Conisbrough Castle

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Conisbrough Castle from the southeast

Conisbrough Castle is a ruined castle from the Middle Ages in the village of Conisbrough in English county Yorkshire . The castle was originally built in the 11th century by William de Warenne , the Earl of Surrey after the Norman conquest of England in 1066. Hamelin Plantagenet , the illegitimate parvenu son of Henry II , acquired the property through marriage at the end of the 12th century. Hamelin and his son William rebuilt the stone castle, including its 28 meter high donjon . The castle remained in the family until the 14th century, despite being taken several times by the crown. The fortress was then transferred to Edmund of Langley , the Duke of York , and fell back to the Crown in 1461.

Conisbrough Castle fell into ruin, its enclosing wall was badly damaged by settlement and the fortress was transferred to the Carey family in the 16th century . The desolate condition of the castle saved it from being used in the English Civil War in the 17th century and in 1737 the Duke of Leeds bought the remains. Sir Walter Scott had his novel Ivanhoe set in the castle in 1819 and by the end of the 19th century the ruins had become a tourist attraction despite the area's increasingly industrial character.

The state took over management of the property in 1950, but by the 1980s the visitor facilities were felt to be inadequate, so a tripartite partnership was formed between the state institution English Heritage , the Metropolitan Borough of Doncaster, and a local nonprofit to renovate the castle. With grants from the EU , the donjon was given a new roof and floor. English Heritage took over the management of the castle in 2008 and continues to operate it as a tourist attraction.

The castle consists of a core and outer bailey , the former surrounded by a curtain wall , which are defended by six defense towers and the donjon. The core castle contained a hall, a solar, a chapel and other outbuildings, of which only the foundations are still preserved today. The construction of the Donjon at Conisbrough is unique in England and historians Oliver Creighton and Stephen Johnson consider it an "architectural gem" and "one of the finest examples of late Norman defense architecture". The donjon consists of a central tower with six massive buttresses ; its four storeys consisted of a master bedroom and a private master bedroom. Although militarily weak, this construction was a powerful symbol for Hamelin Plantagenet's new social status as a higher noble.

history

11th and 12th centuries

Aerial photo from 2007 with outer bailey (bottom left) and core bailey (right)

Conisbrough Castle was built by William de Warenne, who participated in the Norman conquest of England in 1066 and was rewarded by William the Conqueror with extensive estates in Yorkshire , Norfolk and Sussex . As part of this, Earl William received the manorial estate of Conisbrough that had previously belonged to the late King Harald II . The manor derived its name from the Anglo-Saxon name of the settlement, Cyningesburh (German: the king's fortress) and formed a large property with 28 settlements around the Anglo-Saxon Burh in Conisbrough itself.

William built his castle on a spur of magnesite limestone, surrounded by steep flanks. The castle was a motte with a central castle , which was protected by earth walls and palisades , outer castle and possibly a wooden donjon . The castle stood about 53 meters above the river and dominated this part of the Dontal . It was exactly opposite the village where the Anglo-Saxon Burh was presumably located.

The castle was then held by William's son, William, from 1088 to 1138, and then by his son, who was also William , until his death in 1147. Conisbrough Castle and the title of Earl then passed to her first husband through William's daughter Isabel , William de Blois and then to her second husband, Hamelin Plantagenet , whom she married in 1163. Hamelin was the illegitimate half-brother of King Henry II , who had arranged the marriage; the connection brought him great wealth. Hamelin had the castle largely rebuilt in the years 1180 to 1190, e.g. B. also a donjon made of stone; he was a parvenu and hoped to consolidate his new, elevated position. King Johann Ohneland visited the castle in 1201.

13th to 15th centuries

Main castle from the east. The picture shows the ruins of the gatehouse and the solar (left) as well as the hall of the castle (right)

The castle remained in the ownership of the Hamelin family, Plantagenet, and passed to his son, William de Warenne , in 1202 . William was probably responsible for the construction of the new stone kurtine around the inner castle, whereby the former earth wall was destroyed. The main castle was demolished and William had a hall and outbuildings built inside the castle, also made of stone. In 1239 William's young son John de Warenne inherited Conisbrough Castle; But at that time he was still a minor and his mother Maud initially managed the castle.

