Thomas Cajetan

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Thomas Cajetan (born February 20, 1469 as Jacopo de Vio in Gaeta , hence the name of origin Gaëtanus , Gaetano or Cajetan ; † August 10, 1534 in Rome ) was from 1508 to 1518 General of the Dominicans , Cardinal of the titular church of Santa Prassede , papal legate and Founder of Neuthomism in the Renaissance . In 1518, Cajetan asked Luther to revoke his 95 theses.

Live and act

Origin and Studies

Jacopo de Vio was the youngest son of three children of Francesco de Vio, who belonged to the lower nobility in the Kingdom of Naples , and his wife Isabella, nee de Sieri. He entered the Dominican order in his hometown against the wishes of his parents before he was sixteen. From then on he bore his religious name "Thomas". After he had studied in Naples from April 8, 1485 , his superiors sent him to a monastery in Bologna . In 1488 he was enrolled in Bologna as a studens artium . On December 4, 1488, however, he returned to the monastery of Gaeta to recover from an illness. He was ordained a priest at the end of his twenty-second year. On May 24, 1491 he enrolled at the University of Padua for the studia generalia . There he studied philosophy and, in addition to metaphysics , he also studied humanistic studies . In Padua he was then employed as a lector artium and in 1492 was appointed magister studentium pro tertio anno by the decision of the General Chapter of Como . On January 21, 1493 he received his doctorate at the theological faculty to baccalaureus , which he was entitled to give lectures ( ad legendum sententias pro gradu et forma magistri pro tertio anno Padue ). In 1494 he received his doctorate in theology and gave lectures on Thomistic metaphysics.

Papal advisor

Cajetan was one of the first advisers to Pope Julius II , to whom he recommended that an ecumenical council be convened after the Council of Pisa had been convened by the French cardinals on September 1, 1511 to repeal the occidental schism . In fact, Julius convened an ecumenical council in the Lateran on April 19, 1512 . To this end, Cajetan was also delegated by the Pope. Under the pontificate of Julius II he was instrumental in obtaining permission from Ferdinand II for Dominican missionaries to convert the indigenous peoples of America .

From 1508 to 1518 he was major general of the order and advisor to various popes. As such, he negotiated with the French ( Gallican ) Church. Through the Bologna Concordat , King Francis I reached an agreement with Pope Leo X in 1516 , under which the French crown received almost unlimited control over the Church in France and its property in return for the formal recognition of the superiority of the Pope over the councils.

On July 1, 1517 Cajetan by Pope Leo X to Cardinal appointed. He was later to become Archbishop of Palermo , but the opposition from the Sicilian Senate prevented him from taking office and he resigned on February 8, 1518. On occurrence of Charles V , however, he was later, after 1518 as an apostolic legate to the Holy Roman Empire had been sent to Germany, the Bishop of Gaeta appointed.

Luther's hearing at the Augsburg Reichstag

Luther in Augsburg before Cardinal Cajetan

One of Cajetan's tasks in the empire was the interrogation of Martin Luther at the Diet of Augsburg in 1518 . The hearings took place in Jacob Fugger's City Palace , where Cajetan lived. During their three-day conversation, Cajetan asked Luther to revoke his 95 theses on the indulgence trade , since Cajetan cited individual points with reference to the bull Unigenitus Dei filius by Pope Clement VI. considered heretical. On October 12, Luther appeared before the tribunal unaccompanied. The moderator Urban di Serra Longa asked him to appear before Cardinal Cajetan and revoke his errors. Luther, for his part, sought a dispute. He strictly rejected the request to accept an instruction from the representatives of the Curia. The mood escalated. The next day Luther appeared accompanied by his superior Johann von Staupitz , four imperial councilors and a group of selected witnesses, including a lawyer who read a text written by Luther. In it he had declared that he would submit to the judgment and ordinance of the Holy Church and all those who were better informed than himself. But he denied having said anything that contradicted Scripture, the Fathers of the Church, or a papal decree. On October 14, Luther personally presented a lengthy text in which he explained his views and the topics addressed, which he backed up with quotations from the Bible. Luther initiated a theological conversation. He brought up the nature of the treasure of grace and faith in the sacrament as important points .

