Dakelh

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

The name Dakelh , often Taculli in older sources , designates today 12 First Nations in the north of the Canadian province of British Columbia , who speak a North Athapaskan language that belongs to the Central British Columbia branch - the so-called actual. Carrier (Dakeł) (also called Central and Southern Carrier ).

Under the historical collective term Carrier were next to the Dakelh or actually. Carrier (also known as Central or Southern Carrier ) also the north and west living 7 First Nations of the linguistically and culturally closely related Babine (Nadot'en) - Wet'suwet'en understood, so that this tribal group - does not consider itself as a group the Dakelh - often referred to as the Western or Northern Carrier . These spoke (speak) the closely related Babine-Witsuwit'en (Nadot'en-Wets'uwet'en) (also called Northern Carrier and Western Carrier ).

According to the Department of Indian Affairs and Northern Development (as of March 2013), the two linguistically related tribal groups include around 8,100 Dakelh ( actual carrier , 12 First Nations, previously 13 First Nations), around 3,200 Babine (2 First Nations) and 3,200 Wet'suwet'en (5 First Nations).

Surname

Today the so-called actual carriers are mostly officially called Dakelh , but the regional tribal and dialect groups have their own autonyms: only the southern and middle groups call themselves Dakelh-ne (a contraction of the designation uda ukelh and ne - 'Volk das über Water travels'), the groups living north as Yinkadinee or Yinka Déné - 'people of the world'. Similar to the Northern Dakelh, the First Nations of the Babine and Wet'suwet'en call themselves Yinka Whut'en .

The English name Carrier is the translation of the name for Dakelh groups, by the neighboring Sekani . They called them Aghelhne or aɣelne - 'those who carry something' or 'the bearers'. This is due to the fact that the Dakelh widows carried the ashes of their deceased husbands in a bag for three years. Since the first Europeans east of the Dakelh first encountered the Sekani, whose language, like that of the Dakelh, Babine and Chilcotin, also belongs to the Athapaskan language family , they adopted their name for the Dakelh. Since 1793 with Alexander MacKenzie , the English translation Carrier is first used for the middle and southern groups of the Dakelh, finally all groups were called Carrier at the end of the 19th century. It is thanks to this historical coincidence that the Dakelh did not become known as Yu'nahena , the name of the Secwepemc in the south for their northern neighbors. If the European traders and trappers had penetrated into the territory of the Dakelh from the west, they would most likely be known today as Akwilget , the name for a middle tribal subgroup, the Witsuwit'en (or Wet'suwet'en), by the Gitksan .

history

Tribal areas

The traditional area of ​​the two tribal groups extends north of the Chilcotin River along the Fraser River , the Quesnel River , the West Road (Blackwater) River northwest on both sides of the Nechako River to the middle reaches of the Bulkley River and along the Stuart and Tachie Rivers and along the following lakes which were often interconnected by rivers, at the Fraser, Quesnel , Stuart , Trembleur , Takla , Babine , François , Kluskus , Cheslatta Lake and at today's Nechako Reservoir in the Regional District of Bulkley-Nechako . The Rocky Mountains form the eastern border of their area, but they are not very familiar with the foothills and the adjacent northwestern plains , as well-armed and powerful Woods and Plains Cree penetrated west from the end of the 18th century to around 1850 and those there Settling athapasques were either displaced into the mountains (see Sekani ) or greatly decimated (see Daneẕaa (Dunneza) ). To the northwest, the Coast Mountains delimited their traditional territories. In the south, many Ulkatchot'en ​​of the Dakelh (today: Ulkatcho First Nation) shared the north of the Chilcotin District (Chilcotin Plateau) often with neighboring Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin) as well as areas of the Coast Mountains with the Nuxalk (Nuxalkmc or Bella Coola) ; they also partly adopted their languages.

Parts of the Coast Mountains and Hazelton Mountains and the area along the Bulkley River , Broman Lake and François Lake belonged to the tribal area of ​​the Wet'suwet'en (Wit'suwit'en) ; they named themselves after their most important river as Wet'suwet'en , which in their language means something like "People of the Wa Dzun Kwuh River, ie from the Bulkley River".

