European gold leaf
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European gold leaf ( Phylloporus pelletieri ) |
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| Phylloporus pelletieri | ||||||||||||
| ( Lév. ) Quél. |
The European gold leaf ( Phylloporus pelletieri , syn. Xerocomus rhodoxanthus ss. Auct. Europ.) Is a rare, edible, thick boletus relative . The mushroom is the only European representative of the genus parrot ( Phylloporus ). The genus represents the transition from lamellar to tubular mushrooms, which is why the European gold leaf was already assigned to several genera in the past, including, for example, the Kremplinge ( Paxillus ) and funnel-shaped mushrooms ( Clitocybe ).
The name refers to the bright yellow and lamellar hymenophore, which is unusual for those related to thick tubers .
features
Macroscopic features
The hat reaches a diameter of 2.5 to 8 centimeters and is hemispherical in young mushrooms and later shaped down to the point of being depressed, has a dry, velvety surface with a reddish-brown color. The meat is firm, mild and poor in taste, yellowish with a reddish sheen and does not change color in the air. The lamellae are branched, with sharp edges and growing down on the stem and sometimes stunted porous. In young mushrooms they are bright yellow, then darker to yellow-brown in color. The stem is 33 to 41 millimeters high and 5 to 8 millimeters thick, cylindrical and tapered at the base, smooth, dry, red-brown on top and light brown on the underside.
Microscopic features
The 30–40 x 8–10 µm large basidia form elliptical or spindle-shaped, smooth and ocher-yellow spores . Their dimensions are 10-14 x 3.5-5 µm. In addition, there are spindle-shaped, cylindrical or sometimes weakly clubbed cystids in the fruit layer . They are 50–90 µm long and 8–15 µm wide. The hat cover layer is a trichoderm and is composed of relatively short-celled, erect or ascending hyphae . The 10–20 µm wide end links are mostly covered with yellowish-brownish incrustations .
Species delimitation
Viewed from above, the European gold leaf could most likely be confused with the goat's lip ( Xerocomus subtomentosus ) and the common red-footed bolete ( Xerocomellus chrysenteron ) because of the felted and almost identically colored hat surface . However, a look at the underside of the hat quickly provides clarity: the fruiting bodies of both "doppelgangers" have a layer of tubes on the underside of the hat.
Ecology and phenology
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The European gold leaf prefers roadsides, breaks, embankments and similar places, finds in the middle of forests are rarer. The species likes to fructify individually or only in a few specimens. It has a preference for acidic to almost neutral, fresh soils and avoids calcareous subsoil. The fungus particularly likes to colonize sandy, well-drained soils - but it seems to shy away from waterlogging. But loamy soils are also an option if they remain sufficiently dry. The fungus has an affinity to beech and beech fir forests, but has also been detected in spruce and pine forests.
In Europe, the European gold leaf fructifies between July and October, the focus is in August. In the following months, the finds slowly fade away.
distribution
The species is widespread in America, but is considered a separate taxon by some authors. In addition, the fungus is native to most continents, but is absent in cold regions and the tropical lowlands. Except for the northern regions, it is also found in Europe. In Germany, however, the European gold leaf is only moderately widespread with larger gaps in the foothills of the Alps and in the areas with limestone soils. The species is completely absent in the north German lowlands.
In Baden-Württemberg, the European gold leaf is particularly widespread in the northern Upper Rhine region, in the Black Forest, in the Swabian-Franconian Forest, in Upper Swabia and in the Lake Constance area. In contrast, the species can only be found sporadically, if at all, in the Gäu landscapes from the Main to the Baar and on the Swabian Alb. In the Keuper-Lias-Land, the species occurs a little more often in the eastern part.
swell
literature
- Markus Flück: Which mushroom is that? 3. Edition. Franckh-Kosmos Verlags-GmbH & Co. KG, Stuttgart 2009, ISBN 978-3-440-11561-9 , p. 133 .
- Heidi Ladurner, Giampaolo Simonini: Xerocomus s. l. In: Fungi Europaei . tape 8 . Edizioni Candusso, Alassio (Italy) 2003, ISBN 88-901057-2-0 (527 pages).
Individual evidence
- ↑ Josef Šutara: Xerocomus sl in the light of the present state of knowledge ( Memento of the original from July 12, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. . In: Czech Mycology 60 (1). Czech Scientific Society for Mycology. 2008. pp. 29-62. (PDF; 860 kB)
- ↑ Eric Strittmatter: European gold sheet data set . On: fungiworld.com. Mushroom Taxa Database. Retrieved August 31, 2011.
- ↑ a b c German Josef Krieglsteiner (Ed.), Andreas Gminder , Wulfard Winterhoff: Die Großpilze Baden-Württemberg . Volume 2: Stand mushrooms: inguinal, club, coral and stubble mushrooms, belly mushrooms, boletus and deaf mushrooms. Ulmer, Stuttgart 2000, ISBN 3-8001-3531-0 .
- ↑ Rolf Singer: The Röhrlinge, Part 1 . In: The mushrooms of Central Europe V. Bad Heilbrunn. 1965.
Web links
- Boris Assyov: Species portrait of the European gold leaf (in English) . On: Boletales.com . Retrieved September 1, 2011.
- Dataset "Phylloporus pelletieri (Lév.) Quél. 1888" (in English) . In: The Encyclopedia of Life . Retrieved September 1, 2011.
- Fredi Kasparek: Species profile of the European gold leaf . On: natur-in-nrw.de . Retrieved September 1, 2011.
- Michael Kuo: genus portrait including key of the North American species . On MushroomExpert.Com . Retrieved September 1, 2011.
- Rudolf Markones: Finding the European gold leaf in a sandy area near Volkach am Main . In: Rudi's mushroom gallery . Retrieved September 1, 2011.
- Short species portrait of the European gold leaf . On: website of the mushroom association of the Baden region . Retrieved September 1, 2011.
- Eric Strittmatter et al .: Data set on the European gold leaf . On: fungiworld.com. Mushroom Taxa Database. January 15, 2008. Retrieved September 1, 2011.
