Leaf tubers
| Leaf tubers | ||||||||||||
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European gold leaf ( Phylloporus pelletieri ) |
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| Systematics | ||||||||||||
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| Scientific name | ||||||||||||
| Phylloporus | ||||||||||||
| Quél. |
The leaf boletus ( Phylloporus ) are a genus of mushrooms from the family of the thick boletus relatives (Boletaceae). This is a group of tubulars whose fruiting bodies do not have a tubular layer ("sponge") on the underside of the hat , but rather more or less pronounced lamellae ("leaves"). The type species is the European gold leaf ( Phylloporus pelletieri ). This only species occurring in Europe was for a long time counted by European authors to the Filzröhrlingen ( Xerocomus ). The main distribution of the leaf tubers is on the American and African continents, species are also found in Asia and Australia. They live in symbiosis with different trees .
features
Macroscopic features
The fruit bodies have a dry, matt and felty surface of the hat and a lamellar structure ( hymenophore ) on the underside of the hat . The lamellae are cross-connected ( anastomized ) in numerous places and run down the stem slightly to normal. The spore powder is brown with an olive hue. The stem surface is partly covered with very small granules. The compact stick meat ( trama ) frays lengthways. There is neither a partial velum nor a ring ( annulus ).
Microscopic features
The top layer of the hat is a trichoderm whose fungal threads ( hyphae ) sometimes partially collapse with age. The lamellar trama is phylloporoid with outer layers of non-gelatinized hyphae that touch each other. The tubular (boletoid) spores appear spindle-elliptical when viewed from the front and unequal in profile. The European gold leaf, the only European species of this genus, has a bacilli-like ("bacillate") spore surface. A large part of the stem is covered with a gradually fragmenting fruit layer ( caulohymenium ) made up of sparsely scattered spore-bearing stands ( basidia ). Those areas look like very small granules to the naked eye. The surface of the stem base, on the other hand, is sterile and hairy-felted with tangled threads ( tomentum ). In P. Pelletieri probably no pronounced lateral stem layer occurs. No buckle connections could be found in the entire fruiting body .
ecology
The leaf tubers form ectomycorrhiza with various trees (see table in the “Species” section ).
distribution
In Europe only the European gold leaf ( Phylloporus pelletieri ) is native. The main focus is the parrot on the American and African continents.
species
Except for the European gold leaf ( Phylloporus pelletieri ), the taxa listed below come from Africa, America, Asia and Australia.
| Parrot ( Phylloporus ) worldwide |
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Relationship and systematics
The boletus is a specialty in the Boletaceae family because its fruiting bodies develop lamellae rather than a tube-like hymenophore . However, other fruiting body characteristics, the spore morphology and the chemical and molecular genetic data support the fact that the genus belongs to the thick tubule-like species. Some authors such as Ladurner & Simonini (2003) classify the boletus in the genus of the felt bolete ( Xerocomus ). According to Binder's (1999) molecular research results, Phylloporus is a sister group of the Filzröhrlinge - this genus includes the species around the goat lip ( Xerocomus subtomentosus ). Maria-Alice Neves (2007) also sees Phylloporus as a monophyletic group that must be separated from the felt tubers.
Despite several broad-based phylogenetic studies of the Boletaceae, the related position of the boletus within the family is unclear. In the past, the genus only comprised one European and one American species. Although most of the generic species occur in tropical areas, these were not included in the studies before 2007. In her dissertation, Neves presents 26 species from different parts of the world, including 19 tropical taxa. In total she described 7 species anew, 2 species were named in a later work (2010). In addition, the mycologist clarified the nomenclature around the species complex of Phylloporus rhodoxanthus .
annotation
- ↑ The term “bacillate” (“bacillées” in French) was coined by Heinemann and his colleagues for the fine but very characteristic spore ornamentation that can be seen in the scanning electron microscope . The surface of the spores looks like it is covered with rod-shaped bacteria (bacilli). This bacillate ornamentation is also detectable with a magnification of about 10,000-15,000 times in the goat's lip ( Xerocomus subtomentosus ) and with a magnification of 30,000 times or higher in the brown felt tube ( X. ferrugineus ).
swell
literature
- Markus Flück: Which mushroom is that? 3. Edition. Franckh Kosmos Verlag, Stuttgart 2009, ISBN 978-3-440-11561-9 , p. 133 .
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b c Josef Šutara: Xerocomus s. l. in the light of the present state of knowledge . In: Czech Mycology . tape 60 , no. 1 . Czech Scientific Society for Mycology, 2008, ISSN 0009-0476 , p. 29–62 ( natur.cuni.cz [PDF; 860 kB ; accessed on December 19, 2014]). natur.cuni.cz ( Memento of the original of July 12, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ Lucien Quélet: Flore mycologique de la France et des pays limitrophes . 1888, p. 1-492 .
- ^ Josef Šutara: Central European genera of the Boletaceae and Suillaceae, with notes on their anatomical characters . In: Czech Mycology . tape 57 , no. 1-2 . Czech Scientific Society for Mycology, 2005, ISSN 0009-0476 , p. 1–50 (English, summary [PDF]). Summary ( Memento of the original from December 19, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ^ Roy Watling, Norma M. Gregory: Observations on the boletes of the Cooloola Sand-mass, Queensland and notes on their distribution in Australia: Part 3. Lamellate taxa . In: Edinburgh Journal of Botany . tape 48 , no. 3 , 1991, pp. 353-391 , doi : 10.1017 / S0960428600003085 .
- ^ A b c Maria Alice Neves: Toward a revision of the genus Phylloporus (Boletaceae): Systematics and phylogeny of species from various parts of the world . City University of New York, 2007 (dissertation).
- ^ A b Maria Alice Neves, Roy E. Halling: Study on species of Phylloporus I: Neotropics and North America . In: Mycologia . tape 102 (4) , 2010, pp. 923-943 , doi : 10.3852 / 09-215 .
- ↑ Maria Alice Neves, Manfred Binder, Roy Halling, David Hibbett, Kasem Soytong: The phylogeny of selected Phylloporus species, inferred from NUC-LSU and ITS sequences, and descriptions of new species from the Old World . In: Fungal Diversity . tape 55 , 2012, p. 109-123 , doi : 10.1007 / s13225-012-0154-0 .
- ^ Heidi Ladurner, Giampaolo Simonini: Xerocomus s. l. In: Fungi Europaei . tape 8 . Edizioni Candusso, Alassio (Italy) 2003, ISBN 88-901057-2-0 (527 pages).
- ↑ Manfred Binder: On the molecular systematics of the Boletales. Boletineae and Sclerodermatineae subordo nov . University of Regensburg, 1999 (dissertation).
Web links
- Michael Kuo: The Genus Phylloporus . In: MushroomExpert.com. 2003, accessed on December 27, 2012 (genus portrait including key of North American species).