Etlingera

Etlingera
	Torch ginger ( Etlingera elatior )
Systematics
	Monocots
	Commelinids
Order :	Gingery (Zingiberales)
Family :	Ginger family (Zingiberaceae)
Subfamily :	Alpinioideae
Genre :	Etlingera
Scientific name
	Etlingera
	Giseke

Etlingera is a genus in the subfamily Alpinioideae within the family of Zingiberaceae (Zingiberaceae), which to the monocots belongs. The approximately 144 species are distributed from subtropical and tropical Asia to islands in the southern Pacific. Many species are used by humans as food, aromatic and medicinal plants or as ornamental plants.

description

The plant base of Etlingera hemisphaerica

Bracts and flower details of Etlingera hemisphaerica

Illustration of Etlingera hemisphaerica

Bracts and flower details of Etlingera hemisphaerica

Illustration by Etlingera elatior from Curtis's botanical magazine ..., London, 1832, volume 59, plate 3192

Vegetative characteristics

Etlingera species are large, perennial herbaceous plants that reach heights of up to 8 meters. They form creeping, thick rhizomes as persistence organs. Usually robust “pseudostems” are formed from mostly many leaves.

In the lower area of the "pseudostem" there are relatively long leaf sheaths. The ligules are simple or bilobed. The large leaves are divided into petioles and lanceolate leaf blades.

Generative characteristics

A short to very long inflorescence stem develops directly from the rhizome. Above many, often conspicuous, bracts are a long tubular bract, each with a flower , in a terminal, spiked or capillary inflorescence on a flat base of inflorescence in three to four concentric circles, each with a bract.

The hermaphrodite, zygomorphic flowers are threefold with double perianths . The flower colors range from yellow to red. The three membranous sepals are fused tubular. The three petals are fused with corolla lobes, which are much shorter than the corolla tube. The crown is at least as long as the cup. Only the middle stamen of the inner circle is fertile ; it has a short, very broad stamen and is generally shorter than the labellum. The anthers bent forward has no appendages. All other stamens are transformed into staminodes and at least one or three are missing. The two lateral staminodes of the outer circle and the middle staminode of the outer circle are missing. The two lateral staminodes of the inner circle have grown together to form a so-called labellum ; it represents the most conspicuous part of the flower. The tongue-shaped labellum has three lobes that are much longer than the corolla lobes. The middle labellum flap is conspicuously colored and the two lateral flaps are folded at their base over the fertile stamen. The base of the labellum is fused with the stamen. Three fruit leaves are a dreikammerigen ovary grown with many ovules in each ovary chamber.

The fruits are in a spherical or elongated collective fruit (syncarp). The spherical to egg-shaped, fleshy capsule fruits have a smooth surface, with longitudinal grooves or rows of blunt warts and contain many seeds in each of the three fruit compartments. The seeds have an aril .

The chromosome numbers are 2n = 48.

Systematics and distribution

The genus Etlingera belongs to the tribe Alpinieae in the subfamily of the Alpinioideae within the family of the Zingiberaceae .

The genus Etlingera was first published in 1792 by Paul Dietrich Giseke in Praelectiones in ordines naturales plantarum ad , 202, 209. The generic name Etlingera honors the botanist Andreas Ernst Etlinger (1756–1785). Type species is Etlingera littoralis (J.König) Giseke . Synonyms for Etlingera Giseke are: Achasma handle. , Bojeria Raf. , Diracodes flower nom. rej ., Geanthus Reinw. nom. illeg., Nicolaia Horan. , Phaeomeria Lindl. ex K.Schum.

The main distribution area is Indonesia . Etlingera species occur from the Himalayas via India , China and Thailand to Indonesia, Malaysia and northern Australia ( Queensland ). On Borneo , there are about 42 species.

