Desider Friedmann

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Desider Friedmann 1929

Desider Friedmann ( November 24, 1880 in Boskovice , Austria-Hungary - October 1944 in Auschwitz concentration camp ) was an Austrian Zionist , lawyer and president of the Israelitische Kultusgemeinde Wien (IKG) who was a victim of the Holocaust .

Live and act

Desider Friedmann was the son of Samuel and Ernestine Friedmann. He studied law and received his doctorate . He then worked as a resident lawyer in Vienna. He was married to Ella (1897-1944), nee Stiassni, since January 1921 and had the daughters Hedwig (* 1923) and Ernestine (* 1921) with her. In Vienna the family lived at Albertgasse 26 until 1934 and then at Börsegasse 14. Friedmann was the senior man of the Jewish Academic Association in Libanonia . Friedmann was a member of the Zionist National Association for Austria (ZLVfÖ) and temporarily its chairman. In 1921 he became Vice President of the IKG Vienna. In 1933 Friedmann was the first Zionist to become President of the IKG in Vienna. In 1934 he was appointed to the State Council of Austria , to which he was a member until 1938.

After the " Anschluss of Austria " to the National Socialist German Reich , the Jewish community of Vienna was closed on March 18, 1938 by members of the SS and Friedmann with his two vice-presidents, Robert Stricker and Jakob Ehrlich (1877–1938), and the official director of the IKG Josef Löwenherz and other Jewish officials arrested in the course of the Nazi persecution of Jews. In the course of the raid, donation receipts for the Fatherland Front were found during a search of the premises of the IKG . The election campaign donations of 800,000 schillings to an organization that advocated statehood for Austria were the official reason for the imprisonment. After the receipt was found, Adolf Eichmann extorted payment of the same amount from the IKG, as Friedmann and other members of the presidium were sent to the Dachau concentration camp in early April 1938 with the first "transport of celebrities " . As a so-called "protective custody - Jew" he was given prisoner number 13,921. On April 13, 1938, he was transferred to the Vienna Gestapo . Friedmann was imprisoned in Buchenwald concentration camp from September 25, 1938 to May 10, 1939 . On the part of the Nazi regime, he was no longer allowed to assume leading positions in the Jewish community after his release. Friedmann, who was banned from leaving the Reich, was placed under house arrest in Vienna.

Banknotes of the ghetto

On September 24, 1942, Friedmann and his wife were deported to the Theresienstadt ghetto . There he was soon a member of the so-called Council of Elders , an institution created and monitored by the SS to control the apparent autonomy of “Jewish self-administration”. In this function, he became Jakob Edelstein's deputy on November 24, 1942, succeeding the late Heinrich Stahl . In Theresienstadt he had to manage the bank of the Jewish self- government, which issued its own banknotes.

In addition, he was forced into the propaganda film “ Theresienstadt ”, which was shot in the ghetto from late summer 1944 . A documentary film from the Jewish settlement area “depicting the bank director. He had to give lectures to representatives of the Red Cross and be chauffeured through the ghetto in a car. Together with his wife, he was deported to Auschwitz on one of the last transports in October 1944 and murdered there.

His two daughters, who were able to emigrate to Palestine in 1938 and 1939 , were awarded the amount of 47,400 Swiss francs from a Swiss account by Desider Friedmann in 2002 by an arbitration tribunal for dormant accounts .

Commemoration

On December 8, 1957, in the 2nd district of Vienna, on the property at Ferdinandstrasse 23, where the Leopoldstadt Temple was located until the November pogroms of 1938 , a community-owned residential building was built in memory of Friedmann. The new building was inaugurated as the "Desider-Friedmann-Hof" . The City of Vienna also honored Desider Friedmann's memory in 1990 with Desider-Friedmann-Platz in the 1st district .

literature

  • Avraham Barkai , Paul Mendes-Flohr , Steven M Lowenstein: German-Jewish history in modern times. CH Beck, 1997, ISBN 3-406-39706-9 .
  • Hans Günther Adler : Theresienstadt. The face of a coercive community 1941–1945. Afterword Jeremy Adler . Wallstein, Göttingen 2005, ISBN 3-89244-694-6 (reprint of the 2nd, combined edition. Mohr-Siebeck, Tübingen 1960. 1st edition, ibid. 1955).
  • Claims Resolution Tribunal: Case number: CV96-4849 regarding the account of Account Owner Desider Friedmann. (Unofficial translation of the original English text) (pdf; 26 kB)
  • Marianne Enigl : In any case, the Jew is responsible (part 2) . In: Profile . Issue 28, July 9, 2007, p. 36 ff .

