Track sandstone

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Plate (underside of the layer) made from the chirotherium sandstone (middle red sandstone) from Hildburghausen with dry crack fillings ("net strips") and Chirotherium barthii (bottom left, center and top right). Teylers Museum , Haarlem, Netherlands.

Tracking sandstone is the historical name for sandstones , the layer surfaces of which often have fossil footsteps or entire fossil tracks of land vertebrates (Tetrapoda). Such sandstones are known today from numerous geological epochs ( Upper Devonian and later) and from all continents. Some of these sandstone horizons even bear the names of the traces they contain, u. a. the Thuringian chirotheria sandstone of the Solling series, named after the archosaur trace Chirotherium ( middle red sandstone ). The Thuringian chirotheria sandstone, the tracing of which aroused enormous scientific interest as early as the 1830s, can be regarded as the "archetype" of a track sandstone.

Since the traces come from land organisms, it is consequently sandstones from terrestrial or marginal marine deposits . Sedimentological findings show that most of the drives leading sandstones by rivers, along the banks of lakes or in coastal regions ( Sandwatt must have been deposited). Only relatively few of these sandstones go back to aeolian formations ( dunes ).

The step seals are either raised on the undersides of the layer (so-called convex hyporeliefs ) or as a hollow shape on the topsides of the layer ( concave epirelief ). Sedimentary structures are often handed down along with the traces, e. B. Dry crack fillings (with hyporeliefs) or ripple marks .

Since some fossil tetrapod traces (certain so-called trace genera or types) or a common occurrence of certain trace genera or types are characteristic of certain geological epochs, they will, insofar as no better possibilities arise (e.g. characteristic body fossils or possibilities of radiometric dating ) , used to determine the age of the corresponding sandstones.

In today's geological and palaeontological literature, the term “track sandstone” (as well as other, similar historical names such as “herb slate”) is no longer used.

Examples of "tracking sandstones"

The following lithostratigraphic units (selection) contain sandstone horizons that can in principle be referred to the historical term "track sandstone" or have the time even called. The traces come predominantly from the vertebrate groups that dominate the terrestrial ecosystems of the respective geological age.

Carbon

Spouts of tetrapod tracks (? Pseudobradypus ) on a sandstone plate (underside of the layer) from the Joggins Formation (Upper Carboniferous, Nova Scotia, Canada)

Tracks come mainly from more basal tetrapods (" labyrinthodontians ").

Perm

Tetrapod kick seal spouts (circled in blue) on the underside of the Tambach sandstone layer (Unterperm, Thuringian Forest). The right of the two specimens is the trace genus Ichniotherium , a trace that was probably caused by Diadectids .

Tracks come mainly from more basal tetrapods ("Labyrinthodontier", " Cotylosaurier ") and basal synapsids (" Pelycosaurier " and basal Therapsiden ).

Triad

Tracks come mainly from basal archosaurs (" Thecodontier ") and basal therapsids (Lower and Middle Triassic) as well as from early dinosaurs (Upper Triassic).

  • Thuringian chirotheria sandstone and red quartzite / Franconian chirotheria sandstone (Middle or Upper Buntsandstein , upper lower and lower middle Triassic of the Germanic Basin ; significant deposits can be found near Jena , Hildburghausen , Eiterfeld , Bad Kissingen , Kulmbach and Bad Karlshafen )
  • Auchenhew layers (Lower Triassic Isle of Arran , Scotland)
  • Tanameurt Subformation (Timezgadiwine Formation, Lower Triassic Argan Basin, Morocco)
  • Helsby sandstone (Lower / Central Triassic of NW England)
  • Richthofen conglomerate ("Tretto conglomerate", Central Triassic of Northern Italy)
  • various sandstone horizons of the Keuper of Northern Bavaria (Upper Triassic)
  • Val Sabbia sandstone (Upper Triassic of Northern Italy)
  • Chinle Formation (Upper Triassic, western USA)

law

Single footprint of the trace genus Eubrontes in sandstone of the Moenave Formation (Lower Jurassic), Arizona, USA. Eubrontes may have been caused by larger theropods, in this case probably Dilophosaurus .