The genus Etlingera contains about 144 species since 2017:

Etlingera corneri

Torch ginger ( Etlingera elatior )

Etlingera fulgens

Etlingera hemisphaerica

Etlingera megalocheilless

Etlingera acanthodes A.D.Poulsen : It was from 2012 Sulawesi firstdescribed.
Etlingera aculeatissima A.D. Poulsen : It was first described in 2012 from Sulawesi.
Etlingera alba (flower) ADPoulsen (Syn .: Etlingera rosea B.L.Burtt & RMSm. ): It occurs from northern Sulawesi to western New Guinea.
Etlingera albolutea A.D. Poulsen & Mood : It occurs on Sabah.
Etlingera amomoides A.D. Poulsen & Mood : It occurs in Borneo.
Etlingera angustifolia (Valeton) RMSm. : It occurs in western New Guinea.
Etlingera apus-hang C.K. Lim : It occurs in Thailand and on the Malay Peninsula.
Etlingera araneosa (Baker) RMSm. : It occurs in Thailand and on the Malay Peninsula.
Etlingera aulocheilos A.D. Poulsen : It was first described in 2012 from Sulawesi.
Etlingera aurantia A.D. Poulsen : It wasfirst describedin 2006 from Borneo .
Etlingera australasica (RMSm.) RMSm. : It occurs in northern Queensland.
Etlingera baculutea A.D. Poulsen & Ibrahim : It occurs in Borneo.
Etlingera balikpapanensis A.D.Poulsen : It was from 2006 Kalimantan firstdescribed.
Etlingera baramensis S. Sakai & Nagam. : It occurs in Sarawak .
Etlingera barioensis A.D.Poulsen : It was from 2006 Sarawak first described.
Etlingera belalongensis A.D.Poulsen : It comes in Brunei before.
Etlingera bicolor A.D. Poulsen : It was first described in 2012 from Sulawesi.
Etlingera biloba A.D. Poulsen : It was first described in 2012 from Sulawesi.
Etlingera borealis A.D. Poulsen : It was first described from Sulawesi in 2012.
Etlingera brachychila (Ridl.) RMSm. (Syn .: Etlingera parva (Valeton) RMSm. ): It occurs in two varieties in Borneo and in western Java.
Etlingera brevilabrum (Valeton) RMSm. : It occurs in Borneo.
Etlingera bromeliopsis (Valeton) RMSm. : It occurs in western New Guinea.
Etlingera bullata A.D. Poulsen : It was first described in 2012 from Sulawesi.
Etlingera burttii A.D. Poulsen : It occurs in Borneo.
Etlingera calobates A.D.Poulsen : It was first described from Sulawesi 2012th
Etlingera calophrys (K.Schum.) ADPoulsen : It occurs in Sulawesi and Lombok .
Etlingera calycina (Valeton) RMSm. : It occurs in New Guinea.
Etlingera canarina A.D. Poulsen : It was first described in 2012 from Sulawesi.
Etlingera caudata A.D. Poulsen : It was first described in 2012 from Sulawesi.
Etlingera caudiculata (Ridl.) RMSm. : It occurs in Sumatra.
Etlingera cevuga (Seem.) RMSm. : It occurs in Fiji, Samoa, and Society Island.
Etlingera chlorodonta A.D.Poulsen : It was first described from Sulawesi 2012th
Etlingera chrysantha A.D. Poulsen : It was first described in 2012 from Sulawesi.
Etlingera coccinea (flower) S.Sakai & Nagam. : It occurs in Thailand, Vietnam, Malaysia, Sumatra, Borneo and Java.
Etlingera corneri Mood & Ibrahim : It occurs on the Thai and Malay Peninsula.
Etlingera corrugata A.D. Poulsen & Mood : It occurs in northern Borneo.
Etlingera crispata C.K. Lim : It occurs on the Malay Peninsula.
Etlingera cylindrica A.D. Poulsen : It was first described in 2012 from Sulawesi.
Etlingera dalican (Elmer) ADPoulsen : It occurs in Mindanao.
Etlingera dekockii (Valeton) RMSm. : It occurs in western New Guinea.
Etlingera densiuscula (Valeton) RMSm. : It occurs in Papua New Guinea.
Etlingera dictyota A.D. Poulsen & ALLamb : It occurs in Borneo.
Etlingera diepenhorstii (Teijsm. & Binn.) RMSm. : It occurs in Sumatra.
Etlingera doliiformis A.D.Poulsen : It was first described from Sulawesi 2012th
Etlingera eburnea A.D. Poulsen : It was first described in 2012 from Sulawesi.