Under John, Conisbrough's constable carried out a series of - as historian Stephen Johnson calls it - "colorful, but unlawful, acts"; one of them was eventually accused of carrying out "diabolical and countless oppressions". Other work on the castle was carried out under John's ownership, e.g. B. the modernization of the hall and the solar.

The castle was inherited in 1304 by John's grandson, who was also called John and married Joan de Bar . The marriage failed, but so did John's attempts to obtain a divorce in court in 1316. John accused Thomas Plantagenet , the Earl of Lancaster , for this and in turn kidnapped Thomas' wife; Thomas repaid this with the capture of Conisbrough Castle. King Edward II got involved in the dispute and confirmed Thomas Plantagenet as the new owner of the castle. In 1322, Thomas Planatgenet rebelled against the king and was executed, with Eduard taking control of the castle himself. The king visited the castle in the same year and spent 40 marks on the repair of Conisbrough Castle and the neighboring Pontefract Castle . Eduard was overthrown by his wife Isabelle in 1326 and the castle was returned to John. John hoped to pass them on to his lover and his two illegitimate sons, but survived them all, and with John's death in 1347 the castle fell back to the crown.

King Edward III gave the castle to his son, Edmund of Langley , the Duke of York , who controlled it until 1402. Edmund's eldest son Edward owned it until 1415, when it fell to Maud Clifford , the widow of Edmund's younger son Richard , who lived there until 1446. Then Richard Plantagenet inherited the castle and on his death in 1460 during the Wars of the Roses it fell to his son Edward IV , who conquered the throne in 1461, bringing Conisbrough Castle back to the crown.

16th to 19th century

Engraving of the castle from 1785

In the 16th century, Conisbrough Castle was in poor shape. An inventory for the king in 1537 and 1538 showed that the gates, the bridge and parts of the castle wall had collapsed in a spectacular landslide and that a false ceiling of the donjon had also collapsed. The collapse of the castle walls was a result of the instability of the top layer of earth on the ledge, which was mixed with sandstone and clay. As the clay washed away over time, the remaining sandstone proved extremely unstable and prone to cracking.

King Henry VIII gave the ruins to the Carey family , who held them until they were married to the Heviningham family and then to the Coke family . The castle played no part in the English Civil War of the 17th century and thus escaped the demolition that affected so many other similar fortresses, presumably because the collapse of the outer castle walls had already made it untenable and it was of little military value. In 1737, after the death of Edward Coke , Thomas Osborne , the Duke of Leeds , bought the castle and manor for £ 22,500.

In 1811 the writer Sir Walter Scott passed the castle ruins and had his novella Ivanhoe played there in 1819 . Scott could only see part of the property from the street and the events depicted in the late 12th century novella are fictional; Scott believed the castle was of Saxon origin, a view shared by many 19th century commentators. The writer John Wainwright still extolled the "picturesque views" around the castle in 1826, but the archaeologist Ecroyd Smith noticed the changing character of the place in 1887, particularly the factories around the new railway line and the "cloudy atmosphere" that the industrial works created .

Francis D'Arcy-Osborne , the Duke of Leeds, died in 1859, leaving Conisbrough Castle to his nephew, Sackville Lane-Fox , the Baron Conyers . The keep was preserved in good condition, but by 1884 it was clear that repairs were overdue and archaeologist George Clark recommended urgent work on the walls. The finances made it possible and he had a roof put back and wooden floors built in. Small repairs were subsequently carried out by Lord Conyers' trustees, although Clark's colleague, A. Ellis , expressed concern that handrails were not installed to protect visitors who regularly climbed the roof of the donjon. There is evidence that the trustees invested £ 500 in the renovation of the castle ruins including the construction of a lodge in the outer bailey for the keeper, which was completed in 1885, and improvements to the walkways.

20th and 21st centuries

The main castle seen from the outer castle. You can see the remains of the barbican and the wall towers

In the 1940s, the Conisbrough Town Council bought the castle and transferred it to the Ministry of Public Works in 1949 , but retained control of the surrounding land. In 1967 and 1969 archaeological excavations unearthed foundations in the main castle, and from 1973 to 1977 possibilities for future visitor facilities were examined. In 1984, when the English Heritage government agency took over management of the property, the condition of the visitor facilities was inadequate and the industrial nature of the area deterred tourists.

