Emmanuel Quiring

Emmanuel Quiring, Soviet postage stamp, 1988

Emmanuel Quiring ( Russian Эммануи́л Ио́нович Кви́ринг , translit .: Emmanuil Ionowitsch Kwiring ; * September 1 ^July / September 13,  1888 ^greg. In Fresental (today: Novolipowka), Samara Governorate , Russian Empire in Moscow ; † ) November 25, 1937 was a Soviet politician of German origin. From October 1918 to March 1919, and from April 1923 to March 1925, he was chairman of the Communist Party of Ukraine . He was executed by the NKVD .

Life

He came from a Russian-German family from the Fresental colony ( Russian Фрезенталь , also Frösental , or New Shepherd ) on the Great Karaman , in what was then the Russian governorate of Samara . This 80 km east of Saratov on the left side of the Volga preferred place 1849 was originally from West Prussia originating Mennonite founded settlers. However, the majority of the residents had already changed their denomination around 1862 when a Lutheran parish was established in the village . Emmanuel Quiring was born there in 1888 and attended the five-class village school. In 1906 he went to Saratov and found a job in a pharmacy there. There he began to get involved in the trade union movement. In 1911 he joined the Russian Social Democratic Labor Party . In 1912 he went to Saint Petersburg and attended a commercial course there. In the same year he joined the Bolshevik faction . He became an employee of the then newly founded newspaper Pravda and in 1913 and 1914 he was General Secretary of the Bolshevik faction in the Duma . Because of his political activities he was arrested repeatedly in 1914 and finally expelled from Saint Petersburg. He therefore went to Yekaterinoslav , today's Dnipro in Ukraine .

Burial of victims of Petlyura's rule , 1919. In the stands (from right to left) Antonov-Ovsejenko , Rakovsky , Pyatakov , Quiring, NA Skripnik , Bubnow

In the revolutionary year of 1917 he took an active part in the events. In 1917 and 1918 he was chairman of the committee of the Bolshevik faction of the RSDLP in Yekaterinoslav, chairman of the local Military Revolutionary Committee (MilRevKom) and finally chairman of the Yekaterinoslav Soviet . In 1918 and 1919 he was secretary of the Communist Party of Ukraine and a member of the Kursk-based Provisional Workers 'and Peasants' Government of Ukraine under Georgy Pyatakov . He was involved in the fighting against the troops of the bourgeois government of the Ukrainian People's Republic , against Ukrainian nationalists under Hetman Pavlo Skoropadskyj , and against Denikin's White Army . From January to July 1919 he was a member of the Council for National Economy of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic proclaimed by the Bolsheviks in Kharkov . At the same time, Polish troops marched into western Ukraine in the course of the Polish-Soviet war . From October to November 1920 Quiring was a member of the Revolutionary Committee (RevKom) in the Chernigov Governorate . From November 1920 he was a member of the Soviet delegation to the negotiations with Poland, which ended in March 1921 in the Peace of Riga , in which the West Ukrainian People's Republic with Lviv was ceded to Poland. From 1920 to 1922 he was also secretary of the regional party committee in Donetsk .

After the end of the civil war, which the Bolsheviks won, Quiring concentrated on the economy and building the state and party. On May 8, 1923, he succeeded Dmitri Manuilski as secretary of the Communist Party of Ukraine and thus party leader. In December 1925 he was replaced in this post by Lasar Kaganowitsch . Stalin now wanted a " Ukrainization " of politics, in which the Ukrainian language and culture and local cadres were promoted. Kaganowitsch, who was born in Kiev , was better suited to this than the Volga German Quiring. However, this remained in the Central Committee and until 1927 second secretary. As an economic expert, he was also appointed to the Gosplan for the entire Soviet Union. In 1931 he became Deputy People's Commissar of the USSR for Railways and from 1932 to 1934 Deputy Chairman of the Raw Materials Fund in the Labor and Defense Council under the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR (СТО СССР). From 1932 to 1937 he was also director of the Economic Institute of the Communist Academy in Moscow. There he was also able to catch up on academic training and received his doctorate in economics in 1934 .

In early 1937, in the course of the Stalinist purges, more and more members of the communist elite and revolutionaries from the very beginning were arrested and charged. This turned into a great terror . Quiring was arrested in Moscow on October 16, 1937. On November 25, 1937, he was sentenced to death in an accelerated trial by the Military College of the Supreme Court of the USSR and shot on the same day .

In the course of the de-Stalinization under Nikita Khrushchev , Emmanuel Quiring was posthumously rehabilitated on March 14, 1956 by a decision of the Supreme Court of the USSR. On March 27, 1956, the CPSU Central Committee also reversed its exclusion from the party .

Quiring had a brother, Erich Ionowitsch Quiring, who had also been a Bolshevik from 1912 and chairman of the Cheka in Dagestan from 1920 to 1921 . After that, its track is lost.

Individual evidence

1. ↑ wolgadeutsche.ucoz.ru: Forum - Novo-Lipowka (Ger./rus .; Google Cache)
2. ^ Lydia Klötzel: The Russian Germans between autonomy and emigration , LIT Verlag Münster, 1999, ISBN 9783825836658 , p. 105 (incorrect spelling of the place of birth)
3. ↑ Google Maps: E 46 ° 57 'N 51 ° 21'
4. ↑ knowbysight.info - History of the Communist Party and the Soviet Union 1898 - 1991: Квиринг Эммануил Ионович (Russian)
5. ↑ hrono.info: Квиринг Эммануил Ионович (Russian)
6. ↑ knowbysight.info - History of the Communist Party and the Soviet Union 1898 - 1991: Квиринг Эрих Ионович (Russian)