The Babine (Nadot'en) tribal area included the area along the Babine River , Babine Lake , Trembleur Lake and Takla Lake .

The Wet'suwet'en and Babine were (and are) often incorrectly referred to as the Western or Northern Carriers ; however, they regard themselves as a linguistically and culturally separate tribal group and not as part of the Dakelh (Carrier).

Culture

Like many of the tribes of this cultural area , the course of the year was based on a hiking cycle in which hunting and berry picking were the main occupations for livelihood in summer. The salmon was also the most important winter supply, but game such as elk or caribou , beaver and black bear also played a certain role.

Like the coastal Salish , the Dakelh participated in an extensive trade that the Grease trails served. Dried meat, berries, etc. were also transported on these routes, but the main means of trade was the buttery oil of the candle fish (eulachon). Dried seaweed and dried candle fish were also traded. These “fat trails” were the only way to get ahead for explorers who couldn't use the rivers, as Alexander MacKenzie's path shows. Just as important as this trail were the Cheslatta Trail and the Nyan Wheti . The former led from Behlk'achele and Sdughachola, two Dakelh villages on Cheslatta Lake to Nadleh on Fraser Lake, the latter continued this path to Stuart Lake.

languages

The tribal groups, historically erroneously referred to as Carrier or today increasingly as Dakelh , speak two closely related languages: Cdas . Carrier (Dakeł) (also called Central Carrier and Southern Carrier ) is now used by 12 First Nations of the Dakelh or actually. Carrier spoken; the Babine-Witsuwit'en (Nadot'en-Wets'uwet'en) (also called Bulkley Valley / Lakes District Language or Northern Carrier and Western Carrier ) is spoken today by 7 First Nations, whereby the Babine (Nadot'en) - Dialect is (was) spoken by the Babine and the Witsuwit'en (Wets'uwet'en) dialect is (was) spoken by the Wet'suwet'en .

Small totem pole in front of a Saik'uz house

The latest findings divide the actual carrier into two large dialect groups:

  • Nak'albun / Dzinghubun or Stuart-Trembleur Lake dialect group
    • Tl'azt'en Nation (formerly Stuart Trembleur Indian Band )
    • Nak'azdli Band (formerly also Nak'azdli Whut'en, Necoslie, Necausley )
    • Yekooche First Nation (formerly Portage Reserve Indian Band , many understand and speak the Lake Babine dialect of Babine-Witsuwit'en)
  • Southern dialect group
    • Fraser Nechako Lakes
      • Cheslatta Carrier Nation (many understand and some speak Witsuwit'en as they had close contacts with the Nee-Tahi-Buhn and Skin-Tayi )
      • Stellat'en First Nation
      • Nadleh Whut'en First Nation (formerly Fraser Lake Indian Band )
      • Saik'uz First Nation (formerly Stoney Creek )
      • Lheidli T'enneh First Nation
    • Blackwater
      • Ulkatcho First Nation (earlier also Ulkatchos , Ulkatcho people , many also speak Chilcotin , the older ones even speak Nuxálk (Bella Coola) , a Salish language)
      • Lhoosk'uz Dene Nation (formerly also Kluskus Indian Band )
      • Nazko Indian Band
      • Lhtakoh Indian Band (formerly Red Bluff First Nation )

The Babine-Witsuwit'en is divided into two dialect groups, the actual Babine (also Nadot'en, Nedut'en and Nat'oot'en ) and the Witsuwit'en (also Wetsuwet'en, Wets'uwet'en, and Wet'suwet'en ):

Babine dialect group

  • Lake Babine Nation (also called Nat'oot'en ​​Nation)
  • Takla Lake First Nation (formerly also North Takla Lake Indian Band, Fort Connolly Indian Band, Sustutenne , until recently many still spoke Sekani , some Takla from Bear Lake even speak Gitxsanimaax , a Tsimshian language, some also speak the Nak'albun ( Stuart-Trembleur Lake) dialect of the carrier)

Witsuwit'en dialek group

  • Moricetown Band
  • Hagwilget Village First Nation (also Hagwilget Village Council , formerly also Tse-kya )
  • Wet'suwet'en First Nation (formerly Broman Lake Indian Band )
  • Skin Tyee First Nation (also Skin Tyee Indian Band )
  • Nee-Tahi-Buhn Band (formerly Francois Lake Tribe )

The Ts'il Kaz Koh First Nation (formerly Burns Lake Indian Band ) speak a hybrid of the Babine and Witsuwit'en dialect of the Babine-Witsuwit'en language, but they seem originally spoken a variant of the Southern dialect group of the Carrier to have, similar to that of today's Stellat'en First Nation .

