German stoneware
German stoneware has a long tradition and was used in almost all of Europe, North America and beyond. Stoneware has been produced in German-speaking countries since around 1300 .
The production of stoneware was particularly carried out in two larger regions. The older center was in the west. The city of Siegburg ( Siegburger Steinzeug ) became the first center . Around 1500 in Cologne ( Kölner Steinzeug ), which was exposed to many influences as a trading center, stoneware with attached ornaments was developed. Due to various restrictions, for example because of the pollution and the risk of fire in the city, the center function went to several other places, Raeren ( Raerener Steinzeug ), Siegburg and Frechen ( Frechener Steinzeug ). Other centers in the Rhineland and in the wider area were Aachen ( Aachener Steinzeug ), Langerwehe ( Langerweher Steinzeug ), Elmpt ( Elmpter Steinzeug ), Paffrath ( Paffrather Steinzeug ) and Bouffioulx ( Bouffioulxer Steinzeug ), which, like Raeren, is located in what is now Belgium and as the westernmost German stoneware production facility applies. As a result of the Truchsessian War , several of the leading pottery families from Siegburg and Raeren migrated to the Westerwald , where another center of stoneware production ( Westerwälder stoneware ) developed and met a small stoneware production that had existed since the Middle Ages. The importance was so immense that with the name Kannenbäckerland a region of the Westerwald is still named after the stoneware production.
Another production center also formed in the 14th Century out in Saxony . Centers were Bautzen ( Bautzen stoneware ), Bunzlau ( Bolesławiec stoneware ), Burgel ( Bürgeler stoneware ) Dippoldiswalde ( Dippoldiswalder stoneware ) Hohenleipisch ( Hohenleipischer stoneware ), Muskau ( Muskauer stoneware ) Schmiedeberg ( Schmiedeberger stoneware ) and Waldenburg ( Waldenburg stoneware ). To the south-west of it, stoneware was also produced in the north Franconian town of Creußen ( Creußener Steinzeug ), whose production is similar to Dippoldiswalde.
In Lower Bavaria , in addition to other ceramics, stoneware was also produced in the Rottal . The pottery village Peterskirchen is particularly well known . This production was founded by craftsmen who immigrated from the Westerwald in 1746.
Other local production centers were in the Münsterland , Hesse , Limburg and Austria. Towards the end of the 19th In the 19th century production came to an end after previous economic problems. Specific regional forms were produced in all centers, the variety of forms was diverse. In addition to production for the regional market, German stoneware was also exported to other regions, in particular Northern and Western Europe, but also North and Central America, Australia and Southeast Asia, or came there on ships as a popular means of transport for goods or ship requirements. German stoneware is one of the most common types of ceramic in the world. Jugs, tankards and bottles, but also bowls, were the main forms.
literature
- GC Dunning: The trade in medieval pottery around the North Sea. Rotterdam Papers 1, 1968, pp. 35-58.
- Josef Horschik: stoneware, from Burgel to Muskau, 15th to 19th century. Wiesbaden 1978, ISBN 3-921452-08-2 .
- W. Bauer, G. Engemann, H.-W. Heine, U. Lobbedey, HG Stephan: Contributions to archaeological castle research and ceramics of the Middle Ages in Westphalia. Preservation of monuments and research in Westphalia 2. Bonn 1979.
- P. Devey, R. Hodges (Eds.): Ceramics and trade. The production and distribution of later medieval pottery in north-west-Europe. Sheffield 1983.
- Hans-Georg Stephan: The Development and Production of Medieval Stoneware in Germany. In: P. Davey, R. Hodges: Ceramics and Trade: The Production and Distribution of Later Medieval Pottery in North-West Europe , 1983, p. 111.
- Gisela Reineking von Bock: stoneware. Decorative Arts Museum of the City of Cologne. Cologne 1986.
- John G. Hurst, David S. Neal, HJE van Beuningen: Pottery produced and traded in north-west Europe 1350-1650. Rotterdam Papers VI. A contribution to medieval archeology. The Hague 1986.
- David Gaimster, Marc Redknap, Hans-Helmut Wegner (ed.): On ceramics of the Middle Ages and the beginning of the modern era in the Rhineland. BAR Int Series 440, Oxford 1988.
- David RM Gaimster: German Stoneware, 1200-1900: Archeology and Cultural History. British Museum Press, London 1997.
- Thomas Höltken, Bernd Päffgen : Coin- dated ceramics of the 14th century from the Elsbach valley: stoneware and gray ware. Archäologie im Rheinland 1999, Bonn 2000, pp. 161–163.
- Ursula Francke: Excavations on the grounds of the Schlösser brewery in Düsseldorf's old town. Rhenish excavations 60, Mainz 2006.
- Jack Hinton: The Art of German Stoneware, 1300-1900. From the Charles W. Nichols Collection and the Philadelphia Museum of Art. Yale University Press, New Haven, London 2012, ISBN 978-0-300-17978-1 .
- Ingeborg Unger: The art of German stoneware. Collection Karl and Petra Amendt and the Krefeld art museums. Krefeld 2013.
Web links
Individual evidence
- ↑ Werner Endres, Lambert Grasmann, Ludwig Albrecht: Stoneware from Lower Bavaria: Peterskirchen im Rottal . In: Heimatverein für die Alt-Landkreis Vilsbiburg e. V. (Ed.): Vilsbiburger Museumsschriften . tape 5 . Vilsbiburg 2005, ISBN 3-00-015658-5 ( museum-vilsbiburg.de [PDF]).