has been given little importance, and according to many canonists, the legal consequences claimed by the conveners cannot be deduced from it.

So the initiators of the council tried to start negotiations with the curia again . When these failed, the assembly was constituted on November 1, 1511. The first session on November 5 was almost exclusively French, including two archbishops, fourteen bishops, a number of abbots and the procurators of the universities of Paris, Toulouse and Poitiers. Because of the hostile attitude of the Pisans, the venue was moved to Milan at the end of 1511, which was ruled by France. Also, almost exclusively French bishops - at times up to 30 in number - took part in the meeting. This, in turn, led even those cardinals who were at heart to the cause of the conciliarists into an opposing position; even Giovanni Gozzadini , who was actually considered an opponent of Julius II, now supported him and worked against the concerns of the French.

The decisive move by the Pope, however, was to convene a council on April 4, 1512 in the Lateran, the Fifth Lateran Council , with the Bull Sacrosanctae Romanae Ecclesiae . At the latest this made all objections of his opponents irrelevant. “ From now on the question was no longer: Council or not? - but only: which council? “So it was one of the main endeavors of the Council to condemn ( anathematize ) the reasons and intentions of the Conciliabulum .

Results

As a result, the cardinals Borgia, Briçonnet, Carvajal and De Prie were removed from their offices in the consistory of October 24, 1511. Pisa and Milan, the meeting places, were occupied with the interdict . The Conciliabulum moved first to Asti, then back to Lyon and gradually dissolved, after first the emperor and then Louis XII. Deprived of support without producing any decisions or documents.

Reasons for failure

The Conciliabulum of Pisa was from Louis XII. from the outset intended as a measure of power politics. Unlike Martin Luther or the Gallicans , he did not expect a council to influence questions of faith .

Aftermath

The discussions about the convening of a council gave the order general of the Dominicans Giacomo de Vio, the later Cardinal Thomas Cajetan , occasion for the publication of his work De comparatione auctoritatis papae et concilii (“Comparison of the authority of the Pope with that of the councils”).

On the other hand, shortly after the death of Julius II, an unknown satirist , apparently familiar with the events in the Curia , wrote the dialogue Iulius exclusus , in which the deceased Pope stands at the door of heaven and Peter lists all his successes, including how he completed the Conciliabulum by clever tactics, above all by convening a council of their own, had run nowhere.

literature

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Hubert Jedin: History of the Council of Trent. P. 84 f.
  2. ^ Hubert Jedin: History of the Council of Trent. P. 87
  3. ^ Hubert Jedin: History of the Council of Trent. P. 88
  4. ^ Hubert Jedin: History of the Council of Trent. P. 89
  5. ↑ Bernward Schmidt: The Councils and the Pope , p. 120
  6. ^ Hubert Jedin: History of the Council of Trent. P. 89
  7. ↑ cf. Heiko Augustinus Oberman : Luther. Man between god and devil. Severin and Siedler, Berlin 1982, ISBN 3-88680-044-X , pp. 157, 368
  8. ↑ cf. Hubert Filser: Dogma, Dogmen, Dogmatik An investigation into the justification and the history of the development of a theological discipline from the Reformation to the Late Enlightenment. LIT Verlag, Münster 2001, ISBN 978-3-82585221-4 , p. 314
  9. ↑ cf. Hubert Jedin: History of the Council of Trent. P. 90
  10. ^ Hubert Jedin: History of the Council of Trent. P. 91
  11. ^ Hubert Jedin: History of the Council of Trent. P. 91