Today's First Nations

Nadleh Whut'en First Nation and Fraser Lake as seen from Mount Fraser

Only eleven of today's Dakelh ( aka Carrier ) as well as the Babine and Wet'suwet'en First Nations (or Indian Bands ) belong to one of the two tribal councils .

Dakelh First Nations

Carrier Sekani Tribal Council

  • Ts'il Kaz Koh First Nation (called the Burns Lake Tselhk'azbunk'ut - "hone lake", hence earlier also known as the Burns Lake Indian Band , their traditional tribal area comprised the catchment area of ​​the Nda Koh (Endako River), speak a hybrid form from the Babine and the Witsuwit'en dialect of the Babine-Witsuwit'en language, but they seem to have originally spoken a variant of the Southern dialect group of the Carrier, are therefore linguistically and geographically assigned to the Babine-Wet'suwet'en However, as Dakelh, the administrative center and main town is within the Burns Lake community between the Bulkley and Nechako river areas, approximately 220 km west of Prince George, BC, Reserves: Burns Lake # 18, Poison Creek # 17, # 17A, Sheraton Creek # 19, approx. 1.846 km², population: 130)
  • Nadleh Whut'en First Nation ('People at the place / along the creek where the salmon returns, i.e. along the Nautley River ', until 1990 called Fraser Lake Indian Band , their traditional tribal area included the areas of today's cities of Fort Fraser, Fraser Lake , Endako and Vanderhoof, the most populous reservation is Nautley (Fort Fraser) # 1, the administrative seat is in the main settlement Nadleh on the banks of the Nadlehkoh (Nautley (Nadleh) River), between Nadleh Bun (Fraser Lake) and the Nechako River , near the Fort Fraser, others live in Lejac Township, on the south shore of Fraser Lake, Reserves: Canyon Lake (Oromonde Lake) # 7, Fondeur # 9, Fraser Lake # 2, Nautley (Fort Fraser) # 1, Ormonde Creek # 8, Seaspunkut # 4, Yensischuck # 3, population: 514)
  • Nak'azdli Band ( Nak'azdli - 'when the arrows flew' or 'where the Nakazdli ( Stuart River ) begins'), formerly also Necoslie, Necausley , administrative seat and main settlement of the Nak'azdli Whut'en is located in the most populous of the same name Nak'azdli Reservation(Necoslie IR No. 1) on the shores of Nakal Bun ( Stuart Lake ) near Fort St. James , 60 km from Vanderhoof or 153 km from Prince George, British Columbia, Reserves: Beaver Islands # 8, Carrier Lake # 15, Great Bear Lake # 16, Inzana Lake # 12, Mission Lands # 17, Nak'azdli (Necoslie # 1), Nehounlee Lake (Six Mile Lake) # 13, Six Mile Meadow # 6, Sowchea # 3, # 3A, Stuart Lake (Dunah Island) # 10, Stuart Lake (Hungry Island) # 9, Tatsadah Lake # 14, Tatselawas (Stuart River) # 2, Uzta (Nahounli Creek) # 4, # 7A, Williams Prairie Meadow # 1A, approx. 14.58 km², population: 1,597)
  • Saik'uz First Nation ('on the sand', formerly Stoney Creek , the main settlement is on reservation Stony Creek # 1, approx. 9 km southeast of Vanderhoof and 95 km west of Prince George, British Columbia, reservation: Clustalach # 5 , Corkscrew Creek # 9, # 10, Laketown # 3, Noonla # 6, Old Country Meadow # 4, Sackanitecla # 2, Sinkut Lake # 8, Stony Creek # 1, Tatuk Lake # 7, approximately 33 km², population: 936 )
  • Stellat'en First Nation (the administrative seat of Stellako and at the same time the largest town of the Stellat'en ('People of Stella') is located in the Stellaquo (Stella) Reserve # 1 west of Nadleh Bun (Fraser Lake) near Fort Fraser, approx. 157 km west of Prince George, BC, their tribal area comprised the fertile areas between Fraser Lake and Vanderhoof , Reserves: Binta Lake # 2 (on the east bank of Binta Lake), Stellaquo (Stella) # 1 (at the confluence of Stellaquo and Nda Koh (Endako River )), approx. 8.34 km², population: 507)
  • Tl'azt'en Nation ('people by the edge of the bay', until 1988 known as the Stuart Trembleur Indian Band , is located along the northern shore of Stuart Lake in northern British Columbia, next to the two main settlements of Tache (in English: Tachie) , approx. 65 km northwest and Binche (in English: Pinchie), approx. 25 km northwest of Fort St. James, there are other small settlements: Middle River (in Carrier: Dzitl'ainli ) on Trembleur Lake and Grand Rapids ( in Carrier: K'uzche ) along the Tachie River between Stuart Lake and Trembleur Lake, the administrative center is Tache, the village of Portage (in Carrier Yekooche ) split off in 1994 and is now part of the Yekooche First Nation , reservations: Bihlk'a # 6, # 18, # 20, Binche # 2, # 10, # 12, Binche Bun # 7, Camsell Lake # 30, Carsoosat # 17, Chundoo Lh'tan La # 45, Chuz Ghun # 8, Chuz Teeslee # 41, Dlah Koh # 31, Dzin Tl'at # 46, Dzitline Lee # 9, Ihch'az Uz Ta Tsoh # 44, Jus K'ay Tl'oh # 32, K'ay Noo # 47, Keom Cho # 38, Kuz Che # 5 , La Tse Cho Diz I # 33, L hoh Cho # 29, Metso A Choot # 23, Nak'a Lat # 39, Natazutloch # 25, Noo Kat # 42, North Road # 19, O K'ay Wha Cho # 26, Shas Dzuhl Koh # 35, Sisul Tl ' o K'ut # 14, # 21, Skooby Island # 48, Tache # 1, Ta Duhl '# 36, Tanizul # 43, Teeslee # 15, Teh Noo'N Che # 49, Tes Gha La # 7A, Tl'O Ba # 22, Tsay Cho # 4, Tsaz Chech # 27, # 28, Tsaz Cheh Koh # 24, Tse Bay Ha Tine A # 34, Tsun Tine Ah # 37, Wha T'a Noo # 40, population: 1,710)