English Heritage, Metropolitan Borough of Doncaster and Ivanhoe Trust joined forces to create new jobs in the region. According to this agreement, the Trust would manage the property, English Heritage would take care of the historic fabric and the Metropolitan Borough would build a new visitor center. A new, much discussed visitor center in the style of a cluster of touring tents was built and the floors and roof of the donjon were rebuilt between 1993 and 1995 with a grant from the European Union to limit the erosion of the masonry.

The number of visitors after the renovation was far lower than expected, but leveled off at around 30,000 a year through 2006, just a little more than the early 1980s. The outdoor facilities were aging quickly, and financial problems caused the new audio-visual effects in the donjon to be turned off to save money. Discussions took place between the three partners about the future of the castle, but they fell apart and English Heritage took over sole management of the castle in 2008.

The castle closed in 2013 to undertake a £ 1.1m renovation program paid for by the Heritage Lottery Fund . As part of this, new visitor facilities were built. The castle is now listed under UK law as a Grade I Historic Building and an Ancient Monument.

architecture

Inner bailey and outer bailey

Ground plan of the core castle at the beginning of the 13th century.
Legend:
A - solar;
B - hall;
C - kitchen and pantry;
D - donjon and stairs;
E - Barbican and gatehouse;
F - chapel.
The gray areas show the sloping foundations.

Conisbrough Castle consists of an inner castle and a bailey, 88 m × 62 m, or 79 m × 37 m in area. The entrance to the castle led through the outer bailey, a rectangular structure that was protected by earthworks and in which the barns, stables and other outbuildings of the castle were housed. A drawbridge on the north side of the outer bailey, which has now been replaced by an earth dam, connected it to the inner bailey.

The oval inner castle was built within a moat that was dug into the natural contours of the hill. The higher bank of this trench is largely destroyed today. The curtain wall from the early 13th century consists largely of roughly hewn stone, is up to 2.1 m thick and up to 11 m high. It was repaired in two places with stone . The castle wall had and was with six towers along the south and west sides of which are preserved in three fairly intact to this day, pilasters strive plants on the north side strengthened. The foundations of the walls and tower were sloped to better distribute the weight, but they were only two feet deep. A barbican protected the connection from the drawbridge to the gatehouse of the inner castle, complete with an additional corner tower. The remains of the collapsed curtain wall are still visible in the moat today.

Various buildings were built along the inner side of the inner wall of the inner castle from the same rough masonry as the curtain wall, but only their foundations have survived to this day. In the south-west corner was the solar block that contained the solar and various bedrooms. The hall stretched along the north side, squeezed into an ugly corner of the curtain wall, measuring 21.3 mx 7.1 m and originally presumably two-story. Originally it was built with a hearth in the middle. At the end of the 13th century, an open fireplace was added to the outer wall. Along the hall were the kitchen and pantry, the former with a cellar. On the southeast side of the inner castle was the chapel with a base area of ​​6.1 m × 12.2 m.

Donjon

The Donjon of Conisbrough was on the northeast side of the inner castle. It is an important holdover from the Middle Ages: the historian Sidney Toy considered it "one of the most beautiful donjons in England", the historian Oliver Creighton describes it as an "architectural jewel" and Stephen Johnson as "one of the finest examples of Norman defense architecture".

The Donjon, equipped with a new roof and floors between 1993 and 1995

The donjon has a central tower, 19 meters in diameter, with six large, strong buttresses on the outside and a hexagonal floor plan, which is unique in England. It was built from magnesite limestone 28 m high and has walls that are 4.6 m thick in places. It has four floors: a ground floor, which serves as a cellar and arched support for the bedroom above, a first floor through which you can get to the donjon and two further upper floors as well as an accessible roof, which was presumably provided with a cover and protected battlements .

Today's concrete staircase to the donjon is new and the original medieval staircase made of wood and stone probably had a drawbridge directly in front of the door to the donjon. There was a fountain on the ground floor, which could also be operated from the first floor through a hole in the stone floor.

The donjon was intended as a private tower for Hamelin Plantagenet and not as a representative residence. Therefore, it was not made to accommodate different households and its layout was simpler than e.g. B. that of the donjon of Orford Castle from the same period. The second and third floors served as the master bedroom and private bedroom. The result was a vertical sequence of rooms with a vaulted, hexagonal chapel, which was accessible from the private bedroom and cut into the longwall.