Etlingera echinulata A.D. Poulsen : It was first described in 2012 from Sulawesi.
Torch ginger ( Etlingera elatior (Jack) RMSm. ): It is native to the Thai Peninsula, Malaysia, Sumatra, Borneo, Java and the Lesser Sunda Islands.
Etlingera elegans A.D. Poulsen : It was first described from Sulawesi in 2012.
Etlingera elliptica A.D. Poulsen : It was first described in 2012 from Sulawesi.
Etlingera facifera A.D.Poulsen : It occurs in Borneo.
Etlingera fenzlii (short) Škornick. & M.Sabu : It occurs on the Andaman and Nicobar Islands.
Etlingera fimbriobracteata (K.Schum.) RMSm. : It occurs in Sarawak.
Etlingera flavovirens A.D. Poulsen : It was first described from Sulawesi in 2012.
Etlingera flexuosa A.D. Poulsen : It was first described in 2012 from Sulawesi.
Etlingera foetens (flower) RMSm. : It occurs on Sumatra, Borneo and Java.
Etlingera frederikii A.D.Poulsen : It was first described 2017th So far it is only known from the type location on the island of Bougainville .
Etlingera fulgens (Ridl.) CKLim : It occurs in Thailand and Malaysia.
Etlingera goliathensis (Valeton) RMSm. : It occurs in western New Guinea.
Etlingera gracilis (Valeton) RMSm. : It occurs in Sumatra.
Etlingera grallata A.D.Poulsen : It was first described from Sulawesi 2012th
Etlingera grandiflora (Valeton) RMSm. : It occurs in Papua New Guinea.
Etlingera grandiligulata (K.Schum.) RMSm. : It occurs in Sumatra.
Etlingera harmandii (Gagnep.) RMSm. : It occurs in Laos and Vietnam.
Etlingera heliconiifolia (K.Schum.) ADPoulsen : It occurs in two subspecies in Sulawesi.
Etlingera hemisphaerica (flower) RMSm. : It occurs from Sumatra to Java.
Etlingera heyneana (Valeton) RMSm. : It occurs in Java.
Etlingera hyalina A.D. Poulsen : It was first described in 2012 from Sulawesi.
Etlingera insolita A.D. Poulsen : It occurs in Kalimantan.
Etlingera inundata S. Sakai & Nagam. : It occurs in Sarawak.
Etlingera isip A.D.Poulsen : It occurs in Borneo.
Etlingera kenyalang A.D. Poulsen & H.Chr. : It occurs in Sarawak.
Etlingera labellosa (K.Schum.) RMSm. : It occurs in Papua New Guinea.
Etlingera lagarophylla A.D. Poulsen : It occurs in Sarawak.
Etlingera latifolia (Valeton) RMSm. : It occurs in New Guinea.
Etlingera linguiformis (Roxb.) RMSm. : It occurs in India, Assam, Bangladesh, the eastern Himalayas and in Myanmar.
Etlingera littoralis (J.König) Giseke : It occurs from Hainan to Malaysia.
Etlingera loerzingii (Valeton) RMSm. : It occurs in Sumatra.
Etlingera longifolia (K.Schum.) ADPoulsen : It occurs in western Sumatra.
Etlingera longipetala (Valeton) RMSm. : It occurs in western New Guinea.
Etlingera longipetiolata (BLBurtt & RMSm.) RMSm. : It occurs in Sarawak.
Etlingera loroglossa (Gagnep.) RMSm. : It occurs in Assam.
Etlingera maingayi (Baker) RMSm. : It occurs in Thailand and Malaysia.
Etlingera megalocheilos (Griff.) ADPoulsen : It occurs in Malaysia, Sumatra, Borneo and Java.
Etlingera mendumiae A.D.Poulsen : It occurs in Sulawesi.
Etlingera metriocheilos (handle.) RMSm. (Syn .: Etlingera sphaerocephala (Baker) CKLim): It occurs in Malaysia and Borneo.
Etlingera minor (Ridl.) RMSm. : It occurs in Sumatra.
Etlingera moluccana (K.Schum.) RMSm. : It occurs on the Moluccas.
Etlingera mucida A.D. Poulsen : It was first described in 2012 from Sulawesi.
Etlingera mucronata A.D. Poulsen : It was first described in 2012 from Sulawesi.
Etlingera muluensis R.M.Sm. : It occurs in northern and northwestern Borneo.
Etlingera muriformis A.D. Poulsen : It occurs in Kalimantan.
Etlingera nasuta (K.Schum.) RMSm. : It occurs in two varieties in Sarawak.
Etlingera newmanii S. Sakai & Nagam. : It occurs in Sarawak.