Carrier Chilcotin Tribal Council

  • Lhoosk'uz Dene Nation ( Lhoosk'uz - "half a whitefish", formerly also Kluskus Indian Band , reservations: Bishop Bluffs # 10, # 5, # 6, Chief Morris # 13, Cluchuta Lake # 10A, # 10B, Kloyadingli # 2, Kluskus # 1, # 14, Kushya Creek # 12, # 7, Sundayman's Meadow # 3, Tatelkus Lake # 28, Tsachla Lake # 8, Tzetzi Lake # 11, Upper Kluskus Lake # 9, Yaladelassla # 4, approx. 16 , 48 km², population: 210)
  • Lhtakoh Indian Band ( Lhtakoh - "rivers within one another", is the Dakelh name for the Fraser River, formerly also Red Bluff First Nation , the reservations of the First Nation are located in northern Fraser Canyon, the administrative headquarters near Quesnel, BC, reservations : Dragon Lake # 3, Quesnel # 1, Rich Bar # 4, Since-Tah-Lah # 2, approx. 6.82 km², population: 167)
  • Ulkatcho First Nation (proper name: Ulkatchot'en , hence also Ulkatcho Indian Band, Ulkatchos, Ulkatcho people , originally lived in the Chilcotin District , the name derives from the now no longer inhabited village of Ulhk'acho on Gatcho Lake, and means about : “Large and abundant place”, ie a place with abundant fish, game and plants, also often married tribal members of the unrelated neighboring Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin) and Nuxalk (Bella Coola) , with the latter they shared tribal areas in the Coast Mountains , Many well-known Ulkatcho family names such as Cahoose, Capoose, Sill, Squinas and Stilas are derived from the Nuxalk, the administrative seat is the community of Anahim Lake, British Columbia, reservations: Abuntlet Lake # 4, Andy Cahoose Meadow # 16, Betty Creek # 18 , Blackwater Meadow # 11, Cahoose # 10, # 12, # 8, Casimiel Meadows # 15A, Fishtrap # 19, Louis Squinas Ranch # 14, Salmon River Meadow # 7, Squinas # 2, Thomas Squinas Ranch # 2A, Tilgatko # 17 , Towdystan Lake # 3, Ulkatcho # 1, # 13, # 14A, # 5, # 6, Willow Meadow # 9, approx. 32.46 km², population: 1,016)

