Barge
A barge is a ship that is designed to travel on inland waterways and inland waterways . In contrast to a seagoing ship , the design requirements for stability in sea conditions, navigation instruments and rescue equipment are less stringent . This may require measures such as a height-adjustable operator's platform or a lowerable mast in order to take into account restricted clearance heights under bridges.
Classification
A rough classification of inland waterway vessels results from their use;
Classification of cargo ships according to CEMT for the waterway classes :
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Class I :
- Spits or Péniche or Groß Finow : 38.5 × 5.05 × 2.2 m, loading capacity: 300-400 tons,
- Class II :
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Class III :
- Canal du Nord ship: 60.0 × 5.75 × 3.2 m, loading capacity: 800 tons
- Gustav-Koenigs-Schiff (developed from the Dortmund-Ems-Kanalkahn): 67.0 × 8.20 × 2.5 m, loading capacity: 600–1,000 tons; later extended to 80.0 m: loading capacity: 1,200 tons, 81–120 TEU (named after Gustav Koenigs )
- Karl-Vorisch-Schiff : 57.0 × 7.04 × 2.30, loading capacity: 605 tons (named after Karl Vortisch)
- Oskar Teubert ship : 53.0 × 6.29 × 3.50, loading capacity: 562 tons (named after Oskar Teubert)
- Johann-Welker-Schiff (developed from the Rhein-Herne-Kanalkahn): 80.0 × 9.50 × 2.50, loading capacity: 1289 tons; later extended up to 110 m (named after Johann Wilhelm Welker )
- Theodor Beyer ship (developed from the Péniche ): 38.50 × 5.05 × 2.30, load capacity: 274 tons (named after Theodor Beyer)
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Class IV :
- Europaschiff ( RHK ): 85.0 × 9.50 × 2.5 m, loading capacity: 1,350 tons
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Class Va :
- Large Rhine ship : 110.0 × 11.4 × 3.5 m, loading capacity: 2,800 tons, 200 TEU
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Class Vb :
- Push or coupling formations up to 185 × 11.4 m, loading capacity up to 6000 tons
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Class VIa :
- Push or coupling formations between 95.0 and 110 m in length and 22.8 m in width, loading capacity up to 6000 tons
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Class VIb :
- Jowi class : 135.0 × 17.0 × 3.50 m, loading capacity: 5,300 tons, up to 500 TEU
The tonnage figures are average values. The respective classes of inland waterways belong to the ship classes .
Ship types
- Motorized goods ships up to a dead weight of 6,000 tons
- Container ships up to 500 TEU
- The front runner , the apartment and the wheelhouse are in the bow area.
- RoRo ships
- Motor tankers up to a deadweight of 10,000 tons
- Gas tankers
- Tankers for the transport of liquid food such as cooking oil or wine.
- Car transport barges with a loading capacity of up to 600 cars
- Floating country road , catamarans for transporting semi-trailers on the Danube
- Barges (without engine), very rare today. In contrast to this, the term self-propelled was initially used for motorized ships
- Barges (also pushing pram) and freight barges and tank barges up to 2,800 deadweight tons
- Push boats (slipcases) that carry up to 6 barges and z. B. Push up to 40 lighter on the Mississippi
- Tugs , harbor tugs, leader boats , very rare today
- Coupling formation , assemblies of a motor ship with up to 3 barges, total load capacity up to 10,000 tons
- Rhine-Sea ships and coasters (Kümos), which are used both at sea and on certain inland waterways (for example for the journey from London to Duisburg)
- Special ships for the transport of sugar, flour or cement in tanks
- Ships with automatic equipment for loading and unloading pallets
- Drinking water tankers to supply other ships
- Passenger ships for day trips
- Cabin passenger ships for cruises
There are also many types of work vessels such as floating dredgers , floating cranes , folding barges , diving ships , icebreakers , boats of the water police , fire boats , laboratory ships , buoy layers of the waterways and shipping authorities , floating churches , floating restaurants, passenger and car ferries , bilge drainers and others.