Tracks come mainly from dinosaurs.

chalk

Tracks come mainly from dinosaurs.

  • Obernkirchen sandstone, (Bückeberg formation, lower Lower Cretaceous of the Lower Saxony basin)
  • Broome Sandstone (Lower Cretaceous Kimberley Region , Australia)
  • Tongfosi Formation (Yanji Group, Middle Lower Cretaceous Manchuria , China)
  • Hekou Group (Lower Cretaceous Gansu Province , China)

Paleogene

Most of the tracks come from mammals and birds .

Neogene

Most of the tracks come from mammals and birds.

swell

  1. ↑ Bernhard von Cotta : Guide and Vademecum of Geognosy as the third edition of the outline of Geognosy and Geology. Arnoldische Buchhandlung, Dresden & Leipzig 1849, p. 162, online
  2. ↑ Hartmut Haubold: Die Saurierfährten Chirotherium barthii Kaup, 1835 - the type material from the red sandstone near Hildburghausen / Thuringia and the "Chirotherium Monument". Publications of the Natural History Museum Schleusingen. Vol. 21, 2006, pp. 3-31
  3. ^ Spencer G. Lucas: Tetrapod Footprint Biostratigraphy and Biochronology. Ichnos. Vol. 14, No. 1-2, 2007, pp. 5-38, doi : 10.1080 / 10420940601006792
  4. ↑ a b Abdelilah Tourani, Naima Benaouiss, Georges Gand, Sylvie Bourquin, Nour-Eddine Jalil, Jean Broutin, Bernard Battail, Damien Germain, Fatima Khaldoune, Soumaya Sebban, Jean-Sébastien Steyer, Renaud Vacant: Evidence of an Early Triassic age ( Olenekian) in Argana Basin (High Atlas, Morocco) based on new chirotherioid traces. Comptes Rendus Palevol. Vol. 9, No. 5, 2010, pp. 201-208, doi : 10.1016 / j.crpv.2010.05.001
  5. ^ Howard J. Falcon-Lang, Martin R. Gibling, Michael J. Benton, Randall F. Miller, Arden R. Bashforth: Diverse tetrapod trackways in the Lower Pennsylvanian Tynemouth Creek Formation, near St. Martins, southern New Brunswick, Canada. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. Vol. 296, No. 1–2, 2010, pp. 1–13, doi : 10.1016 / j.palaeo.2010.06.020
  6. ^ Howard J. Falcon-Lang, Michael J. Benton, Matthew Stimson: Ecology of earliest reptiles inferred from basal Pennsylvanian trackways. Journal of the Geological Society. Vol. 164, No. 6, 2007, pp. 1113–1118, doi : 10.1144 / 0016-76492007-015 (Alternative full text access : The Palaeobiology Research Group PDF 394 kB)
  7. ^ Matt Stimson, Spencer G. Lucas, Gloria Melanson: The Smallest Known Tetrapod Footprints: Batrachichnus salamandroides from the Carboniferous of Joggins, Nova Scotia, Canada. Ichnos: An International Journal for Plant and Animal Traces. Vol. 19, No. 3, 2012, pp. 127-140, doi : 10.1080 / 10420940.2012.685206
  8. ↑ Sebastian Voigt: The Tetrapodenichnofauna of the continental Upper Carboniferous and Permian in the Thuringian Forest - Ichnotaxonomy, Paleoecology and Biostratigraphy. Göttingen, 2005, 308 pp., ISBN 3-86537-432-8 .
  9. ↑ Reinhard E. Gast: Cornberg outcrops revisited (Hessen, Germany): The depositional environment of its saurian tracks and Weissliegend Sandstones. Meyniana. Vol. 46, 1994, pp. 59-75
  10. ↑ Sebastian Voigt, Abdelouahed Lagnaoui, Abdelkbir Hminna, Hafid Saber, Jörg W. Schneider: Revisional notes on the Permian tetrapod ichnofauna from the Tiddas Basin, central Morocco. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. Vol. 302, No. 3–4, 2011, pp. 474–483 doi : 10.1016 / j.palaeo.2011.02.010