Independent First Nations

These First Nations do not belong to a Tribal Council (tribal council), are officially independent and therefore negotiate independently with the provincial government of British Columbia and the Canadian government.

  • Cheslatta Carrier Nation (the First Nation is located on the south shore of François Lake ( Nidabun - called "Lippe Lake"), 23 km south of the administrative seat of Burns Lake, BC, lived and traded along the Cheslatta Trail ( Tset'ladak t 'seti called), one of the so-called grease trails , with the neighboring First Nations - to the Nadleh Whut'en First Nation , reservations: Alexis Thomas # 1A, Baptiste Louis # 8, Cheslatta # 1, Holy Cross Lake # 3, Knapp Lake # 6, Leon # 14, Murray Lake # 4, Targe Creek # 15, approx. 14.02 km², population: 342)
  • Lheidli T'enneh Band (formerly also Fort George Indian Band , also known as Lheidli T'enneh First Nation , proper name: “the people at the confluence of the rivers” (derived from Lheidli - “where two rivers converge” and T 'enneh - "people"), originally their tribal area comprised approx. 43,000 km² along the Fraser River and along the Nechako River up to its confluence with the Fraser, now live in four reservations near the city of Prince George , British Columbia, the Main settlement is located approximately 10 miles northeast of Prince George's administrative headquarters in Fort George (Shelley) IR # 2 , which is divided by the Fraser River into two areas, North Shelley and South Shelley , reservations: Clesbaoneecheck # 3, Fort George # 2 , Fort George Cemetery # 1A, Salaquo # 4, approx. 6.77 km², population: 385)
  • Nazko First Nation (also Nazko Indian Band , the administrative and main town is approx. 120 km west of Quesnel on the Nazko River ( Nazko - 'river that flows south'), reservations: Baezaeko River # 25, # 26, # 27 , Coglistiko River # 29, Deep Creek # 5, Euchinico Creek # 17, # 18, # 19, Fishpot Lake # 24, Lower Fishpot Lake # 24A, Michelle Creek # 22, # 23, Nahlquonate # 2, Nazco # 20, # 21, Nazco Cemetery # 20A, Redwater Creek # 30, Trout Lake Alec # 16, Trout Lake Jonny # 15, approx. 18.51 km², population: 367)
  • Yekooche First Nation (formerly Portage Reserve Indian Band , proper name: Yekoochet'en - "People of Yekooche, today's village of Portage ", the name Ye Koo Che derives from Ye Koo (also Yeko Bun - Cunningham Lake ) and Che ( refers to the end of Nankut Creek), originally lived in the area around Stuart Lake (called Nak'albun ), along the Stuart River , the Skeena River and the Fraser River , split from the Tl'azt'en Nation in 1994and are now an independent First Nation, today's four reservations are located approx. 85 km northwest of Fort St James , BC, the most populous reservation IR # 3 (Yekooche) is on the northwestern shore of Stuart Lake, reservations: Nan Tl'At # 13, Ucausley # 16, Ye Koo Che # 3, Ye Koos Lee # 11, approx. 3.79 km², population: 218)