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b CLAIMS RESOLUTION TRIBUNAL: File number: CV96-4849 regarding the account of the account holder Desider Friedmann. (Unofficial translation of the original English text) (pdf; 26 kB)
  2. ↑ Kurt Schubert : The history of Austrian Jewry . Böhlau, Vienna 2008, ISBN 978-3-205-77700-7 , p. 86
  3. ^ Avraham Barkai, Paul R Mendes-Flohr, Steven M Lowenstein: German-Jewish history in modern times. CH Beck, 1997, ISBN 3-406-39706-9 , p. 94.
  4. ↑ Evelyn Adunka : The Vienna Israelitische Kultusgemeinde after 1945 and its problems today ( memento of October 19, 2007 in the Internet Archive ), 2001.
  5. ^ Avraham Barkai, Paul R Mendes-Flohr, Steven M Lowenstein: German-Jewish history in modern times. CH Beck, 1997, ISBN 3-406-39706-9 , p. 118.
  6. ↑ Gertrude Enderle-Burcel (ed.): Berta Zuckerkandl - Gottfried Kunwald. Correspondence 1928–1938. Böhlau Verlag, Vienna 2018, ISBN 978-3-205-20775-7 , Biographical Appendix, p. 349.
  7. ↑ Shoshana Duizend-Jensen: Jewish communities, associations, foundations and funds: "Aryanization" and restitution. Oldenbourg Wissenschaftsverlag, 2004, ISBN 3-486-56787-X , p. 57.
  8. ↑ Victoria Kumar: Land of Promise - Place of Refuge: Jewish Emigration and National Socialist Expulsion from Austria to Palestine 1920 to 1945. (= Writings of the Center for Jewish Studies. Volume 26). Studienverlag, 2016, ISBN 978-3-7065-5419-0 , pp. 130f.
  9. ↑ Joachim Mehlhausen, Bruno Bettelheim : Learning to live: Commemoration of Bruno Bettelheim , Mohr Siebeck, 1991, ISBN 3-16-145728-5 , p. 27f.
  10. ↑ Friedmann, Desider Dr. on http://www.doew.at/
  11. ↑ Erika Weinzierl , Otto Dov Kulka (Ed.): Expulsion and New Beginning. Israeli citizens of Austrian origin , Böhlau-Verlag, Vienna / Cologne / Weimar 1992, ISBN 3-205-05561-6 , p. 201.
  12. ^ Hans Günther Adler: Theresienstadt. The face of a coercive community 1941–1945. Afterword Jeremy Adler, Göttingen 2005, p. 115.
  13. ^ Hans Günther Adler: Theresienstadt. The face of a coercive community 1941–1945. Afterword Jeremy Adler, Göttingen 2005, p. 253.
  14. ^ Bank of the Jewish Self- Administration at www.ghetto-theresienstadt.de
  15. ↑ Desider Friedmann on www.ghetto-theresienstadt.de
  16. ^ Zionist Regional Association Vienna: Solemn inauguration. In: The Voice - Organ of the General Zionists in Austria. Issue 104, December 1957, p. 5. (edocs.ub.uni-frankfurt.de; pdf; 2.0 MB) ( Memento from August 8, 2014 in the Internet Archive )
personal data
SURNAME Friedmann, desider
BRIEF DESCRIPTION President of the Jewish Community in Vienna
DATE OF BIRTH November 24, 1880
PLACE OF BIRTH Boskovice
DATE OF DEATH October 1944
Place of death Auschwitz concentration camp