The leaves , standing together in a dense, spreading, basal rosette are thick, linear and taper off into a sharp point. The leaf margins are very hard and thorny sawn. Usually the underside of the leaf is scaled white.
A very strong inflorescence stem is formed at the end. The simple or rarely branched, racemose inflorescences are up to 2 meters long. The stalked, hermaphrodite, radial symmetry blooms are triple double perianth (perianth). There are three sepals . The three petals are yellow or greenish-yellow. There are two circles with three fertile stamens each. The base of the stamens is not fused, which distinguishes the genus Encholirium from the genus Dyckia . Three carpels have become a top permanent ovary grown. The cylindrical, straight stylus ends in a three-lobed scar.
A special feature is the observation that Encholirium glaziovii , now a synonym for Encholirium subsecundum, is pollinated by a species of the Lonchophyllinae , Lonchophylla bokermanni , and that Encholirium vogelii is also expected to pollinate because of its flower structure; the vast majority of the species in the Bromeliaceae family are pollinated by birds.
Fruits and seeds
Triple capsule fruits are formed that contain many winged seeds. The wedge-shaped seeds are provided with a skin border. The seeds are dispersed by the wind.
The genus Encholirium was first published in 1830 with the type species Encholirium spectabile Mart. ex Schult. & Schult. f. by Carl Friedrich Philipp von Martius with Joseph August Schultes and Julius Hermann Schultes in Johann Jacob Römer and Julius Hermann Schultes: Systema Vegetabilium , 7, 2, p. 1233. The generic name Encholirium derives from the Greek words enchos for spear and leiron for lily from. In some publications the incorrect, invalid spelling “Encholirion” is used. By RC Forzza, some previous species were synonymous in 2005, mostly from Encholirium spectabile Martius ex Schultes f. in Revisão taxonômica de Encholirium Mart. ex Schult. & Schult. f. (Pitcairnioideae - Bromeliaceae) in Boletim de botánica , Departamento de Botánica, Instituto de Biociencias, Universidade de São Paulo. São Paulo, Volume 23, Issue 1, pp. 1-49.
Encholirium forms a monophyletic group with Deuterocohnia and Dyckia , so they go back to a common ancestor. They belong to the subfamily Pitcairnioideae within the Bromeliaceae .
All encholirium TYPES come only in Brazil before. Most species are native to the state of Minas Gerais . They only thrive in sunny areas between rocks at altitudes of 15 to 2000 meters, but mostly 900 to 1500 meters.
Up to 2005 there were about 42, since 2014 about 29 species in the genus Encholirium :
Encholirium agavoides Forzza & Zappi : This species, first described in 2011, only occurs on rocks in the Brazilian state of Minas Gerais .
Encholirium anteroi P.J. Braun, Esteves & R. Esteves Pereira : Was described in 2020 from the northeast of the Brazilian state of Goias
Encholirium ascendens Leme : This species, first described in 2010, thrives on rocks only at altitudes of about 715 meters in the Brazilian state of Minas Gerais.
Encholirium belemii L.B.Sm. & RWRead : This species, first described in 1990, only occurs in the Brazilian state of Minas Gerais.
Encholirium biflorum (Mez) Forzza : This species, first described in 2005, only occurs in the Brazilian state of Minas Gerais.
Encholirium brachypodum L.B.Sm. & RWRead : It forms large populations directly on bare rocks, but only in small areas in the Brazilian state of Minas Gerais.
Encholirium bracteatum P.J. Braun & Esteves : It was described in 2017 from the west of the Brazilian state of Bahia.
Encholirium bradeanum L.B.Sm. : It occurs only in the Brazilian state of Minas Gerais.
Encholirium ctenophyllum Forzza & Zappi : This species, first described in 2011, only occurs on rocks in the Brazilian state of Minas Gerais.
Encholirium diamantinum Forzza : This species, first described in 2012, only occurs at altitudes between 810 and 1170 meters in the Brazilian state of Minas Gerais.
Encholirium disjunctum Forzza : It thrives individually or in small groups at altitudes of about 300 meters only in the Brazilian state of Goiás .
Encholirium eddie-estevesii Leme & Forzza : It was first described in 2002 from the Brazilian state of Goiás. It forms large stocks on limestone cliffs of the "Parque Estadual de Terra Ronca".
Encholirium glaziovii Mez (Syn .: Encholirium subsecundum sensu LBSm. Non (Baker) Mez ): It thrives directly on rocks or on rocky subsoil at altitudes of about 1000 meters only in the Brazilian state of Minas Gerais.
Encholirium gracile L.B.Sm. : It thrives with many specimens directly on the rock in the Brazilian states of Espirito Santo and Minas Gerais.
Encholirium heloisae (LBSm.) Forzza & Wanderley (Syn .: Encholirium sazimae Rauh ): It was first described in 1989 from the Brazilian state of Minas Gerais. It thrives on stony soils over sandstone.