Most of the castle was very dark due to the lack of daylight. The main bedroom had a large window, 56 cm × 142 cm, with deep lintels because of the thickness of the walls; two seats were carved along the window. In the private bedroom above there was a similar window. The Donjon had relatively advanced open chimneys and chimneys for its time , with the open chimney in the main bedroom being particularly large and decorated with stone pillars and chiseled capitals.

Conisbrough Castle was believed to be similar to two other castles that belonged to the Warren Earls. Hamelin Plantagenet was also responsible for developing the Château de Mortemer in France, where a similar donjon was built on a moth, and Conisbrough Castle may also have had similarities with Sandal Castle in northern England, which also belonged to the Earls. From a military point of view, the construction of the donjon was poor; the central tower offered advantages in defense, but the buttresses created twelve vulnerable corners in the masonry and the donjon itself had no loopholes that would have allowed the defenders to shoot arrows at attackers. The donjon was not primarily used for military defense, but was intended as a symbol and strengthening of Hamelin's nobility and new social position.

Floor plans of the Donjon at Conisbrough Castle

Web links

Commons : Conisbrough Castle  - collection of pictures, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c d e Stephen Johnson: Conisbrough Castle, South Yorkshire . Her Majesty's Stationery Office, Edinburgh 1984. ISBN 0116714859 . P. 3.
  2. ^ History of Conisbrough Castle . English Heritage. Retrieved March 2, 2015.
  3. ^ A b George T. Clark: Medieval Military Architecture in England . Volume 1. Wyman and Sons, London 1884. p. 433.
  4. ↑ a b c d e f g Conservation Bulletin, Issue 19, March 1993 . English Heritage. Retrieved March 3, 2015.
  5. ↑ a b c d List Entry . English Heritage. Archived from the original on January 13, 2015. Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. Retrieved March 3, 2015. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / list.english-heritage.org.uk
  6. ↑ George T. Clark: Conisbrough Castle in `` Yorkshire Archaeological Journal ''. Issue 8. P. 126.
  7. ↑ Stephen Johnson: Conisbrough Castle, South Yorkshire . Her Majesty's Stationery Office, Edinburgh 1984. ISBN 0116714859 . P. 3 + 5.
  8. ^ A b Stephen Johnson: Conisbrough Castle, South Yorkshire . Her Majesty's Stationery Office, Edinburgh 1984. ISBN 0116714859 . P. 5.
  9. ^ A b c Robert Liddiard: Castles in Context: Power, Symbolism and Landscape, 1066 to 1500 . Windgather Press, Bollington 2005. ISBN 0954557522 . P. 54.
  10. ↑ Stephen Johnson: Excavations at Conisbrough Castle, 1973-1977 in The Yorkshire Archaeological Journal . Volume 52, p. 78.
  11. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l Stephen Johnson: Conisbrough Castle, South Yorkshire . Her Majesty's Stationery Office, Edinburgh 1984. ISBN 0116714859 . P. 7.
  12. ↑ Stephen Johnson: Excavations at Conisbrough Castle, 1973-1977 in The Yorkshire Archaeological Journal . Volume 52, p. 80.
  13. ↑ Stephen Johnson: Excavations at Conisbrough Castle, 1973-1977 in The Yorkshire Archaeological Journal . Volume 52, pp. 77-80.
  14. ↑ Stephen Johnson: Conisbrough Castle, South Yorkshire . Her Majesty's Stationery Office, Edinburgh 1984. ISBN 0116714859 . P. 6 + 7.
  15. ↑ Stephen Johnson: Excavations at Conisbrough Castle, 1973-1977 in The Yorkshire Archaeological Journal . Volume 52, p. 81.
  16. ↑ The medieval mark was worth 2/3 of an English pound. So 400 marks was about £ 266. It is impossible to compare medieval sums of money with modern sums; as a comparison, however, the average English baron at that time had an annual income of about £ 200.