Luther's friends expected an arrest. Luther evaded this one week later, on the night of Thursday, October 21, by fleeing the city.

Activity from 1523

From 1523 to 1524, de Vio organized the resistance against the Ottoman Empire under Suleyman I in the Holy Roman Empire, in the Polish Kingdom under the Jagiellonians and in the Kingdom of Hungary .

In 1527 he was during the sack of Rome ( Sacco di Roma ) by mercenaries captured Charles V, but was freed.

In 1534 he declared the final validity of the marriage of Henry VIII of England to Catherine of Aragon and refused to annul the marriage.

Fonts

Summula Caietani , 1530
Opuscula omnia , 1596

Cajetan wrote writings for the Popes, including elaborations on the doctrine of indulgences and an expert opinion on Henry VIII's marriage.

In his Commentaria in Summam Theologiam (1540), Cajetan laid down the Thomas Interpreation for many subsequent generations. The more recent Thomas research was able to show, however, that many of his theses turned out to be wrong in retrospect and clearly cannot be substantiated by Thomanian .

After his encounter with Luther, Cajetan studied the Holy Scriptures intensively and wrote numerous Bible commentaries.

Text output

  • Opera omnia , 5 volumes, Lyon 1639
  • Opuscula omnia , Paris 1530
  • Commentary on the Summa theologica of Thomas Aquinas , Lyon 1540; reissued in the edition of the works of St. Thomas by Leo XIII. , 9 volumes; 1888-1906
  • De divina institutione Pontificatus Romani Pontificis (1521), re-edited by Friedrich Lauchert , in: CCath X, 1925
  • De comparatione auctoritatis papae and Apologia , Rome 1936
  • De Anima , Rome 1938
  • Thomas de Vio Cardinalis Caietanus (1469-1534): Scripta philosophica. 6 volumes. Institutum “Angelicum”, Rome
    • Volume 2: Commentaria in Porphyrii isagogen ad praedicamenta Aristotelis , ed. by Isnard M. Marega, 1934
  • Commentaire des Sentences (Padoue), Paris BNF, Cod. Lat. 3076.
  • In De ente et essentia (1495), ed. M.-H. Laurent.
  • De nominum analogia (1498), ed. PN Zammit (Rome, 1934) [1]
  • Commentaria in 'De anima' Aristotelis (1509), ed. M.-H. Laurent (Rome, 1938).
  • Opuscula aurea de diversis ac curiosissimis materiis tam practicis quam speculativis (Paris, 1511)
  • Tractatus reverendissimi patris fratris Thome de Vio Caietani de Comparatione auctoritatis Papæ et conciliorum ad invicem (1512)
  • Apologia ,
  • De Monte Pietatis (Rome, 1515)
  • De divina institutione Pontificatus Romani Pontificis super totam ecclesiam a Christo in Petro (Rome, 1521) ed. Friedrich Lauchert (Münster, 1925).
  • Summula de peccatis (Rome, 1525)
  • Jentacula Novi Testamenti, expositio literalis sexaginta quatuor notabilium sententiarum Novi Testamenti (Rome, 1525)
  • In Evangelia Matt., Marci, Lucae, Joannis (Venice, 1530)
  • In Acta Apostolorum (Venice, 1530)
  • Summula Caietani ( la ). Claude Chevallon, Paris 1530.
  • In psalmos (Venice, 1530)
  • In quinque libros Mosis juxta sensum lit. commentarii (Rome, 1531)
  • In Epistolas Pauli (Paris, 1532)
  • In libros Jehosuae, Judicum, Ruth, Regum, Paralipomenon, Hezrae, Nechemiae et Esther (Rome, 1533)
  • In librum Job (Rome, 1535)
  • Commentaria in Summam Theologiam (1540), ed.H. Prosper (Lyrae, 1892), reprint of the Editio Leonina de Thomas d'Aquin, vol. IV-XII.
  • In parabolas Salomonis, in Ecclesiasts, in Esaiae tria priora capita (Rome, 1542)
  • Opuscula omnia tribus tomis distincta (Lyon, 1558)
  • In Porphyrii Isagogen ad Praedicamenta Aristotelis (1587),
  • Peccatorum Summula (1613)
  • Opera omnia quotquot in sacrae Scripturae expositionem reperiuntur, cura atque industria insignis collegii S. Thomae Complutensis, OP (Lyon, 1639: 5 volumes)
  • De conceptu entis , ed. PN Zammit (Rome, 1934).

