Giritz
| Giritz | ||||||||||||
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Serin ( Serinus serinus ), male |
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| Systematics | ||||||||||||
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| Scientific name | ||||||||||||
| Serinus | ||||||||||||
| Koch , 1816 |
The genus of Girlitze ( Serinus ) belongs to the family of finches (Fringillidae). Within the goldfinch subfamily , it is closely related to the genera Spinus and Carduelis , many of which are known as siskins . In a broader sense ( sensu lato ) the birds of the genus Crithagra also belong to the girlitz family. Since they were previously classified as part of the genus Serinus and because of strong external similarity, the bird species of this genus also have the part of the name "-girlitz" in German. Due to phylogenetic studies from 2012, these "girlitzes" were placed in their own genus, as they are more closely related to the green finches ( Chloris ), linnets ( Linaria ) and European siskins ( Acanthis ).
Internal system
By DNA -Untersuchungen of the mitochondrial cytochrome b , it was found that the genus Serinus closely related to the genus Carduelis is used. Further phylogenetic studies of mitochondrial cytochrome b on 20 species of the genus Serinus included the molecular clock in their analysis. The DNA dendrograms indicate that the genus Serinus first appeared nine million years ago in the Miocene . The formation of the species began two million years ago in the Pleistocene . On average, the divergence in the DNA of the cell nucleus between the various Serinus species is around four percent. This value suggests a remarkably rapid spread of the species compared to other species of songbirds . Conclusions from phylogenetic dendrograms of most Carduelis and Serinus species show that the spreading radii of both genera are entangled in the development period and are also not monophyletic . The first Serinus species appeared about half a million years after the Carduelis species.
These studies in connection with geographic and phenotypic datasets of the genus Serinus indicate five groups:
- Mediterranean girlitz, excluding the isolated species lemon girly ( Serinus citrinella ) and Corsican lemon girly ( Serinus corsicanus ), which are assigned to the genus Carduelis .
- Asian-African medium-sized girlitz, contains the species Alariogirlitz ( Serinus alario ), Yellow-crowned girlitz ( Serinus canicollis ) and Red- fronted girlitz ( Serinus pusillus )
- Little African girlitz
- Great African girlitz
- Extinct girlitzes
Investigations of the mitochondrial cytochrome b of the genus Serinus sensu lato (including the proposed genera Alario , Pseudochloroptila , Serinops , Ochrospiza , Dendrospiza and Crithagra ) establish two groups:
- Palearctic and afrotropic taxa , contains Serinus serinus , Serinus canaria , Alario alario (formerly: Serinus alario ) and the Serinus canicollis complex ( S. c. Canicollis , S. c. Thompsonae , S. c. Flavivertex )
- Endemic afrotropic taxa Pseudochloroptila , Serinops , Ochrospiza , Poliospiza , Dendrospiza , Poliospiza and Crithagra spp .
Both groups are separated from each other by Carduelis taxa, since Serinus sensu lato is regarded as paraphyletic . As a consequence, the group of birds known as "girlitzes" is now divided into two genera: Serinus ( sensu stricto ) and Crithagra .