Etlingera orbiculata A.D. Poulsen : It was first described in 2012 from Sulawesi.
Etlingera orophila A.D. Poulsen : It was first described in 2012 from Sulawesi.
Etlingera otiolophos A.D.Poulsen : It occurs in Sarawak.
Etlingera palangkensis A. Takano & Nagam. : It occurs in Kalimantan.
Etlingera pandanicarpa (Elmer) ADPoulsen : It occurs in the Philippines.
Etlingera pauciflora (Ridl.) RMSm. : It occurs in Thailand, Malaysia and Java.
Etlingera pausodipsus (K.Schum.) ADPoulsen : It occurs in Sulawesi.
Etlingera pavieana (Pierre ex Gagnep.) RMSm. : It occurs in Cambodia and Vietnam.
Etlingera peekelii (Valeton) RMSm. : It occurs in the Bismarck Archipelago.
Etlingera penicillata (K.Schum.) ADPoulsen : It occurs in Sulawesi.
Etlingera philippinensis (Ridl.) RMSm. : It occurs in the Philippines.
Etlingera polyantha (Valeton) RMSm. : It occurs in western New Guinea.
Etlingera polycarpa (K.Schum.) ADPoulsen : It occurs in two subspecies in Sulawesi.
Etlingera poulsenii Skornick. : It wasfirst describedfrom Vietnam in 2016.
Etlingera pubescens (BLBurtt & RMSm.) RMSm. : It occurs in Sarawak.
Etlingera punicea (Roxb.) RMSm. : It occurs in Sumatra.
Etlingera purpurea (Elmer) ADPoulsen : It occurs in Luzon.
Etlingera pyramidosphaera (K.Schum.) RMSm. : It occurs in Borneo and Sulawesi.
Etlingera rosamariae A.D. Poulsen & Gobilik : It occurs in Borneo.
Etlingera rubroloba A.D.Poulsen : It was first described from Sulawesi 2012th
Etlingera rubromarginata A.D. Poulsen & Mood : It occurs in Borneo.
Etlingera rubrostriata (Holttum) CKLim : It occurs in Thailand and Malaysia.
Etlingera sanguinea (Ridl.) RMSm. : It occurs in Kalimantan.
Etlingera sarasinorum (K.Schum.) ADPoulsen : It occurs in northern Sulawesi.
Etlingera sayapensis A.D. Poulsen & Ibrahim : It occurs in Sabah.
Etlingera sericea (Ridl.) RMSm. : It occurs in Sumatra.
Etlingera serrata A.D. Poulsen : It was first described in 2012 from Sulawesi.
Etlingera sessilanthera R.M.Sm. : It occurs in northwestern Borneo.
Etlingera solaris (flower) RMSm. : It occurs in Sumatra and Java.
Etlingera sorsogonensis (Elmer) ADPoulsen : It occurs in Luzon.
Etlingera spinulosa A.D. Poulsen : It was first described in 2012 from Sulawesi.
Etlingera stenophylla (K.Schum.) ADPoulsen : It occurs in northern Sulawesi.
Etlingera steringophora A.D.Poulsen : It was first described from Sulawesi 2012th
Etlingera sublimata A.D. Poulsen : It was first described in 2012 from central Sulawesi.
Etlingera subterranea (Holttum) RMSm. : It occurs on the Malay Peninsula.
Etlingera subulicalyx (Valeton) RMSm. : It occurs in Sumatra.
Etlingera sulfurea (R. Parker) RMSm. : It occurs in Myanmar.
Etlingera translucens A.D. Poulsen : It was first described in 2012 from Sulawesi.
Etlingera triorgyalis (Baker) RMSm. : It occurs on the Malay Peninsula.
Etlingera tubilabrum A.D.Poulsen : It was first described from Sulawesi 2012th
Etlingera urophylla A.D. Poulsen : It was first described in 2012 from Sulawesi.
Etlingera valida (K.Schum.) ADPoulsen : It occurs in Sumatra.
Etlingera velutina (Ridl.) RMSm. : It occurs in two subspecies in Borneo.
Etlingera venusta (Ridl.) RMSm. : It occurs in Thailand and Malaysia.
Etlingera versteegii (Valeton) RMSm. : It occurs in western New Guinea.
Etlingera vestita (Valeton) RMSm. : It occurs in Papua New Guinea.
Etlingera walang (flower) RMSm. : It occurs in Java.
Etlingera xanthantha A.D. Poulsen : It was first described in 2012 from Sulawesi.
Etlingera xanthoparyphe (K.Schum.) RMSm. : It occurs in Papua New Guinea.
Etlingera yessiae A.D.Poulsen : It was first described from Sulawesi 2012th
Etlingera yunnanensis (TLWu & SJChen) RMSm. : It occurs in southern Yunnan.

