Jand

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Dschand (Ǧand) was in the Middle Ages, a city on the lower reaches of the Syr Darya in Transoxania .

location

So the city was in the south of what is now Kazakhstan .

Various hypotheses have been made in research about the exact location of the city. In the 19th century, Pyotr Ivanovich Lerch identified Jand with ruins and a Kyrgyz cemetery near Chor-Chut (now a station on the Trans-Aral Railway ). The explorer V. Kallaur looked for Dschand closer to Perovsk (today's Qysylorda ). Sergei Pavlovich Tolstovassumed, mainly due to the similarity of names, that the ruins in Dschan-Kala were those of the city of Dschand. Kazakh archaeologists did not find any coins with the mint of Dschand but several coins from the 14th century. Further investigations led this research group to the assumption that Jand could be identified with the ruins in Myntobe, in any case the coins they found there were all minted in Jand.

history

In the 10th century Dschand was the geographer Ibn Hawqal and following him in Hudud al-'Alam as one of three settlements along the lower reaches of the Syr Darya in the field of Oghusen mentioned. Recent archaeological research in neighboring cities suggests that Jand was also founded in pre-Islamic times.

In stories of the origins of the Seljuks it is reported that Seljuk , the eponymous founder of this ruling dynasty, came to Jand with his followers and became a Muslim there. At the side of the city's residents, he fought with his people to free these Muslims from paying tribute to the then pagan Oghuz. Seljuk reached a ripe old age and was buried in Jand, at least his descendant Alp Arslan later looked for his grave there.

The Oghusenherrscher Shah Malik was Prince of Dschand when he in 1038 by the Ghaznavids Mas'ūd as his governor in Choresmien was used. When Shah-Malik had enforced his claims militarily in 1041, Masʿūd had already died. A little later, Shah-Malik was expelled to Persia by the Seljuks. In the period that followed, this dynasty must have lost control of Jand again, because Alp Arslan led a campaign there in 1065.

The Khorezm Shahs used Jand as a base for campaigns against the Kipchaks , Ala ad-Din Atsiz early in his rule. The Seljuk Sultan Sanjar withdrew the city from Atsiz in 1147 and gave it to a Karakhanid . A few years later, Atsiz was able to recapture Jand. Because of its importance, the province of Jand was often given over to the eldest sons of the rulers, such as Il-Arslan and later to Tekisch . During such a campaign against the Kipchaks, troops of the Khorezm Shahs met Mongols Genghis Khan for the first time . Dschand was after failed negotiations probably in 1220 by a Mongol army under Jochi conquered and plundered. In the following year, Jand served as the starting point for a campaign against Gurgandsch .

Yāqūt ar-Rūmī reported in his geographical dictionary from the beginning of the 13th century that the residents of Jand adhered to the Hanafi school of law. The city was now under the rule of the Mongols and nothing is known about the fate of its inhabitants. A Chagatan historian later mentioned construction work by a khans of the White Horde in Jand, which probably dates back to the 14th century.

literature

Remarks

  1. ^ Eugene Schuyler : Turkistan. Notes of a journey in Russian Turkistan, Khokand, Bukhara, and Kuldja. Volume 1. London 1876, pp. 62-63 ( digitizedhttp: //vorlage_digitalisat.test/1%3D~GB%3D~IA%3D~MDZ%3D%0A11333164~SZ%3D86~ double-sided%3D~LT%3D~PUR%3D ); Emil Bretschneider : Mediæval Researches From Eastern Asiatic Sources. Volume 2. London 1919, pp. 95-96 ( Textarchiv - Internet Archive ).
  2. ↑ Wassili Wladimirowitsch Bartold : Turkestan down to the Mongol Invasion. 2nd Edition. London 1928 ( EJW Gibb Memorial Series ), p. 178 with footnote 7 ( Textarchiv - Internet Archive ).
  3. ↑ In the footsteps of the ancient Choresm culture. Berlin 1953 (14th Supplement to “ Soviet Science ”), pp. 66–69.
  4. ↑ Nadezhda Pljaskina: Тайна города Джент. In: Время. December 23, 2009, accessed May 23, 2020 .
  5. ↑ Казахстанские археологи обнаружили легендарный город Джент. In: nur.kz. February 6, 2012, accessed May 23, 2020 .
  6. ↑ Hudūd al-ʿĀlam. 'The Regions of the World' a Persian Geography 372 AH – 982 AD Translated and explained by Vladimir Fyodorowitsch Minorsky . London 1937, pp. 122 and 371 ( Textarchiv - Internet Archive ).
  7. ↑ Bosworth ( EI ² 12, p. 245) referred, inter alia, to SP Tolstow, since then there have been further excavations, cf. z. B. Irina Aržanceva, Heinrich Härke and Azilkhan Tažekeev: Džankent - an early medieval "swamp town". In: Archeology in Germany (2013) 3, pp. 60–61 ( JSTOR 26320205 ).
  8. ↑ Claude Cahen : Le Malik-nameh et l'histoire des origines seljukides. In: Oriens 2 (1949) 1, pp. 31-65, here pp. 43-45 ( JSTOR 1579404 ).
  9. ^ WW Bartold: Turkestan down to the Mongol Invasion. 2nd Edition. London 1928, p. 302 ( Textarchiv - Internet Archive ).
  10. ^ WW Bartold: Turkestan down to the Mongol Invasion. 2nd Edition. London 1928, p. 304 ( Text Archive - Internet Archive ); Omeljan Pritsak : The decline of the empire of the Oghuz Yabghu. In: The Annals of the Ukrainian Academy of Arts and Sciences in the United States 2 (1952) 2 (4), pp. 279-292 ( PDF, 239 KB ).
  11. ^ WW Bartold: Turkestan down to the Mongol Invasion. 2nd Edition. London 1928, p. 314 ( Textarchiv - Internet Archive ).
  12. ↑ Another example: Heribert Horst: The state administration of the Grosselǧūqen and Ḫōrazmšāhs (1038–1231). An investigation according to the document forms of the time. Wiesbaden 1964 ( Publications of the Oriental Commission 18), I 13, pp. 121-122, cf. ibid. pp. 45-46 ( MENAdoc ).
  13. ↑ For the context cf. Timothy May: Muhammad II Khwarazmshah Meets Chinggis Khan. A Tale of Hubris and Failed Leadership in the Thirteenth Century. In: Martin Gutmann (Ed.): Historians on Leadership and Strategy. Cham 2020, ISBN 978-3-030-26089-7 , pp. 215-232 ( DOI: 10.1007 / 978-3-030-26090-3 12 ).
  14. ^ WW Bartold: Turkestan down to the Mongol Invasion. 2nd Edition. London 1928, pp. 415-416 ( Text Archive - Internet Archive ).
  15. ^ WW Bartold: Four Studies on the History of Central Asia. Volume 2. Ulugh-Beg. Leiden 1958, p. 101 ( Textarchiv - Internet Archive ).