  17. ^ Norman John Greville Pounds: The Medieval Castle in England and Wales: A Social and Political History . Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1994. ISBN 978-0-521-45828-3 . P. 147.
  18. ↑ Stephen Johnson: Conisbrough Castle, South Yorkshire . Her Majesty's Stationery Office, Edinburgh 1984. ISBN 0116714859 . P. 7 + 8.
  19. ↑ a b c d Stephen Johnson: Conisbrough Castle, South Yorkshire . Her Majesty's Stationery Office, Edinburgh 1984. ISBN 0116714859 . P. 8.
  20. ↑ Stephen Johnson: Conisbrough Castle, South Yorkshire . Her Majesty's Stationery Office, Edinburgh 1984. ISBN 0116714859 . Pp. 8-10.
  21. ^ A b M. W. Thompson: Further Work at Consbrough Castle, Yorkshire in Medieval Archeology . Issue 13, 1969. p. 215.
  22. ↑ a b c Henry Ecroyd Smith: The History of Conisbrough Castle, With Glimpses of Ivanhoe country . Robert White, Worksop 1887. p. 112.
  23. ↑ It is difficult to exactly compare sums of money from the 18th century with today's amounts. £ 22,500 in 1737 may have been equivalent to between £ 3.1m and £ 364m in today's money (2013), depending on the financial measure used.
  24. ^ A b Lawrence H. Officer, Samuel H. Williamson: Five Ways to Compute the Relative Value of a UK Pound Amount, 1270 to Present . MeasuringWorth. 2014. Archived from the original on August 26, 2014. Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. Retrieved March 4, 2015. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.measuringworth.com
  25. ^ Lise Hull: Great Castles of Britain and Ireland . New Holland Publishers, London 2008. ISBN 9781847731302 . P. 27.
  26. ↑ Graham Tulloch (ed.): Walter Scott: Ivanhoe . University of Edinburgh Press, Edinburgh 1998. ISBN 0748605738 . P. 573.
  27. ↑ Henry Ecroyd Smith: The History of Conisbrough Castle, With Glimpses of Ivanhoe country . Robert White, Worksop 1887. pp. 15-16, 39-40.
  28. ^ A b George T. Clark: Conisbrough Castle in Yorkshire Archaeological Journal . Issue 8. P. 157.
  29. ^ AS Ellis: Conisbrough Castle in Yorkshire Archaeological Journal . No. 9, 1885. pp. 399-400.
  30. ^ Edward Impey (ed.): Philip Dixon: The White Tower . Yale University Press, New Haven and London 2008. ISBN 9780300112931 . Chapter: The Influence of the White Tower on the Great Towers of the Twelfth Century . P. 189.
  31. ^ A b Philip Davis: English Heritage Plans for Conisbrough Castle, Yorkshire in Castle Studies Group Bulletin , Issue 14. S. 5.
  32. ↑ The comparison of financial sums from the 19th century with today depends on the application of the financial measure. £ 500 in 1885 may have been equivalent to between £ 47,000 and £ 651,000 in today's money (2013), depending on the financial measure used.
  33. ↑ Stephen Johnson: Excavations at Conisbrough Castle, 1973-1977 in The Yorkshire Archaeological Journal . Volume 52, p. 59.
  34. ^ Castle History . Conisbrough Castle. Archived from the original on April 1, 2008. Retrieved March 4, 2015.
  35. ↑ a b Deal lifts hopes for boom in castle visitors . Yorkshire Post. March 5, 2008. Retrieved March 4, 2015.
  36. ^ Philip Davis: English Heritage Plans for Conisbrough Castle, Yorkshire in Castle Studies Group Bulletin , No. 14. pp. 5-6.
  37. ↑ Row as castle trust ousted . South Yorkshire Times. March 12, 2008. Retrieved March 4, 2015.
  38. ↑ Philip Davis: English Heritage Plans for Conisbrough Castle, Yorkshire in Castle Studies Group Bulletin , No. 14, p. 11.
  39. ↑ £ 900,000 Heritage Lottery Fund Award Confirmed for Conisbrough Castle . English Heritage. Retrieved March 4, 2015.