  11. ↑ Hartmut Haubold, Spencer G. Lucas: The tetrapod tracks of the Choza Formation (Texas) and the Artinsk age of the Redbed Ichnofaunen of the Lower Permian. Hallesches Jahrbuch für Geoswissenschaften. Vol. B 23, 2001, pp. 79-108
  12. Jump up ↑ Spencer G. Lucas, Orin J. Anderson, Andrew B. Heckert, Adrian P. Hunt: Geology of Early Permian tracksites, Robledo Mountains, south-central New Mexico. In: Spencer G. Lucas, Andrew B. Heckert (Eds.): Early Permian footprints and facies. New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin. Vol. 6, 1995, pp. 13-32, online
  13. ^ Mark F. Schult: Vertebrate trackways from the Robledo Mountains Member of the Hueco Formation, south-central New Mexico. In: Spencer G. Lucas, Andrew B. Heckert (Eds.): Early Permian footprints and facies. New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin. Vol. 6, 1995, pp. 115-126, online
  14. ↑ Hartmut Haubold: Official letter evaluating the Eiterfeld tracking site. Published on the website of the Saurierspuren Eiterfeld e. V.
  15. ^ NDL Clark, P. Aspen, H. Corrance: Chirotherium barthii Kaup 1835 from the Triassic of the Isle of Arran, Scotland. Scottish Journal of Geology. Vol. 38, No. 2, 2002, pp. 83-92, online (digital reprint; PDF; 18.2 MB)
  16. ^ Mike Batty: Chirotherium and Its Domain: A Redescription of Rediscovered Specimens from Northwest England. The Geological Curator. Vol. 8, No. 9, 2008, 437–454, online (complete issue; PDF; 5.9 MB)
  17. ^ Rossana Todesco, Massimo Bernardi: Una nuova icnoassociazione a vertebrati nel Triassico medio (Anisico) del Trentino meridionale (Val Gerlano, Vallarsa). Studi Trentini di Scienze Naturali. Vol. 88, pp. 203-218, online (PDF; 321 kB)
  18. ↑ Hartmut Haubold, Hendrik Klein: The dinosauroid tracks Parachirotherium - Atreipus - Grallator from the lower Middle Keuper (Upper Triassic: Ladin, Karn,? Nor) in Franconia. Hallesches Jahrbuch für Geoswissenschaften. Vol. B 22, 2000, pp. 59-85
  19. ↑ Fabio Massimo Petti, Marco Avanzini, Umberto Nicosia, Stefano Girardi, Massimo Bernardi, Paolo Ferretti, Paolo schirolli, Cristiano dal Sasso: Late Triassic (Early-Middle Carnian) Chirotherian Tracks from the Val Sabbia Sandstone (Eastern Lombardy, Brescian Prealps, Northern Italy). Rivista Italiana di Paleontologia e Stratigrafia. Vol. 15. No. 3, 2009, pp. 277-290, doi : 10.13130 ​​/ 2039-4942 / 6384
  20. ^ Adrian P. Hunt, Spencer G. Lucas: Late Triassic Tetrapod Tracks of Western North America. In: Spencer G. Lucas, Justin A. Spielmann (Eds.): Triassic of the American West. New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin. Vol. 40, 2007, pp. 215-230, online
  21. ↑ J. Collette, P. Getty, J. Hagadorn. Insights into an Early Jurassic dinosaur habitat: Ichnofacies and enigmatic structures from the Portland Formation, Hoover Quarry, Massachusetts, USA Atlantic Geology. Vol. 47, 2011, pp. 81–88, online (PDF; 1.9 MB)
  22. ↑ Jessica AJ Williams, Andrew RC Milner, Martin G. Lockley: The Early Jurassic (Hettangian) LDS dinosaur tracksite from the Moenave Formation in St. George, Utah. In: Jerry D. Harris, Spencer G. Lucas, Justin A. Spielmann, Martin G. Lockley, Andrew RC Milner, James I. Kirkland: The Triassic-Jurassic Terrestrial Transition. New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin. Vol. 37, pp. 346-351, online