use

There are ways from which food or spices are obtained. Some types provide starting materials for the pharmaceutical industry . Many types of Etlingera are used in traditional Chinese medicine . Many species and their varieties are used as ornamental plants for tropical parks, gardens and as cut flowers.

swell

The genus Etlingera at the National Museum of Natural History (NMNH) of the Smithsonian Institution . (Sections Description and Distribution.)

literature

Axel Dalberg Poulsen: Etlingera of Sulawesi. Natural History Publications (Borneo), 2012, ISBN 978-983-812-138-5 . (Section systematics)
Axel Dalberg Poulsen: Etlingera of Borneo , Natural History Publications (Borneo), Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, 2006, 263 pages. (Sections Systematics and Distribution)
BL Burtt, RM Smith: Etlingera: The inclusive name for Achasma, Geanthus and Nicolaia (Zingiberaceae) , In: Notes from the Royal Botanic Garden, Edinburgh. Edinburgh and Glasgow , Volume 43, 1986, pp. 235-241.
LB Pedersen: Phylogenetic analysis of the subfamily Alpinioideae (Zingiberaceae), particularly Etlingera Giseke, based on nuclear and plastid DNA. , In: Plant Systematics and Evolution , Volume 245, 2004, pp. 239-258.
Delin Wu, Kai Larsen: Zingiberaceae. : Etlingera. , P. 356 - online with the same text as the printed work , In: Wu Zheng-yi, Peter H. Raven (Ed.): Flora of China. Volume 24: Flagellariaceae through Marantaceae , Science Press and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing and St. Louis, 2000, ISBN 0-915279-83-5 . (Section description)