Tsilhqot'in National Government

  • ? Esdilagh First Nation (formerly Alexandria Indian Band , Esdilagh , the most populous reservation Alexandria # 3 is on the right bank of the Fraser River, 7 km south of the city of Alexandria, the 14 reservations of the First Nation are located around Alexandria between Williams Lake and the Administrative seat of Quesnel , BC, they are often referred to as Carrier , originally they belonged to the Dakelh linguistically and ethnically, but they often married neighboring Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin) , so that they identify themselves today as Tsilhqot'in, most of them theirs Dakelh Descent Do Not Deny Reserves: Alexandria # 1, # 10, # 11, # 12, # 1A, # 3, # 3A, Big Joe's Meadow # 7, Freddie's Meadow # 8, Hay Ranch # 2, Lorin Meadow # 9 , McKay Meadow # 4, Necausley Creek # 6, Webster Creek # 5, approx. 13.04 km², population: 192)

Babine First Nations

Carrier Sekani Tribal Council

  • Takla Lake First Nation (formerly North Takla Lake Indian Band, Fort Connolly Indian Band, Sustutenne , is an amalgamation of the North Takla Band and the Fort Connelly Band in 1959, the main settlement is Takla Landing in the reservations North Takla Lake # 7 and # 7A, approx. 320 km north of Prince George, on the left bank of the Tatl'ah Bun ( Takla Lake ), today the tribe members mostly speak Canadian English and the Babine dialect of the Babine Witsuwit'en , until recently many still spoke Sekani, and some Gitxsanimaax , some also speak the Nak'albun / Dzinghubun or ( Stuart Lake- Trembleur Lake) dialect of the Carrier, today they identify as Carrier, Reserves: Driftwood River # 1, Bear Lake (Upper Driftwood River) # 1A, Bear Lake (Tsaytut Bay) # 1B, Bear Lake (Tsaytut Island) # 1C, Bear Lake (Kotsine) # 2, Bear Lake (Sustut River) # 3, Bear River (Fort Connelly) # 4, Tsupmeet (Patcha Creek ) # 5, Klewaduska (Cataract) # 6, North Takla Lake # 7, North Takla Lake # 7A, N orth Takla Lake (West Landing) # 8, Takla Lake (Ferry Landing) # 9, North Takla Lake (Bates Creek) # 10, Cheztainya Lake # 11, North Takla Lake # 11A, North Takla Lake # 12, population: 728)

Independent First Nations

  • Lake Babine Nation (also called Nat'oot'en ​​Nation , is now the third largest First Nation in British Columbia, the administrative seat of Woyenne (with approx. 940 residents) in the most populous reservation Woyenne # 27 is approx. 230 km west of Prince George, BC , The First Nation has 27 reservations and three permanently inhabited settlements: Fort Babine ( Wit'at , Wit'ane Keh - "place of making dry fish", north shore of Babine Lake, approx. 100 km north of Smithers , approx. 200 residents) ), Tachie (also Tachet , near Topley Landing at the confluence of the Fulton River in Babine Lake, approx. 200 residents), Woyenne (within the area of ​​the parish of Burns Lake , BC, more than 2,200 residents) and two only seasonally inhabited Settlements: Old Fort ( Nedo'ats , 32 km northeast of Granisle on Babine Lake, approx. 15 families for 10 months) and Donald's Landing (once built as a summer settlement on the south bank of Lake Babine for Donald's Landing (Pinkut Nation), 20 miles northeast of Burns Lake Parish, 12 Families for 9 months), originally these were two independent bands (groups) - the Old Fort Band and the Fort Babine Band , who lived in about 12 permanent settlements on Babine Lake , in June 1957 the Department of Indian Affairs formed the current one Lake Babine Nation, Reserves: Clotalairquot # 4 (near Nilkitkwa Lake), No-Cut # 5 (near the mouth of the Babine River and Nilkitkwa Lake), Babine # 6 (on the Babine River), Babine # 16 (on the Babine River and Tsezakwa Creek), Alphonse Tommy # 7 (at Babine Lake), Casdeded # 8, (at Babine Lake), Tsak # 9 (at Babine Lake - known as Sunnyside), Ne-Tsaw-Greece # 10 (at Babine Lake - known as Halifax), Tadinlay # 15 (on Babine Lake - known as Smithers Landing), Nedoats - Old Fort # 11 (on Babine Lake), Old Fort - Michell Pierre # 12 (across from IR # 13), Nedoats # 13 (next to IR # 11), Chanoodandidalch # 14 (at Babine Lake), Babine Lake # 20 (next to IR # 14), Babine River # 21 (at Nilkitkwa Lake across from IR # 21A), Babine River # 21A (a m Nilkitkwa Lake across from IR # 21), Babine Lake - Donalds Landing # 21B (on Babine Lake), Augier # 22 (on Augier Lake and near Pinkut Creek), Pinkut # 23 (near Provincial Park and on Pinkut Lake), Tahlo # 24 (along Tahlo Creek), Babine - Tachet # 25 (on Babine Lake, between Michell Bay and Topley Landing, along the Fulton River), Babine # 26 (near Hawthorn Bay), Woyenne # 27 (in Burns Lake- Area), Chapel Park - Lake Babine Nation Cemetery # 28, Woyenne New Expansion (upper half of Woyenne # 27, but not yet officially a reservation), Taltapin Lake (not yet an official reservation), Pendleton Bay (was a reservation but was in converted into a provincial park), approx. 30.93 km², population: 2,389)

