chub
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Chub ( Squalius cephalus ) |
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| ( Linnaeus , 1758) |
The chub ( Squalius cephalus , syn .: Leuciscus cephalus ), also called Alet , Eitel or Aitel , is a species of fish from the order of the carp-like (Cypriniformes).
designation
In Bavaria and Austria the chub is also called Aitel ("the Aitel" or "das Aitel"), in the Alemannic Alet (around Lake Constance and in Switzerland). Another name is Rohrkarpfen or Dickkopf . On the lower Neckar in the Electoral Palatinate, he is called Knilps . The name Mulbe, Mülwe or Milwe is also common in the Saar and Moselle regions.
features
The chub, on average 30 to 40 centimeters long and 1 kilogram, has an elongated, laterally flattened, torpedo-shaped body. The head is large and the terminal mouth wide. Instead of teeth, the mouth has a continuous horn edge. In its habitus , the fish, also known as the common fish, resembles the aland ( Leuciscus idus ), but has larger scales with a dark border that results in a net-like pattern, and an outwardly curved anal fin . The back and flanks are silver to gold, the ventral and anal fins are reddish in color.
height and weight
Similar to carp, the length (and thus the weight) can vary greatly depending on the body of water and natural food resources. The largest chub in the UK was caught in a lake near Gloucester in 2007, weighing 4.2 kilograms . Another large fish weighing 4 kilograms was captured in Lake Wallingford (Great Britain) in 2006, followed by specimens weighing around 3 kilograms from Kalmar (Sweden) and the Rhine .
distribution
The chub can be found in almost all of Europe with the exception of Scotland , Ireland and the far north of Scandinavia . Then there are Turkey , Russia , Armenia , Georgia and Iran .
The chub has its main distribution area mainly in Great Britain with the largest stocks, also in France, Benelux as well as West and South Germany. Chub form large populations in the Plitvice Lakes in Croatia . The swarms, which can be easily observed on the clear water surface, have become a tourist attraction. In Germany you can find good to very good chub stocks in the Upper Rhine , Mangfall , Nidda , Moselle , Ruhr , Erft , Neckar , Weisse Elster , Lech , Weser and Walchensee . The chub prevalent in southern Germany is very similar in its way of life to the Aland , which dominates in northern Germany. In contrast to the Döbel, the Aland also inhabits larger rivers, canals and lakes. A few chubs have been sighted in Ireland since 2001, which sparked a discussion about a potential threat to native fish species.
Way of life
The chub is a widespread freshwater fish and is one of the leading fish in the grayling and barbel region . It lives both in strongly flowing hyporhithral streams and potamal rivers, lakes crossed by rivers (biotope no. / EU code FFH 4.1.1., 4.2.1 and 4.3.1 or 3260), as well as in dammed river areas to small bodies of water such as drainage ditches in the field. Young fish usually stay close to the surface in large schools and prey on approach food. Large chub live mainly solitary in shelters such as overhanging trees and bushes, under bridges or deep pools of a stream. Preferred locations also include areas with little current behind larger stones or small bays.
It typically lives in small groups of around ten animals. It feeds on insects and other small animals, sometimes plants. Larger specimens also eat smaller fish and amphibians. The chub is traditionally classified as a non-predatory fish , like all domestic carp fish , but in reality it is omnivorous. In addition to algae and aquatic plants, its food also includes aquatic insects, their larvae, snails, mussels and worms. The older he gets, the more he shifts to hunting small fish. Anglers also know that chubs are easy to catch with fruit. Sweet cherries, plums, grapes, but also elderberries are popular with chub. It is irrelevant whether the fish finds these fruits naturally in its body of water, from trees and bushes into the water. Older specimens in particular are considered to be extremely shy and are very difficult to catch.
Sexual maturity is reached at 2–4 years of age, during the spawning season from April to June (depending on the water temperature also from May to July) the animals lay around 100,000 eggs on plants or in the gravel ground.
Chub are relatively sensitive to water pollution and can be an indicator of unpolluted stream and river water. The reaction of chub to toxic chemicals was studied on the French Rhône.
Water regulations threaten the existence of the chub, as they depend on coarse gravel to gravel spawning substrates with oxygen-rich and fast currents and cannot multiply in canalized streams and rivers. Heavy sediment in the water and sludge formation can prevent the hatching of the fry. In the Oder-Havel Canal local chub population as it was discovered that multiplies there, of course, and greater adaptability and plasticity in ecological marginal habitats (eg. Monotonous water body without shelters and cover options for fish, stone packs as banks limit, little water plants and waves by inland waterway vessels ) than previously assumed.