Encholirium horridum L.B.Sm. (Syn .: Encholirium dyckioides M.B.Foster ): It thrives on rocks only in the Brazilian state of Espírito Santo .
Encholirium irwinii L.B.Smith : It thrives on rocky banks of flowing waters at altitudes of around 900 meters only in the Brazilian state of Minas Gerais.
Encholirium josinoi-narcisae P.J. Braun & Esteves : Was described in 2018 from the northeast of the Brazilian state of Goias
Encholirium longiflorum Leme : It thrives in the Cerrado or in the transition areas to the Caatinga in the Brazilian states of Minas Gerais and Bahia .
Encholirium luxor L.B.Sm. & RWRead (Syn .: Encholirium piresianum L.B.Sm. & RWRead ): It thrives directly on rocks in the Brazilian states of Goias, Minas Gerais and in the federal district of Distrito Federal do Brasil .
Encholirium magalhaesii L.B.Sm. (Syn .: encholirium crassiscapum E.Gross , encholirium suzannae roughness ): It thrives in the so-called Campo, Cerrado and on rock slopes at an altitude of about 1350 meters only in the Brazilian state of Minas Gerais.
Encholirium maximum Forzza & Leme : It was first described in 2002 from the Brazilian state of Bahia. It always thrives directly on rocks.
Encholirium pedicellatum (Mez) Rauh : It thrives in rocky areas, preferentially on soils above sandstone only in the Brazilian state of Minas Gerais.
Encholirium pierre-braunii Esteves : Was described in 2017 from the west of the Brazilian state of Bahia
Encholirium pulchrum Forzza, Leme & OBCRibeiro : This species, which was first described in 2012, only occurs at altitudes of around 830 meters in the Brazilian state of Minas Gerais.
Encholirium reflexum Forzza & Wanderley : It was first described in 2001 from the Brazilian state of Minas Gerais. It was previously only found in the mining area of Cadeia do Espinhaco and always thrives directly on rocks.
Encholirium scrutor (LBSm.) Rauh (Syn .: Encholirium carmineoviridiflorum Rauh , Encholirium inerme Rauh ): It usually thrives in dense stands in rocky areas, on soils above sandstone only in the Brazilian state of Minas Gerais.
Encholirium spectabile Martius ex Schultes f. (Syn .: encholirium bahianum L.B.Sm. & RWRead , encholirium densiflorum Ule , encholirium harleyi L.B.Sm. & RWRead , encholirium hoehneanum L.B.Sm. , encholirium lutzii L.B.Sm. , encholirium paraibae L.B.Sm. & RWRead , encholirium patens L.B.Sm. , Encholirium pernambucanum L.B.Sm. & RWRead , Encholirium rupestre Ule ): It thrives on rocks in northeast Brazil. The type location Ilha do Fogo could be visited again in 2018 after almost two centuries.
Encholirium subsecundum (Baker) Mez non LBSm. : It thrives on rocks at altitudes of 1200 to 1400 meters only in the Brazilian state of Minas Gerais.
Encholirium viride P.J. Braun & Esteves : Was described in 2017 from the northwest of the Brazilian state of Minas Gerais.
Encholirium viridicentrum Leme & OBCRibeiro : It was first described in 2014 from the Brazilian state of Minas Gerais. It thrives individually or in groups of a few to a few specimens, which sometimes form dense stands, directly on rocks of quartzite outcrops at altitudes of about 1280 meters in the "Campos Rupestres" vegetation.
Encholirium vogelii Rauh : It thrives at altitudes of around 1480 meters only in the Brazilian state of Minas Gerais.
swell
Werner Rauh : Bromeliads - Tillandsias and other bromeliads worthy of culture. Verlag Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart 1990, ISBN 3-8001-6371-3
Lyman B. Smith , RJ Downs: Flora Neotropica , Monograph 14, Part 1, Pitcairnioideae (Bromeliaceae) , Hafner Press, New York, 1974. Encholirium from p. 191
↑
Ivan Sazima, Stefan Vogel & Marlies Sazima: Bat pollination of Encholirium glaziovii, a terrestrial bromeliad , In: Plant Systematics and Evolution , Volume 168, Numbers 3–4, 1989, pp. 167–179: doi: 10.1007 / BF00936097
↑ Braun, PJ & Gonçalves Brito, B. (2018): Xeromorphic Bromeliads from Brazil (II): Encholirium spectabile at the Type Locality. In: Die Bromelie , 2018, Issue 3, pp. 108-113.
Supplementary literature
Marcelo Mattos Cavallari, Rafaela Campostrini Forzza, Elizabeth Ann Veasey, Maria Imaculada Zucchi, Giancarlo Conde Xavier Oliveira: Genetic Variation in Three Endangered Species of Encholirium (Bromeliaceae) from Cadeia do Espinhaço, Brazil, Setected using RAPD Markers. In: Biodiversity and Conservation , Volume 15, Number 14, 2006, pp. 4357–4373. doi: 10.1007 / s10531-005-3741-5
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