Wet'suwet'en First Nations

Office of the Hereditary Chiefs of the Wet'suwet'en

Since the traditional government of the Wet'suwet'en (also Hwotsotenne, Witsuwit'en, Wetsuwet'en, Wets'uwet'en ) comprises 13 hereditary chiefs, the five Wet'suwet'en First Nations organized themselves in the Office of the Hereditary Chiefs of the Wet'suwet'en (or as Office of the Wet'suwet'en in BC government terminology, which incidentally never recognized the hereditary rights of the chiefs), which now politically opposes the province of British Columbia as well as the Canadian Represents the government and is involved in the negotiation process for a possible official contract with the British Columbia government. However, this is not a Tribal Council.

  • Hagwilget Village First Nation (English pronunciation: 'hag-will-git', Hagwilgyet - 'place of the friendly or silent people' is the Gitxsanimaax name of thevillageoriginally called Tse-kya - 'base of the rock', which is located in the eastern Bulkley Valley near Hazelton in central British Columbia is located approx. 325 km inland from the coast, reserves: Bulkley # 1, Hagwilget # 1, approx. 1.6 km², population: 755)
  • Moricetown Band (also Moricetown Indian Band , named after today's Moricetown , formerly known as Kyah Wiget or Old Town , at the falls of the Bulkley River , formerly the main village of theWet'suwet'en,wrongly called Bulkley River Carriers , 30 miles west of Smithers and 20 miles east of New Hazelton , BC, reservations: Babine # 17, # 18, Bulkley River # 19, Coryatsaqua (Moricetown) # 2, Jean Baptiste # 28, Moricetown # 1, Oschawwinna # 3, approx. 14 km², population: 1,962)
  • Nee-Tahi-Buhn Band (English pronunciation: 'knee-tie-boon', with Nee-Tahi-Buhn - 'it flows in at one end and out at the other') was the name of François Lake , hence they were formerly known as François Lake Tribe , in 1960 the Decker Lake, François Lake, Maxim Lake and Skin Tyee Bands merged to form the Omineca Band , but this split in 1984 into the Nee-Tahi-Buhn Band and Wet'suwet'en First Nation in 2000 The Skin Tyee Indian Band split offfrom the Nee Tahi Buhn Band, the most populous reservation is Uncha Lake # 13A, reservations: Eastern Island # 13, François Lake # 7, Isaac (Gale Lake) # 8, Omineca # 1, Uncha Lake # 13A, approx. 3.2 km², population: 141)
  • Skin Tyee First Nation (English pronunciation: 'skin tye-ee', also Skin Tyee Indian Band , near François Lake in Omineca Country west of the city of Prince George , originally part of the Nee-Tahi-Buhn Band , they split in 2000 and have since become an independent nation, the most populous reserve is Skins Lake # 16A, reserves: Skins Lake # 15, # 16A, # 16B, Tatla't East # 2, Uncha Lake # 13A, Western Island # 14, approx. 4 km², population: 167)
  • Wet'suwet'en First Nation (formerly also Broman Lake Indian Band or Broman Lake Band , is located outside of Burns Lake , the administrative center, in the middle of British Columbia, the main settlement is Palling IR No. 1., the Wet'suwet ' en First Nation was previously a member of the Omineca Band , but this split in 1984 into today's First Nation and the Nee-Tahi-Buhn Band , in 2000 today's Skin Tyee First Nation split againfrom the Nee-Tahi-Buhn Band from, Reserves: Duncan Lake # 2, Felix George # 7, Foxy Creek # 6, Gaichbin # 8, Klagookchew # 9, Maxan Creek # 5, Maxan Lake # 3, # 4, Palling # 1, Tatla West # 11, Tsichgass # 10, population: 206) - also a member of the Carrier Sekani Tribal Council

