Elisabeth of Poland

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Elisabeth of Poland ( Elżbieta Łokietkówna in Polish ; * 1305 ; † December 29, 1380 in Budapest ) was Queen of Hungary and Croatia from 1320 to 1342 and regent of Poland on behalf of her son Ludwig from 1370 . She came from the noble family of the Kujavian Piasts .

Life

Elisabeth was born as the daughter of the Polish king Władysław I. Ellenlang and his wife Hedwig von Kalisch .

On July 6, 1320 she was married to Charles I Robert , King of Hungary, Croatia and Dalmatia, after his first two wives Maria von Beuthen and Beatrix von Luxemburg died after a short marriage. As a result of this marriage, an alliance was established between Hungary and Poland, which represented a counterweight to the Luxembourgers in Bohemia and the empire and for some time co-determined the political situation in Central Europe.

The couple had five sons:

  • Karl (* 1321)
  • Ladislaus (1324-1329),
  • Ludwig I (1326–1382), King of Hungary and Poland
  • Andreas , Prince of Calabria and Naples (1327-1345),
  • Stephan , Prince of Slavonia (1332–1354).

Elisabeth's brother Casimir , later King of Poland, tried to seduce one of her ladies-in-waiting, Clara, daughter of the magnate Felicián Zách, in 1330, but was turned away by the latter and then violently dishonored her. Then he left. Clara's indignant father suspected Elisabeth of aiding and abetting, one day rushed into the room where the royal family was sitting at dinner with his sword drawn and attacked the queen with his weapon. She wanted to fend off the prank with her right hand, but lost four fingers in the process. Her husband was also injured during the intervention, but Felicián Zách was eventually gutted by the servants. Elisabeth's lady-in-waiting Clara had her nose, lips and ears cut off; afterwards it was presented to the people in this state.

When Karl I Robert died in 1342, his son Ludwig followed him as King of Hungary. Elisabeth's second son Andreas had married Johanna I of Naples, but she refused to make him King of Naples and to participate in the government. Johanna also received the support of Pope Clement VI for her approach . Andreas feared for his life and wrote to his mother that he was receiving unworthy treatment. Elisabeth therefore traveled to see him in southern Italy in 1343. Allegedly she bribed the Pope so that he could crown her son king. On September 18, 1345, Andreas was strangled, possibly with the knowledge of his wife.

Elisabeth was very pious, founded and promoted several Hungarian churches and monasteries with her son Ludwig and particularly favored the Franciscan order . Her brother had as Casimir III. 1333 ascended the Polish throne, but he had no sons. After his death in November 1370 he was succeeded by Elisabeth's son Ludwig, who ruled not only in Hungary, but now also in Poland. He made his dominant mother regent in Poland. Elisabeth was unpopular with the Polish nobility and clergy; Ludwig was also accused of neglecting Polish interests. In December 1376 there was an uprising against Elisabeth in Cracow , which killed over a hundred of her Hungarian followers. The regent herself had to flee and went to Hungary.

Elisabeth of Poland died at the end of 1380 and was buried in the Poor Clare Monastery in Budapest.

Patron

Reliquary of Elisabeth of Poland, attributed to Jean de Touyl, around 1350

The queen was a well-known art patron and founder of many shrines, which she furnished with wonderful treasures. Fine examples of the Queen's founding include the 1350 silver reliquary with Virgin and Child in the Metropolitan Museum of Art , attributed to Jean de Touyl, most likely created for the Poor Clare Monastery in Buda , also founded by the Queen in 1334 and silver reliquary of St. Nicholas in the form of a Gothic church from 1344, ascribed to Pietro di Simone Gallico in the Museo Nicolaiano in Bari . Elisabeth also inspired the foundation of the Hungarian Chapel in Aachen and sponsored some of their treasures.

literature

  • Brigitte Sokop: Family tables of European rulers . 3rd edition Vienna 1993.
  • G. Labuda: Elisabeth 11 . In: Lexicon of the Middle Ages (LexMA). Volume 3, Artemis & Winkler, Munich / Zurich 1986, ISBN 3-7608-8903-4 , Sp. 1835.

Remarks

  1. ^ A b G. Labuda: Elisabeth 11 . In: Lexicon of the Middle Ages (LexMA). Volume 3, Artemis & Winkler, Munich / Zurich 1986, ISBN 3-7608-8903-4 , Sp. 1835.
  2. ^ A. Herrmann: Elisabeth (in Hungary) 1 . In: Johann Samuelansch , Johann Gottfried Gruber (Ed.): General Encyclopedia of Sciences and Arts , 1st section, 33rd volume (1840), p. 372 ( online ); Élisabeth , in: Louis Gabriel Michaud (Ed.): Biographie universelle , 2nd edition, 1843 ff., Vol. 12, p. 363 f.
  3. ↑ Ludger Lieb, Klaus Oschema, Johannes Heil: Abrahams Erbe: Competition, Conflict and Coexistence of Religions in the European Middle Ages , 2015, p. 344 ( online on Google Books ).
  4. ^ Jörg K. Hoensch : Emperor Sigismund. Rulers on the threshold of modern times 1368-1437 , CH Beck Verlag, Munich 1996, pp. 45 and 48.
  5. ↑ a b c Benyóné Dr. Mojzsis Dóra: Erzsébet királyné, Óbuda mecénása. obudaianziksz.hu, accessed July 30, 2019 .
  6. ↑ Reliquary Shrine. www.metmuseum.org, accessed July 30, 2019 .
  7. ^ Marcin Latka: Reliquary founded by Elizabeth of Poland. artinpl, accessed July 30, 2019 .
  8. ^ Marcin Latka: Medieval Polish-Hungarian treasures in Aachen. artinpl, accessed July 30, 2019 .
predecessor Office Successor
Beatrix of Luxembourg Queen of Hungary
1320–1342 		Margaret of Luxembourg
personal data
SURNAME Elisabeth of Poland
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Elżbieta Łokietkówna (Polish)
BRIEF DESCRIPTION Polish nobles, Queen of Hungary, Croatia and Dalmatia and Regent of Poland
DATE OF BIRTH 1305
DATE OF DEATH December 29, 1380
Place of death Budapest