Evelyn Baring, 1st Earl of Cromer

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Evelyn Baring, 1st Earl of Cromer, by John Singer Sargent
Evelyn Baring (1898)

Evelyn Baring, 1st Earl of Cromer , GCB , OM , GCMG , KCSI , CIE , PC , FRS (born February 26, 1841 in Norfolk , † January 29, 1917 in London ) was a British diplomat and from 1883 to 1907 Consul General in Egypt . In this function he decisively determined the politics of Egypt.

Life

Evelyn Baring was a member of the British branch of the Baring family . He entered the Royal Military Academy at the age of 14 , was appointed lieutenant in the Royal Artillery at 17 , and was transferred to Corfu . There he learned the Greek and Italian languages . In the next few years he served in Malta and Jamaica . From 1869 he worked at the War Office on the reforms that were necessary after the Crimean War . In 1872 Baring became the private secretary of his cousin Thomas Baring , the Viceroy of India . After his resignation in 1876, Evelyn Baring returned to England, married Ethel Errington and resigned from the army.

Evelyn Baring was sent to Egypt in 1877 as part of the international control of Egyptian financial and economic policy. In 1879 he became British general controller. In the summer of 1879, Baring caused the Sultan in Constantinople to remove the Egyptian Khedive Ismail Pascha and replace his son Tawfiq . The Urabi movement developed against international control in Egypt during this period . In the course of the defeat of the movement in 1882 in the Anglo-Egyptian War, the occupation of Egypt by Garnet Joseph Wolseley took place and British rule in Egypt began .

Baring was the first British Consul General in Egypt from September 1, 1883 to May 6, 1907 . The khedive remained formally viceroy and vassal of the Ottomans , but Baring, as an advisor to Tawfiq, was the actual ruler of the country. Under Baring, Egypt was economically integrated into the British Empire and subordinated to its interests.

After the outbreak of the Mahdi uprising in Sudan , he and Charles George Gordon planned to appoint the slave trader Al-Zubayr Rahma as governor of Sudan. Therefore, on January 26, 1884, Gordon, Zubayr and Cromer met in the presence of Evelyn Wood and Giegler Pascha . The establishment of Zubayr was rejected by the government in London, which did not want to see a former slave trader at the head of Sudan.

Cromer's influence on the negotiations between Horatio Herbert Kitchener and Jean-Baptiste Marchand played an essential part in the settlement of the Faschoda crisis and the establishment of the Entente between France and the United Kingdom in 1899 .

Cromer was forced to resign from office under public pressure after the so-called Dinshawai incident . He convened a military tribunal following the death of a British officer in the village of Dinshawai . He intended to make an example and left no doubt that he was awaiting death sentences. 59 residents of Dinschawai were arrested, four were sentenced to death and eight people were flogged in public in front of their families. In addition, long-term prison sentences were issued in forced labor camps. The event immediately sparked great outrage in Egypt, prompted the founding of Egypt's first nationalist party and also changed the attitude of the urban national movement towards the resistance of the fellahs . When the British press began to critically examine the Dinshawai incident and George Bernhard Shaw protested the arbitrary judgments, the government ordered the release of all prisoners and Lord Cromer had to resign.

Evelyn Baring was promoted to Baron Cromer in 1892 , Viscount Cromer in 1899 and Earl of Cromer and Viscount Errington in 1901 . In 1916 he became an honorary member of the British Academy .

In the film Khartoum , Alexander Knox played the character of Lord Cromer.

Marriages and offspring

In his first marriage he married Ethel Errington († 1898), daughter of Sir Rowland Stanley Errington, 11th Baronet (1809-1875) in 1876. With her he had two sons:

His second marriage was in 1901 with Lady Katherine Georgina Louisa Thynne (1865–1933), daughter of John Thynne, 4th Marquess of Bath . With her he had a son:

Works

  • Modern Egypt . Macmillan and Co., London 1911.

literature

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Deceased Fellows. British Academy, accessed May 18, 2020 .
predecessor Office successor
Office newly created British Consul General in Egypt
1883–1907 		Sir John Eldon Gorst
New title created Earl of Cromer
1901-1917 		Rowland Baring
New title created Viscount Cromer
1899-1917 		Rowland Baring
New title created Baron Cromer
1892-1917 		Rowland Baring
personal data
SURNAME Baring, Evelyn, 1st Earl of Cromer
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Baring, Evelyn
BRIEF DESCRIPTION British diplomat
DATE OF BIRTH February 26, 1841
PLACE OF BIRTH Norfolk
DATE OF DEATH January 29, 1917
Place of death London