species
- Giritz
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Serinus sensu stricto - 8 species
- Alariogirlitz ( S. alario )
- Kanarengirlitz ( S. canaria ), canary bird ( S. canaria forma domestica )
- Yellow-crowned girlitz ( S. canicollis )
- Yellow-fronted girlitz ( S. flavivertex )
- Schwartzkopfgirlitz ( S. nigriceps )
- Red-fronted girlitz ( S. pusillus )
- Girlitz ( S. serinus )
- Cedar girlitz ( S. syriacus )
- "African" girls
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Crithagra ( Serinus sensu lato ) - 37 species
- White-throated giraffe ( C. albogularis )
- Ankobergirlitz ( C. ankoberensis )
- Angolagiritz ( C. atrogularis )
- Buchanangirlitz ( C. buchanani )
- Dickschnabelgirlitz ( C. burtoni )
- African brow girl ( C. canicapilla )
- Reingirlitz ( C. capistrata )
- Thin-billed girl seat ( C. citrinelloides )
- Yellow-breasted girlitz ( C. citrinipecta )
- Monochrome girlitz ( C. concolor )
- Kernbeißergirlitz ( C. donald soni )
- White-bellied girlitz ( C. dorsostriata )
- Yellow-throated giraffe ( C. flavigula )
- Yellow-bellied girlitz ( C. flaviventris )
- Diademgirlitz ( C. frontalis )
- Brauengirlitz ( C. gularis )
- Thin-billed girliz ( C. hyposticta )
- Papyrusgirlitz ( C. koliensis )
- White-winged girl seat ( C. leucoptera )
- Weißbürzelgirlitz ( C. leucopygia )
- Tanzania Fitz ( C. melanochroa )
- Jemengirlitz ( C. menachensis )
- Black- cheeked girlitz ( C. mennelli )
- Mozambique girlitz ( C. mozambica )
- Miombogirlitz ( C. reichardi )
- Reichenowgirlitz ( C.reichenowi )
- Medinagirlitz ( C. rothschildi )
- Prinzengirlitz ( C. rufobrunnea )
- Waldgirlitz ( C. scotops )
- Strichelgirlitz ( C. striolata )
- Sulfur girlitz ( C. sulphurata )
- Basutogirlitz ( C. symonsi )
- Hottentottengirlitz ( C. totta )
- Rüpellgirlitz ( C. tristriata )
- Whytiigirlitz ( C. whytii )
- Salvadoranigirlitz ( C. xantholaema )
- Yellow rump girlitz ( C. xanthopygia )
- Species separated into other genera
- Separated into the monotypical genus Chrysocorythus :
- Malay girlitz ( C. estherae )
- Separated into the genus Spinus :
- Tibetzeisig ( S. thibetanus ; formerly Himalayagirlitz)
- The following two species have been separated into the genus Carduelis :
- Lemon siskin ( C. citrinella ; formerly lemon girly)
- Corsican siskin ( C. corsicana ; formerly Corsican lemon girly)
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b D. Zuccon, R. Prys-Jones, P.Rasmussen and P. Ericson: The phylogenetic relationships and generis Limits of finches (Fringillidae) . In: Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution . tape 62 , no. 2 , February 2012, p. 581-596 , doi : 10.1016 / j.ympev.2011.10.002 ( nrm.se [PDF]).
- ↑ Antonio Arnaiz-Villena, J. Guillén, V. Ruiz-del-Valle, E. Lowy, J. Zamora, P. Varela, D. Stefani, LM Allende: Phylogeography of crossbills, bullfinches, grosbeaks, and rosefinches. Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences Vol. 58: 1159-1166, 2001, web link: PDF
- ^ Antonio Arnaiz-Villena: Tempo of evolution and phylogeography of canaries and goldfinches. Dept Immunology and Molecular Biology, H. 12 de Octubre, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain, 1999, Web link: Archive link ( Memento of the original from December 17, 2007 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ Antonio Arnaiz-Villena, M. A´ lvarez-Tejado, V. Ruı´z-del-Valle, C. Garcı´a-de-la-Torre, P. Varela, MJ Recio, S. Ferre, J. Martinez -Laso: Rapid Radiation of Canaries (Genus Serinus). Department of Immunology and Molecular Biology, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain, 1998, Weblink: PDF
- ↑ A. Arnaiz-Villena, M. A´ lvarez-Tejado, V. Ruı´z-del-Valle, C. Garcı´a-de-la-Torre, P. Varela, MJ Recio, S. Ferre, J. Martinez-Laso: Phylogeny and rapid northern and southern hemisphere speciation of Goldfinches during the Miocene and Pliocene epochs. Cell. Mol. Life Sci. 54: 1031-1041, 1998
- ↑ PG Ryan, D. Wright, G. Oatley, J. Wakeling, C. Cohen, TL Nowell, RCK Bowie, V. Ward, TM Crowe: Systematics of Serinus canaries and the status of Cape and Yellow-crowned Canaries inferred from mtDNA and morphology. Ostrich - Journal of African Ornithology Vol. 75: 288-294 (7), 2004, web link: Archive link ( Memento of the original from November 12, 2007 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link has been inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