literature

Web links

Commons : Thomas Cajetan  - collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Jared Wicks, Tommaso de Vio Cajetan: Cajetan Responds: A Reader in Reformation Controversy. Catholic University of America Press, University of Michigan 1978, ISBN 9-78081-3-20545-8, p. 4.
  2. ^ Eckehart Stöve:  DE VIO, Tommaso di. In: Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani (DBI). Volume 39. Rome 1991.
  3. ^ Carter Lindberg: The Reformation Theologians: An Introduction to Theology in the Early Modern Period. John Wiley & Sons, Hoboken, New Jersey, United States 2017, ISBN 9-78-0631-2-1839-5, pp. 269 f
  4. ↑ Uwe Birnstein: Who is who of the Reformation. Kreuz Verlag, Freiburg im Breisgau 2014, ISBN 978-3-451-61252-7 , pp. 97-98
  5. ↑ John Volz:  Tommaso de Vio Gaetani Cajetan . In: Catholic Encyclopedia , Volume 3, Robert Appleton Company, New York 1908.
  6. ^ City palace of the Fugger Augsburg, Maximilianstr. 36-38.
  7. ↑ Volker Leppin: The Age of the Reformation: A world in transition. WBG (Scientific Book Society), Darmstadt 2009, ISBN 9-78-3534-2-04991, From Wittenberg to Rome: the Luther trial. III. Public Debate, pp. 53–60, excerpt
  8. ↑ Lyndal Roper : The man Martin Luther - The biography. S. Fischer, Frankfurt am Main 2016, ISBN 978-3-10-066088-6 , p. 152
  9. ^ Volkmar Joestel: Martin Luther. Rebel and reformer. Biographies on the Reformation. 8th edition. Drei-Kastanien-Verlag, 2005, p. 24.
  10. ^ Gerhard Hennig: Cajetan (1469-1534) . In: Helmut Burkhardt and Uwe Swarat (ed.): Evangelical Lexicon for Theology and Congregation . tape 1 . Brockhaus, Wuppertal 1992, p. 345 .
  11. ↑ Paul Richter: The beginning of human life with Thomas Aquinas. Vol. 38 Studies in Moral Theology, LIT Verlag Münster, 2008, ISBN 9-7838-2-5811 -16-7, p. 70.
  12. ↑ See Elias H. Füllenbach, Biblical and Hebrew Studies of Italian Dominicans of the 15th and 16th Centuries , in: Bibelstudium und Sermon im Dominikanerorden. History, ideal, practice , ed. by Viliam Stefan Doci and Thomas Prügl, Rome 2019 (Dissertationes Historicae, Vol. 36), pp. 255–271, here pp. 266ff.
predecessor Office successor
Jean Clérée Magister General of the Dominicans
1508–1518 		García de Loaysa
personal data
SURNAME Thomas Cajetan
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Iacobus de Vio; Jacopo de Vio (maiden name); Thomas Cajetan de Vio; Thomas Cajetanus; Thomas Gaetanus; Thomas de Vio Cajetanus; Tommaso de Vio Gaetani; Tommaso Gaetano (Italian)
BRIEF DESCRIPTION Catholic theologian and cardinal
DATE OF BIRTH February 20, 1469
PLACE OF BIRTH Gaëta
DATE OF DEATH August 9, 1534 or August 10, 1534
Place of death Rome