literature

  • Sage Birchwater: Ulkatchot'en: The People of Ulkatcho. Ulkatcho Indian Band, Anahim Lake 1991, ISBN 0-9695308-0-3 .
  • Doug Brown: Carrier Sekani Self-Government in Context: Land and Resources. In: Western Geography. 12 (2002), pp. 21-67.
  • Elizabeth Furniss: Changing Ways: Southern Carrier History 1793-1940. Quesnel School District, Quesnel 1993, ISBN 0-9693638-9-3 .
  • Irving Goldman: The Alkatcho Carrier of British Columbia. In: Ralph Linton (Ed.): Acculturation in Seven American Indian Tribes. Appleton-Century, New York 1940, pp. 333-389.
  • Douglas R. Hudson: Traplines and Timber: Social and Economic Change among the Carrier Indians of British Columbia. Dissertation. University of Alberta, Edmonton 1983, OCLC 70310117 .

See also

Web links

Remarks

  1. ↑ however, the tribal members of the ? Esdilagh First Nation (formerly Alexandria Indian Band ) today mostly identify as Tsilhqot'in
  2. ^ R. Bruce Morrison, Rod Wilson, C. Roderick Wilson: Native Peoples: The Canadian Experience. 3. Edition. Oxford University Press, 2004, ISBN 0-19-541819-0 , pp. 508ff.
  3. ↑ Dakelh Dialects
  4. ↑ The Lake Babine Nation includes the bands of Fort Babine, Old Fort, Tachet, Donald's Landing and Woyenne
  5. ^ Language and Dialect By Community Burns Lake Indian Band
  6. ^ Carrier Sekani Tribal Council - Member Nations
  7. ↑ Traditional Territory of the Ts'il Kaz Koh First Nation (PDF; 2.2 MB)
  8. ↑ website of Nadleh Whut'en First Nation
  9. ↑ Homepage of the Nak'azdli Band ( Memento of the original from July 28, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.nakazdli.ca
  10. ↑ Nak'azdli Band Traditional Territory ( Memento of the original from June 19, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (PDF; 599 kB)  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.nakazdli.ca
  11. ↑ website of the Saik'uz First Nation
  12. ↑ Traditional Territory of the Saik'uz First Nation (PDF; 676 kB)
  13. ↑ Homepage of the Stellat'en First Nation ( memento of the original dated December 7, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.stellaten.ca
  14. ↑ homepage Tl'azt'en Nation
  15. ^ Carrier Chilcotin Tribal Council - Member Nations
  16. ↑ homepage Lhoosk'uz Dene Nation
  17. ↑ Dakelh Placenames
  18. ^ Homepage of the Ulkatcho First Nation
  19. ↑ Homepage of the Lheidli T'enneh First Nation (also: Lheidli T'enneh Band)
  20. ^ Homepage of the Yekooche First Nation .
  21. ^ Homepage of the Tsilhqot'in National Government ( Memento from November 19, 2012 in the Internet Archive )
  22. ↑ Takla Lake Nation Welcomes you , archive.org, February 10, 2014.
  23. ↑ Homepage of the Lake Babine Nation ( Memento of the original from January 29, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.lakebabine.com
  24. ^ Homepage of the Office of the Hereditary Chiefs of the Wet'suwet'en - Communities
  25. ↑ homepage Hagwilget Village First Nation
  26. ↑ Source of the population: Aboriginal Affairs and Northern Development Canada, Registered Population as of March, 2013 ( Memento of the original from March 16, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link has been inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / pse5-esd5.ainc-inac.gc.ca
  27. ↑ website of Moricetown (Indian) Band