Passenger ship

A passenger ship or passenger ship (FGS) is a watercraft of special construction, equipment and facility for the transport and supply of people on inland waterways ( inland passenger ship), on coastal waters (coastal passenger ship , sea ​​bathing ship ) or by sea (cruise ship or overseas passenger ship). Passenger ships with overnight accommodation are called cabin ships, those without cabins are day excursion ships. The passengers are called passengers (day passengers , deck passengers or cabin passengers depending on their accommodation ). Mostly they are tourists .

Depending on the type of use, a distinction is made between liner passenger ships with scheduled departures and arrivals on short and long-haul routes, holiday passenger ships and cruise ships for pleasure and recreational trips. According to the provisions of the International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea , every merchant ship with more than twelve passengers is a passenger ship. The term passenger ship is now common in parlance for seagoing passenger ships and comes from the English passenger vessel . The ocean-going passenger ship is characterized by extensive superstructures with several ship decks .

development

Until the middle of the 20th century , large passenger ships were mainly used as a means of transport . In regular service , they drove overseas, especially on the transatlantic route between Europe and North America and the Pacific route between the Far East and the USA. At the time of the emigration in the 19th century to the beginning of the 20th century, a passenger ship began its journey from Europe to North America almost every day. However, in the course of time, aircraft took over this task, especially on longer routes .

The competition from air travel and the emerging tourism meant that large passenger ships were now used more for pleasure trips. For cruises , the passenger ships are often equipped with swimming pools and boardwalks, shops and salons. The currently largest passenger ship in the world - at the same time the largest cruise ship ever built - is the Symphony of the Seas .

At 75,156 GT, the largest passenger ship with car decks is the Color Magic .

For smaller distances in inland, coastal and island traffic, however, passenger ships are still used, sometimes with the option of car and post transport ( ferry ).

Some of the passenger ships operating around the world are registered in countries with flags of convenience, such as Panama , due to the low wage costs, taxes and lower regulatory requirements .

Emissions

The passenger ships with generation cycles of 20 to 40 years cause emissions. Since January 1, 2020, ships worldwide have only been allowed to use low-sulfur fuel. A new limit came into force: marine fuel may only contain 0.5 percent sulfur - previously the value was 3.5 percent. A limit of 0.1 percent has long been in force on the North and Baltic Seas and in German ports.

Alternatively, LNG is also used as a sulfur-free fuel. Ships that sail exclusively in the coastal waters, such as the first German LNG new building Helgoland , use LNG and have dual-fuel engines in the event that the LNG supply stalls, because so far there is no port in Germany with a permanent LNG Care. LNG for ship bunkering is therefore brought in tank trucks or tankers from Dutch or Belgian ports.

In addition, exhaust gas cleaning systems were built on the ships in which the sulfur-containing exhaust gases are washed.

Number of passenger ships in Germany

According to the statistics of the German merchant fleet of the BSHI, as of December 31, 2019, there were a total of 83 ships for passenger transport with 28,819 GT under the German flag, 2 of them in the international register and 11 with 776,126 GT under a foreign flag.

Development of the size of the passenger ships (according to GRT)