In trout streams, the chub was persecuted in many places during the winter months as spawning robbers of young trout fry. In low mountain rivers with moderate water temperatures, it can even displace trout. Chub usually prefer higher water temperatures of up to 26 ° C.
The chub serves as a host for the life cycle of the river mussel ( Unio crassus ).
The chub as a food fish
Like many other whitefish , little attention is paid to the chub in the kitchen due to its bone-rich meat. However, its meat is very fine. By cutting the fillet / fresh fish several times before roasting , grilling or deep-frying , the bones are barely noticeable. In his Mosella , a poem about a journey through the Moselle in 371, the Latin poet Ausonius mentions the fine but boneless meat of the chub and regrets its short shelf life ("capito" in verse 85).
Importance in relation to other fish species
It is often said that the chub poses a threat to trout and grayling because it extremely decimates the population of these two fish species. However, this has never been proven and it can be assumed that there is no displacement of native species.
literature
- RP Smith: The distribution and habitat requirements of chub (Leuciscus cephalus L.) in several lowland rivers of eastern England. PhD Thesis, University of East Anglia, Norwich, 1989.
- Günther Sterba : Freshwater fish in the world . Weltbild Verlag, Augsburg 2002, p. 313 ISBN 3-89350-991-7 .
- Bent J. Muus and Preben Dahlström: Freshwater fish , BLV Verlagsgesellschaft mbH, 8th edition, 1998, ISBN 978-340-511867-9 .
- Christian Teubner, Kerstin Mosny: The big book on fish , Teubner Edition, ISBN 3-7742-2053-0 .
Web links
- Chub on Fishbase.org (English)
- geographical distribution of the chub.
- Fish population / evidence of chub in Germany
- molecular biological characteristics of the chub in the fish catalog.
- Squalius cephalus inthe IUCN 2013 Red List of Threatened Species . Posted by: Freyhof, J. & Kottelat, M., 2008. Accessed February 11, 2014.
Individual evidence
- ↑ There are numerous similar local vernacular names , including mone , which supposedly corresponds to the English minnow (which there denotes the minnow and, in general, every white fish ). Mönen also refers locally to the aland (fish) .
- ↑ Brockhaus, 1911 .
- ↑ a b c http://www.angler-online-forum.de/cms.php?q=35466 ( page no longer available , search in web archives ) Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ Archived copy ( Memento of the original dated May 6, 2009 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ Chub fish hit parade - the largest chub / Aitel. In: www.fisch-hitparade.de. Retrieved December 19, 2016 .
- ↑ https://apiv3.iucnredlist.org/api/v3/taxonredirect/61205
- ↑ http://data.gbif.org/species/13545714
- ↑ Archive link ( Memento of the original dated May 11, 2010 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ http://www.rhein-angeln.de/doebel_angeln_nidda.htm
- ↑ http://www.fischundfang.de/456,934/ ( page no longer available , search in web archives ) Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ a b The chub. In: www.farioev.de. Retrieved December 19, 2016 .
- ↑ Joe M. Caffrey, Silvana Acevedo, Kevin Gallagher1 and Robert Britton: Chub (Leuciscus cephalus): a new potentially invasive fish species in Ireland, Aquatic Invasions (2008) in http://www.aquaticinvasions.net/2008/AI_2008_3_2_Caffrey_etal. pdf
- ↑ Grayling region of the mountain streams in http://www.wissenschaft-online.de/abo/lexikon/bio/33511
- ↑ River as living space in Archivlink ( Memento of the original from December 6, 2010 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ http://www.lung.mv-regierung.de/daten/verbindungen_3_2004_tabellenneu.pdf
- ↑ Archive link ( Memento of the original dated May 13, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ Valérie Larno, Jean Laroche, Sophie Launey, Patrick Flammarion and Alain Devaux: Responses of Chub (Leuciscus cephalus) Populations to Chemical Stress, Assessed by Genetic Markers, DNA Damage and Cytochrome P4501A Induction , Ecotoxicology , 10 (2001), p. 145 -158. doi : 10.1023 / A: 1016637809483 .
- ↑ http://www.innovations-report.de/html/berichte/agrar_forstwissenschaften/bericht-6852.html
- ↑ R. Arlinghaus and C. Wolter: Amplitude of ecological potential: chub Leuciscus cephalus (L.) spawning in an artificial lowland canal, 2003 in archive link ( Memento of the original from December 14, 2007 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link became automatic used and not yet tested. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ^ Decimus Magnus Ausonius: Mosella , v. 85 ff. ( Online at latinlibrary.com, accessed February 12, 2014).