  23. ↑ Alden H. Hamblin, Martin G. Lockley, Andrew RC Milner: More reports of theropod dinosaur tracksites from the Kayenta Formation (Lower Jurassic), Washington County, Utah: implications for describing the Springdale megatracksite. In: Jerry D. Harris, Spencer G. Lucas, Justin A. Spielmann, Martin G. Lockley, Andrew RC Milner, James I. Kirkland: The Triassic-Jurassic Terrestrial Transition. New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin. Vol. 37, pp. 276-281, online
  24. ↑ Jahn J. Hornung, Annina Böhme, Torsten van der Lubbe, Mike Reich, Annette Richter: Vertebrate tracksites in the Obernkirchen Sandstone (late Berriasian, Early Cretaceous) of northwest Germany - their stratigraphical, palaeogeographical, palaeoecological, and historical context. Paleontological Journal. Vol. 86, No. 3, 2012, 231–267, doi : 10.1007 / s12542-012-0131-7 ( Open Access )
  25. ^ Tony Thulborn: Impact of Sauropod Dinosaurs on Lagoonal Substrates in the Broome Sandstone (Lower Cretaceous), Western Australia. PLoS ONE. Vol. 7, No. 5, 2012, e36208, doi : 10.1371 / journal.pone.0036208
  26. ↑ Masaki Matsukawa, Masao Futakami, Martin G. Lockley, Chen Peiji, Chen Jinhua, Cao Zhenyao, Ury L. Bolotsky: Dinosaur Footprints from the Lower Cretaceous of Eastern Manchuria, Northeastern China: Implications for the Recognition of an Ornithopod Ichnofacies in East Asia . PALAIOS. Vol. 10, No. 1, 1995, pp. 3-15
  27. ↑ Daqing Li, Yoichi Azuma, Masato Fujita, Yuong-Nam Lee, Yohei Arakawa: A Preliminary Report on Two New Vertebrate Track Sites Including Dinosaurs from the Early Cretaceous Hekou Group, Gansu Province, China. In: Yuong-Nam Lee (Ed.): Proceedings of the 2006 Goseong International Dinosaur Symposium. Journal of the Paleontological Society of Korea. Vol. 22, No. 1, 2006, pp. 29–49, online (PDF; 2.2 MB)
  28. ↑ Bizhan Yousefi Yeganeh, Sadat Feiznia, AJ (Tom) van Loon: Sedimentary environment and palaeogeography of the? Palaeocene – Middle Eocene Kashkan Formation, Zagros fold-thrust belt, SW Iran. Geologos. Vol. 18, No. 1, 2012, pp. 13-26. doi : 10.2478 / v10118-012-0002-4 (Open Access)
  29. ↑ George E. Mustoe, Donald Q. Hopkins: Mammal and Bird Tracks from the Eocene Puget Group, Northwest Washington, USA. Ichnos. Vol. 20, No. 1, 2013, pp. 36-42, doi : 10.1080 / 10420940.2012.759953
  30. ↑ Humberto Astibia, Xabier Pereda Suberbiola, Aitor Payros, Xabier Murelaga, Ana Berreteaga, Juan Ignacio Baceta, Ainara Badiola: Bird and Mammal Footprints From the Tertiary of Navarre (Western Pyrenees). Ichnos. Vol. 14, No. 3-4, 2007, pp. 175-184, doi : 10.1080 / 10420940601049917
  31. ↑ Erich Thenius: Mammalian tracks from the Rohrbach conglomerate (Pliocene) of Lower Austria. Annals of the Natural History Museum in Vienna. Vol. 71, pp. 363–379, online (PDF; 5.9 MB)
  32. ↑ Veronika Koukal, Michael Wagreich: Sedimentology and definition of the Rohrbach formation ("Rohrbacher Konglomerat", Upper Miocene - Pliocene) in the Rohrbach / Ternitz quarry (Lower Austria). Yearbook of the Federal Geological Institute. Vol. 149, No. 4, 2009, pp. 453–462, online (PDF; 1.7 MB)