- The different tonnage specifications are based on the waterway that the inland waterway vessel should use from the loading port to the port of discharge and in the opposite direction. Structurally, the vehicles are often adapted to the conditions of the waterway, such as existing water depths, lock lengths and widths, bridge clearance heights and the like. This means that not all inland waterways can be used everywhere in Germany and in Europe.
- Many ships are equipped with a height-adjustable wheelhouse so that they can also pass low bridges or, depending on the height of the cargo (container ships), offer a better overview. The radar antennas are very often installed in the bow area because of a better radar image.
facts and figures
Cargo ships and most passenger ships are powered by diesel engines these days. Their output starts at around 200 kW (300 PS) and ends (currently in 2007) at around 3,000 to 4,500 kW (4,000 to 6,000 PS). Depending on the type of ship and the range of travel, up to three machines are used. The maximum possible length (important for locks and river curves) of the inland vessels is currently (2007) 135 meters with a maximum width of 21.80 meters, the average value is 85 m × 9.50 m.
Push boats with 6 push barges can reach a size of about 269 m × 22.80 m. They have a load capacity of up to 16,000 t.
The largest inland tanker in the world is the Vorstenbosch , which was commissioned in 2011 and has a loading capacity of 13,889 m³. Before that, the Dutch tanker Vlissingen with dimensions of 134.61 m × 21.80 m and a loading capacity of 9,297 tons and a draft of 4.40 m was the largest inland vessel. It is used for the bunkering of seagoing vessels in the port of Rotterdam. The currently largest passenger ship on the Rhine is the RheinEnergie of the Cologne-Düsseldorfer with a length of 90.3 m and 19.3 m width.
The Jowi-class container ships are among the largest on the Rhine. They are 135 m long, 17 m wide and carry 4 to 5 layers of containers. This gives them a load capacity of up to 5,500 tons and a capacity of 500 TEU. North German shipyards have designed an experimental type of ship, the Futura Carrier . There are now four ships in service. A special design feature of these ships is an air cushion under the hull, which is intended to reduce friction and save around 35% energy. The fuselage is made in a modular way. It has a drive unit at all four corners that can be completely replaced within a short time. There are plans to build tankers, bulk carriers and container ships. The Futura Carrier RMS Kiel was christened on January 17th, 2007 in Wilhelmshaven. In June 2007 the Futura tanker Till Deymann was put into service.
New buildings from 2006 to 2010
Between 2006 and 2010, around 800 new ships were put into service in Western European inland navigation . Around 80 percent of them fly the Dutch flag. Tankers and dry cargo ships make up the largest share. Most of the ships are hulled and 40 percent come from the People's Republic of China , another 40 percent came from Poland , the Czech Republic , Romania , Serbia , Bulgaria and the Ukraine . The rest were built in the Netherlands, Germany and Belgium. The transport from China is carried out with large soul lighters that deliver up to 15 hulls to Rotterdam. The trip takes about three months. Ships from the Danube countries, Ukraine and Turkey are towed across the Danube, the Main-Danube Canal and the Rhine to the mostly Dutch expansion yards in Hardinxveld-Giessendam , Grave , Meppel , Lobith and Werkendam .
During the above period, 293 cargo ships of various sizes were put into service. 14 ships with a length of 86 m and widths between 9.50 and 11.45 m. The load capacity ranges from 1850 to 2280 tons, the container capacity is between 90 and 144 TEU .
Of the 131 110-meter ships, 122 had the dimensions of 110 × 11.45 m with an average draft of 3.61 m and a deadweight of 3220 tons (208 TEU in four layers). Two ships, the Belgian container ships Deseo and Tripoli, are 17.20 m wide. The rest were ships with a width between 10.00 and 11.40 m and between 2400 and 3000 tons deadweight.
The 135-meter ships (114) included 45 ships with a width between 14.20 and 17.35 m. The loading capacity is up to 6,700 tons or around 500 TEU in five layers.
The 36 new coupling formations have an average size of 180.00 × 11.45 m with a load capacity of 5300 tons (350 TEU in four layers). The largest coupling formation, the Ursa Montana, is 194.00 m long and 17.28 m wide, the loading capacity is 10,388 tonnes (712 TEU in five layers).