  40. ↑ English Heritage: Conisbrough Castle, Conisbrough . British Listed Buildings. Retrieved March 4, 2015.
  41. ↑ Stephen Johnson: Conisbrough Castle, South Yorkshire . Her Majesty's Stationery Office, Edinburgh 1984. ISBN 0116714859 . Pp. 9, 12, 13.
  42. ↑ George T. Clark: Conisbrough Castle in Yorkshire Archaeological Journal . Issue 8. P. 124.
  43. ↑ a b c d Stephen Johnson: Conisbrough Castle, South Yorkshire . Her Majesty's Stationery Office, Edinburgh 1984. ISBN 0116714859 . P. 9.
  44. ^ A b Stephen Johnson: Conisbrough Castle, South Yorkshire . Her Majesty's Stationery Office, Edinburgh 1984. ISBN 0116714859 . Pp. 9-10.
  45. ^ A b c Stephen Johnson: Conisbrough Castle, South Yorkshire . Her Majesty's Stationery Office, Edinburgh 1984. ISBN 0116714859 . Pp. 78-80.
  46. ↑ George T. Clark: Conisbrough Castle in Yorkshire Archaeological Journal . Issue 8. P. 128.
  47. ↑ Stephen Johnson: Conisbrough Castle, South Yorkshire . Her Majesty's Stationery Office, Edinburgh 1984. ISBN 0116714859 . Pp. 10-12.
  48. ↑ Stephen Johnson: Conisbrough Castle, South Yorkshire . Her Majesty's Stationery Office, Edinburgh 1984. ISBN 0116714859 . P. 10.
  49. ^ A b c Stephen Johnson: Conisbrough Castle, South Yorkshire . Her Majesty's Stationery Office, Edinburgh 1984. ISBN 0116714859 . P. 18.
  50. ↑ Stephen Johnson: Conisbrough Castle, South Yorkshire . Her Majesty's Stationery Office, Edinburgh 1984. ISBN 0116714859 . Pp. 20-21.
  51. ↑ Stephen Johnson: Conisbrough Castle, South Yorkshire . Her Majesty's Stationery Office, Edinburgh 1984. ISBN 0116714859 . P. 20.
  52. ^ MW Thompson: Further Work at Consbrough Castle, Yorkshire in Medieval Archeology . Issue 13, 1969. pp. 215-216.
  53. ^ A b c Stephen Johnson: Conisbrough Castle, South Yorkshire . Her Majesty's Stationery Office, Edinburgh 1984. ISBN 0116714859 . P. 14.
  54. ^ Sidney Toy: Castles: Their Construction and History . Dover, New York 1985. ISBN 978-1-904768-67-8 . P. 97.
  55. ^ OH Creighton: Castles and Landscapes: Power, Community and Fortification in Medieval England . Equinox, London 2005. ISBN 978-1-904768-67-8 . P. 8.
  56. ^ A b c Stephen Johnson: Conisbrough Castle, South Yorkshire . Her Majesty's Stationery Office, Edinburgh 1984. ISBN 0116714859 . Pp. 14-15.
  57. ^ A b George T. Clark: Conisbrough Castle in Yorkshire Archaeological Journal . Issue 8. P. 133.
  58. ^ A b c Stephen Johnson: Conisbrough Castle, South Yorkshire . Her Majesty's Stationery Office, Edinburgh 1984. ISBN 0116714859 . P. 15.
  59. ^ A b c Edward Impey (ed.): Philip Dixon: The White Tower . Yale University Press, New Haven and London 2008. ISBN 9780300112931 . Chapter: The Influence of the White Tower on the Great Towers of the Twelfth Century . P. 273.
  60. ↑ Stephen Johnson: Conisbrough Castle, South Yorkshire . Her Majesty's Stationery Office, Edinburgh 1984. ISBN 0116714859 . P. 15 + 17.
  61. ^ Sidney Toy: Castles: Their Construction and History . Dover, New York 1985. ISBN 978-1-904768-67-8 . P. 114.
  62. ↑ George T. Clark: Conisbrough Castle in Yorkshire Archaeological Journal . Issue 8. P. 142.
  63. ^ Sidney Toy: Castles: Their Construction and History . Dover, New York 1985. ISBN 978-1-904768-67-8 . P. 115.
  64. ↑ Stephen Johnson: Conisbrough Castle, South Yorkshire . Her Majesty's Stationery Office, Edinburgh 1984. ISBN 0116714859 . P. 16.
  65. ↑ Stephen Johnson: Excavations at Conisbrough Castle, 1973-1977 in The Yorkshire Archaeological Journal . Volume 52, p. 77.
  66. ^ Robert Liddiard: Castles in Context: Power, Symbolism and Landscape, 1066 to 1500 . Windgather Press, Bollington 2005. ISBN 0954557522 . P. 50.

Coordinates: 53 ° 29 ′ 3 ″  N , 1 ° 13 ′ 35 ″  W.