Hendra virus
| Hendra virus | ||||||||||||||||||||
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| Hendra henipavirus | ||||||||||||||||||||
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The Hendra virus ( HeV ) is a virus species from the Paramyxoviridae family . It was described as the first representative of the later genus Henipavirus in 1995 and is named after the location of the first documented outbreak in 1994 in the suburb of Hendra in the city of Brisbane , Australia . Initially, the Hendra virus was called " Equines Morbillivirus " because of its morphological similarity to the measles virus . It is the causative agent of an often severe infection in horses and humans. The biological reservoir of the Hendra virus is made up of flying foxes , which infect the horses through an as yet unexplained transmission path. Humans can become infected through contact with nasal secretions and urine from sick horses. Infections with Hendra virus are very rare and so far only described in Australia; Although the infection is highly lethal , the virus is not very contagious .
discovery
A pregnant mare who had been brought in from a distant paddock two days earlier died in a horse stable in Hendra / Brisbane in September 1994. Eight to eleven days later, 17 other horses developed a febrile respiratory infection with dyspnoea , tachycardia and ataxia . Of these 17, 14 died or were culled after a few days . Five and six days after the index mare's death, two people working in the stables fell ill and showed flu-like symptoms; one person developed severe atypical pneumonia ( inflammation of the lungs ), kidney failure, and arterial thrombosis . Death occurred after 7 days from cardiac arrest as part of an ARDS . A virus isolated from the kidneys of this patient and initially called " Morbillivirus " showed the same properties as the virus cultivated from the lungs of the deceased horses.
These cases of infection were well documented and cleared up because there is a virological research center for the state of Queensland in Brisbane .
illness
The Hendra virus was found in fruit bats of the genus Pteropus as its natural reservoir. The virus is likely to be transmitted across the placenta ; H. the animals are already infected at birth. It has been shown experimentally that the virus is difficult to transmit and is therefore considered to be less contagious. The transmission path from the fruit bats to horses has not yet been clarified; In addition to transmission through excretions (similar to hantaviruses ), transmission through ticks is also discussed. Humans can likely become infected through direct contact with nasal secretions and urine from diseased horses; apparently only some of the infected people become ill. So far only three diseases have been described in humans, two of which were fatal.
In addition to the typical symptoms of an infection of the upper respiratory tract, the disease in horses also shows severe pneumonia, partial kidney failure and neurological deficits (ataxia, paralysis) as signs of encephalitis . No specific treatment or vaccination is available. Due to the rarity of the disease, there is also little data on antibody development in humans.
In July 2011, antibodies against the virus were first detected in a dog. When the animal had contact with the virus or whether it showed signs of disease in the past remained unclear.
therapy
In October 2011, the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) reported the first successful therapies with the specific monoclonal antibody m102.4.
Web links
- Reference sequence of the Hendra virus
- Information from the CDC to Hendra and Nipah virus (English)
- Hendra Virus (NCBI) Taxonomy Page
- Dezhong Xu, Huimin Sun, Haixia Su, Lei Zhang; Jingxia Zhang, Bo Wang, Rui Xu: SARS coronavirus without reservoir originated from an unnatural evolution, experienced the reverse evolution, and finally disappeared in the world , in: Chinese Medical Journal, Volume 127, No. 13, July 5, 2014, p . 2537-2542, doi: 10.3760 / cma.j.issn.0366-6999.20131328
Individual evidence
- ↑ ICTV Master Species List 2018b.v2 . MSL # 34, March 2019
- ↑ a b ICTV: ICTV Taxonomy history: Akabane orthobunyavirus , EC 51, Berlin, Germany, July 2019; Email ratification March 2020 (MSL # 35)
- ↑ K. Murray, R. Rogers, L. Selvey, P. Selleck et al .: A novel morbillivirus pneumonia of horses and its transmission to humans . In: Emerging Infectious Diseases , 1995, Jan-Mar; 1 (1), pp. 31-33, PDF
- ^ LA Selvey, RM Wells, JG McCormack et al .: Infection of humans and horses by a newly described morbillivirus. In: Medical Journal of Australia , 1995, June 19; 162 (12), pp. 642-645, PMID 7603375
- ^ K Murray, P Selleck, P Hooper et al .: A morbillivirus that caused fatal disease in horses and humans . In: Science , 1995, April 7, 268 (5207), pp. 94-97
- ^ K Halpin, PL Young, HE Field, JS Mackenzie: Isolation of Hendra virus from pteropid bats: a natural reservoir of Hendra virus. ( Memento of the original from April 27, 2010 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. In: Journal of General Virology , 2000, Vol. 81, No. 8, pp. 1927-1932 (with illustration of the Hendra virus)
- ^ MM Williamson, PT Hooper et al .: Transmission studies of Hendra virus (equine morbillivirus) in fruit bats, horses and cats . In: Australian Veterinary Journal , 1998, 76 (12), pp. 813-818
- ^ SC Barker: The Australian paralysis tick may be the missing link in the transmission of Hendra virus from bats to horses to humans . In: Medical Hypothesesis , 2003, 60 (4), pp. 481-483
- ↑ Hendra virus infection confirmed in a dog . ( Memento of the original from September 14, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. Queensland Government, Department of Primary Industries and Fisheries, July 26, 2011
- ^ Antibody treatment protects monkeys from Hendra virus disease . National Institutes of Health (NIH), nih.gov
- ↑ K. Bossart et al: stm.sciencemag.org Neutralizing Human Monoclonal Antibody Protects African Green Monkeys from Hendra Virus Challenge . In: Sci Transl Med , 3: 105ra103, October 19, 2011
- ↑ Hendra: Antibodies protects against death virus ( page no longer available , search in web archives ) Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. . In: Deutsches Ärzteblatt , October 20, 2011