year	Surname	tonnage	Shipping company	country
1819	Savannah	320 GRT	Savannah Steamship Company	United States
1825	Baron of Renfrew	5,294 GRT	Charles Wood	United Kingdom
1831	Royal William	540 GRT	St. John & Halifax Steam Navigation Company	Canada
1838	Great Western	1,340 GRT	Great Western Steamship Company	United Kingdom
1839	British Queen	1,862 GRT	British & American Steam Navigation Company	United Kingdom
1840	President	2,366 GRT	British & American Steam Navigation Company	United Kingdom
1845	Great Britain	3,270 GRT	Great Western Steamship Company	United Kingdom
1853	Himalayas	3,438 GRT	P&O Steam Navigation Company Ltd.	United Kingdom
1853	Atrato	3,466 GRT	Royal Mail Line Ltd.	United Kingdom
1857	Adreatic	4,145 GRT	New York & Liverpool United States Mail SS Co. (Collins)	United States
1860	Great Eastern	18,915 GRT	Eastern Steam Navigation Company	United Kingdom
1867	Great Republic	4,352 GRT	Pacific Mail Steamship Company Inc.	United States
1871	Egypt	4,670 GRT	National Line Ltd.	United Kingdom
1873	City of Chester	4,770 GRT	Inman Line Ltd.	United Kingdom
1874	Britannic	5,008 GRT	White Star Line Ltd.	United Kingdom
1875	City of Berlin	5,526 GRT	Inman Line Ltd.	United Kingdom
1881	Servia	7,391 GRT	Cunard Line	United Kingdom
1881	City of Rome	8,415 GRT	Inman Line	United Kingdom
1888	City of New York	10,499 GRT	Inman Line	United Kingdom
1892	Campania	12,950 GRT	Cunard Line	United Kingdom
1893	Lucania	12,952 GRT	Cunard Line	United Kingdom
1897	Pennsylvania	13,023 GRT	HAPAG	German Empire
1897	Kaiser Wilhelm the Great	14,349 GRT	North German Lloyd	German Empire
1899	Oceanic	17,274 GRT	White Star Line Ltd.	United Kingdom
1901	Celtic	21,035 GRT	White Star Line Ltd.	United Kingdom
1905	America	22,225 GRT	HAPAG	German Empire
1905	Baltic	23,876 GRT	White Star Line Ltd.	United Kingdom
1906	Empress Auguste Viktoria	24,581 GRT	HAPAG	German Empire
1907	Lusitania	31,550 GRT	Cunard Line Ltd.	United Kingdom
1907	Mauretania	31,938 GRT	Cunard Line Ltd.	United Kingdom
1911	Olympic	45,234 GRT	White Star Line Ltd.	United Kingdom
1912	Titanic	46,329 GRT	White Star Line Ltd.	United Kingdom
1913	Emperor	52,117 GRT	HAPAG	German Empire
1914	Fatherland	54,282 GRT	HAPAG	German Empire
1922	Majestic (ex. Bismarck )	56,551 GRT	White Star Line Ltd.	German Empire
1923	Leviathan (ex. Fatherland )	59,956 GRT	United States Lines Inc.	United States
1935	Normandy	79,280 GRT	Compagnie Générale Transatlantique SA	France
1936	Queen Mary	80,774 GRT	Cunard-White Star Ltd.	United Kingdom
1936	Normandy (after renovation)	83,423 GRT	Compagnie Générale Transatlantique SA	France
1940	Queen Elizabeth	83,673 GRT	Cunard-White Star Ltd.	United Kingdom
1996	Carnival Destiny	101,509 GT	Carnival Cruise Lines Inc.	United States
1997	Grand Princess	108,865 GT	P&O Princess Cruises Ltd.	United Kingdom United States
1999	Voyager of the Seas	137,276 GT	Royal Caribbean Cruise Line A / S	Norway United States
2000	Explorer of the Seas	137,308 GT	Royal Caribbean Cruise Line A / S	Norway United States
2002	Navigator of the Seas	138,279 GT	Royal Caribbean Cruise Line A / S	Norway United States
2004	Queen Mary 2	148,528 GT	Cunard Line Ltd.	United Kingdom
2006	Freedom of the Seas	154,407 GT	Royal Caribbean Cruise Line A / S	Norway United States
2009	Oasis of the Seas	225,282 GT	Royal Caribbean Cruise Line A / S	Norway United States
2010	Allure of the Seas	225,282 GT	Royal Caribbean Cruise Line A / S	Norway United States
2016	Harmony of the Seas	226,963 GT	Royal Caribbean Cruise Line A / S	Norway United States
2018	Symphony of the Seas	228,081 GT	Royal Caribbean Cruise Line A / S	Norway United States

literature

• Hans Jürgen Witthöft: Passenger shipbuilding in Germany - a success story . In: Hansa , jubilee issue January 2014, pp. 50–58, Schiffahrts-Verlag Hansa, Hamburg 2014
• Future, shipping with CO2-neutral fuels accessed on January 31, 2020

Web links

Commons : Passenger Ships  - Collection of pictures, videos and audio files

Wiktionary: Passenger ship  - explanations of meanings, word origins, synonyms, translations

Wiktionary: Passenger ship  - explanations of meanings, word origins, synonyms, translations