Individual evidence

↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x ^y ^z ^aa ^ab ^ac ^ad ^ae ^af ^ag ^ah ^ai ^aj ^ak ^al ^am ^an ^ao ^ap ^aq ^ar ^as ^at ^au ^av ^aw ^ax ^ay ^az ^ba ^bb ^bc ^bd ^be ^bf ^bg ^bh ^bi ^bj ^bk ^bl ^bm ^bn ^bo ^bp ^bq ^br ^bs ^bt ^bu ^bv ^bw ^bx ^by ^bz ^ca ^cb ^cc ^cd ^ce ^cf ^cg ^ch ^ci ^cj ^ck ^cl ^cm ^cn ^co ^cp ^cq ^cr ^cs ^ct ^cu ^cv ^cw ^cx ^cy ^cz ^da ^db ^dc ^dd ^de ^df ^dg ^dh ^di ^dj ^dk ^dl ^dm ^dn ^do ^dp ^dq ^dr ^ds ^dt ^du ^dv ^dw ^dx ^dy ^dz ^ea ^eb ^ec ^ed ^ee ^ef ^eg ^eh ^ei ^ej ^ek ^el ^em ^en ^eo Rafaël Govaerts (ed .): Etlingera. In: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCSP) - The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew . Retrieved August 15, 2018.
↑ ^a ^b Delin Wu, Kai Larsen: Zingiberaceae. : Etlingera. , P. 356 - online with the same text as the printed work , In: Wu Zheng-yi, Peter H. Raven (Ed.): Flora of China. Volume 24: Flagellariaceae through Marantaceae , Science Press and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing and St. Louis, 2000, ISBN 0-915279-83-5 .
^ ^A ^b The genus Etlingera in the National Museum of Natural History (NMNH) of the Smithsonian Institution .
^ Etlingera in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Retrieved March 26, 2018.
↑ Axel Dalberg Poulsen, BB Bau: New Species of Etlingera (Zingiberaceae) from Bougainville Island, Papua New Guinea. In: Edinburgh Journal of Botany , Volume 74, Issue 2, July 2017, pp. 141–148. doi: 10.1017 / S0960428617000026

Web links

Commons : Etlingera - collection of images, videos and audio files

[WCSP-1] ↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x ^y ^z ^aa ^ab ^ac ^ad ^ae ^af ^ag ^ah ^ai ^aj ^ak ^al ^am ^an ^ao ^ap ^aq ^ar ^as ^at ^au ^av ^aw ^ax ^ay ^az ^ba ^bb ^bc ^bd ^be ^bf ^bg ^bh ^bi ^bj ^bk ^bl ^bm ^bn ^bo ^bp ^bq ^br ^bs ^bt ^bu ^bv ^bw ^bx ^by ^bz ^ca ^cb ^cc ^cd ^ce ^cf ^cg ^ch ^ci ^cj ^ck ^cl ^cm ^cn ^co ^cp ^cq ^cr ^cs ^ct ^cu ^cv ^cw ^cx ^cy ^cz ^da ^db ^dc ^dd ^de ^df ^dg ^dh ^di ^dj ^dk ^dl ^dm ^dn ^do ^dp ^dq ^dr ^ds ^dt ^du ^dv ^dw ^dx ^dy ^dz ^ea ^eb ^ec ^ed ^ee ^ef ^eg ^eh ^ei ^ej ^ek ^el ^em ^en ^eo Rafaël Govaerts (ed .): Etlingera. In: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCSP) - The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew . Retrieved August 15, 2018.

[FoC2000-2] Delin Wu, Kai Larsen: Zingiberaceae. : Etlingera. , P. 356 - online with the same text as the printed work , In: Wu Zheng-yi, Peter H. Raven (Ed.): Flora of China. Volume 24: Flagellariaceae through Marantaceae , Science Press and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing and St. Louis, 2000, ISBN 0-915279-83-5 .

[NMNH-3] A ^b The genus Etlingera in the National Museum of Natural History (NMNH) of the Smithsonian Institution .

[GRIN-4] Etlingera in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Retrieved March 26, 2018.

[Poulsen2017-5] Axel Dalberg Poulsen, BB Bau: New Species of Etlingera (Zingiberaceae) from Bougainville Island, Papua New Guinea. In: Edinburgh Journal of Botany , Volume 74, Issue 2, July 2017, pp. 141–148. doi: 10.1017 / S0960428617000026