290 new tankers were put into service, 221 of which were for mainline traffic, 61 were bunker ships for bunkering seagoing vessels, as well as two cement and six gas tankers. The size of the tankers varies between 86.00 × 9.50 m (1640 tons) and 135 × 17.50 m (7835 tons):
- 66 ships each 86.0 meters
- 131 ships each 110 meters (3000–4170 tons)
- 16 ships each 125 meters (3800 tons)
- 51 ships each 135 meters and 11.45 to 17.50 m wide (4190-7835 tons)
The largest tankers built during this period are the Vlissingen and Jade bunker ships . Both are 135 m long and with a width of 20.80 / 20.00 m have a load capacity of 9297/9007 tons.
33 new cabin passenger ships were built. Most of it comes completely from Dutch and German shipyards, only a few hulls were built in Serbia. The ships are between 110.00 and 135 meters in length. The 110 m ships can carry an average of 143 passengers, the 135 m length 200 passengers. The crew is between 40 and 50 people, depending on the size. Most of the ships are registered in Germany, Switzerland and Malta .
In addition to the ships listed above, many tour boats, day trip boats, push barges, work boats, bunker boats and push boats were built.
power consumption
The barge is the cheapest means of transport compared to truck and train. A four-person push convoy consumes around 12,000 liters of fuel to transport 10,000 tons of ore from Rotterdam to Duisburg. If you were to transport the same amount of cargo by truck, you would have to use 370 trucks and consume around 30,000 liters of fuel. In addition, there is the staffing requirement of eight men on the push convoy, or 370 drivers for the trucks. If you add the emissions caused by 370 engines with 400 hp each compared to two engines with 2300 hp each, the inland waterway is clearly the better solution. However, just like on the road, there are of course traffic jams in inland shipping, which are mainly caused by low water, high water or ice. If locks, canal or river sections are closed to traffic due to repair work, these closures are in most cases announced in good time so that shipping can adapt to them. The primary energy requirement for a barge is 1.3 liters, for a railroad 1.7 liters and for a truck 4.1 liters per 100 tonne-kilometers.
Since January 1, 2003, exhaust emission limits have been in effect for all marine diesel engines. These were adjusted again in 2007 and 2008.
For new engines:
- NO x = 10 g / kWh
- CO = 0.6 g / kWh
- CH = 10.4 g / kWh
- Soot = 0.05 g / kWh
For old engines:
- NO x = 18 g / kWh
- CO = 0.8 g / kWh
- CH = 0.8 g / kWh
- Soot = 0.4 g / kWh
Web links
- Website with a lot of information on inland navigation
- Website with old German barge types
- Consumption values of the various modes of transport
- Experience report on fuel consumption after reengineering
References and comments
- ^ System of classification of European inland waterways. (PDF; 24 kB) Federal Waterways and Shipping Administration , accessed on August 30, 2018 .
- ↑ Gustav Koenigs was from 1909 to 1917 government assessor and councilor in Blumenthal , Düsseldorf and Nauen and from 1920 a secret councilor in the Prussian Ministry of Public Works. From 1920 he headed the transport department in the Reich Ministry of Transport and worked there as State Secretary for inland shipping. For his services he received an honorary membership in the Central Association of German Inland Shipping .
- ↑ Karl Vortisch was the son of a barge and already as a young man the owner of a Finow barge . He was a founding member of the Transport-Genossenschaft zu Berlin (TGB) and from 1904 one of the two directors. After the First World War he campaigned for small shipping at the Versailles peace negotiations . In recognition of his life's work, the Central Association of German Inland Shipping in West Germany named the new motor ships built according to the dimensions of the old East Prussian custom barge after him.
- ↑ Oskar Teubert was the author of several books on inland navigation and waterways.
- ↑ Johann Wilhelm Welker was general director of Franz Haniel & Cie from 1917 to 1944 .
- ↑ Language and expression of inland navigation. binnenschifferforum.de, accessed on December 22, 2018 .