Venino (merchant family)

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Gravestone of Carolus Venino from 1693 from the Heilbronn Klarakloster, destroyed in the Stuttgart lapidarium during World War II

The Venino were an Italian merchant family that lived in Heilbronn from 1670 to 1703 . Its best-known representative was Carlo Venino, who was "the first Italian merchant" to settle in Heilbronn and who died in 1693 as a rich man. A grave slab from the Heilbronn Klarakloster had been preserved from him. The Venino also had branches in other cities, such as Mannheim and Eppingen .

history

Carlo Venino

background

Only two Italian grocers , who came from the area of Lake Como , managed to settle in the Lutheran imperial city of Heilbronn. In addition to the Bianchi family , it was the Venino family. Carlo Venino was particularly interested in founding a commercial branch in Heilbronn because the Neckar was an important trade route for the forwarding of goods from the north via Mainz to Württemberg and Upper Germany at that time. Due to the interruption of shipping due to the mill weirs , Heilbronn achieved a certain form of monopoly in cargo handling on the Neckar. Carlo Venino came from Bellagio and settled "as the first Italian merchant" around 1670 with his wife in Heilbronn.

Edition of January 13, 1672 at the expense of Veninos

Carlo Venino, referred to as a protective relative in September 1670 , was involved in long disputes with the local merchants, which is why Venino is also mentioned in the council minutes. The reason for the legal dispute was based on the fact that Venino wanted to offer its goods not only at the annual markets , but also at the weekly markets . The Heilbronn merchants took action against this and complained to the Heilbronn council because Venino “not only sells spices and Italian goods, but also those that the local traders and pharmacists used to trade”. The council, however, sided with Venino. The dispute ended in January 1672 with a capitulation approved by the council , which Venino swore on January 13, 1672. The capitulation (or state or order ) consisted of a condition that said to what extent and in what manner Venino was allowed to sell goods in Heilbronn. He was therefore only allowed to sell so-called Italian goods and only at the annual markets. Venino was banned from selling at the weekly markets. The Italian goods consisted of citrus fruits , nuts , cheese , salami , anchovies , oils , soap , fish , coffee , drugs , sugar and silk .

Edition of January 29, 1680 in favor of Venino

The Heilbronn merchants filed a complaint against Carlo Venino on March 18, 1679 , because he had "acted contrary to his prescribed order in a number of points". The subsequent legal dispute before the Heilbronn council lasted the whole year. Finally, on December 9, 1679, Carlo Venino demanded that the conditions ( capitulation ) be changed in his favor, otherwise he would change his place of residence. The Heilbronn council fulfilled Venino's wishes - contrary to the demands of the local merchants - and on January 29, 1680 read out a different capitulation . Carlo Venino now also imported foreign wine , such as B. Württemberg wine, which was immediately confiscated by Heilbronn. Venino had to pay a fine of 100 thalers .

epitaph

Carlo Venino died in 1693 and was buried in the Klarakloster in Heilbronn , as can be seen from his grave monument. The inscription read:

“IN THE YEAR 1693, THE HONOR EVER AND PREVIEWED MR. CAROLUS VENINO ITALIAN WEST MERCHANT IN HAILBRONNEN HE IS DIFFERENT AT THE AGE OF 56 YEARS WHOSE SELEN WANTED GOD TO BE MERCIFUL AND MERCIFUL. AMEN."

Venino's tombstone was found in the crypt of the monastery church in 1889 and destroyed in the lapidarium of the Stuttgart State Museum in 1944.

Johanna Maria Juditha Venino

Violation of the 1672 requirement

After Carlo Venino's death, another legal dispute broke out between the Heilbronn merchants and Venino's widow. On January 27, 1694, the Syndicus Brunner wrote to the Heilbronn council that a check had shown that Carlo Venino had not complied with his conditions ( capitulation ). As a result, Venino traded in spices, blue dye and herrings and this in detail. Thereupon the Heilbronn merchants wished that the Heilbronn council should expel the single widow Johanna Maria Juditha Venino from the city. However, the council decided that the widow could stay in Heilbronn. Complaints were later raised against Carlo Venino, who died in 1693, and were read out in detail at the council meeting on March 24, 1696. The Heilbronn Council described gravamina in six points :

“He did not comply with the order sworn by him on January 13, 1672, not only traded in the Italian goods permitted to him, but also in stockfish, herring, tobacco, cod liver oil, soap and the like, and sold them in detail without permission, his Goods, including commission goods, were not brought to the warehouse at any time, but deposited in his sand yard, whereby he defrauded the publicum. In addition, for 15 years he had not had his French fruit and other goods inspected by the inspection prescribed by the council and had his shop open every day, although he was only allowed to do so at the annual markets. "

Over several pages, the Heilbronn council minutes record the violations of Venino brought forward by Heilbronn merchants. The local merchants complained "that as citizens they had to wear the onera in the arduous times of war, while Venino circumvented his tax liability and cheated the city". Nevertheless, the widow Venino was allowed to stay in Heilbronn and trade. The Heilbronn council wanted to continue profiting from the Venino trade, "since one could not judge that they [the local merchants] could offer Italian goods at a cheaper price".

Edition 1672 vs. Edition 1680

The widow Venino replied that a fine of 20 Reichstaler had already been paid because her deceased husband had not adhered to the requirements ( capitulation / state ) of the city. Later it was argued that the Heilbronn council had agreed on January 29, 1680 a capitulation in favor of Venino, according to which she was allowed to keep her shop open outside of the fairs and not to have her goods checked. Johanna Maria Juditha Venino reminded that the capitulation of January 29, 1680 would not have lost its validity. The widow also offered that if she was allowed to keep her shop half open outside the markets, she would “contribute a lot to the place every year”. Thereupon the Heilbronn council arranged that the Heilbronn merchants had to submit the capitulation of 1680 within eight days, because it had also been served on them at that time. Since the agreement from 1680 could no longer be found, the Heilbronn merchants asked that the capitulation de anno 1672 - which was cheaper for the local shopkeepers - should be reorganized. On August 12, 1697, the Heilbronn shopkeepers complained that the widow had repeatedly violated her requirements ( capitulation / state ). Thereupon the council postponed the further discussion, "because the time is now too short" . Johanna Maria Juditha Venino died in November 1697.

Andrea Venino

Expulsion Bianchi vs. Expulsion from Venino

After the widow Venino died in November 1697, the Heilbronn shopkeepers complained against their son Andrea (s) Venino. In addition, in June 1702 the local shopkeepers demanded that all “Welschen”, including Andrea (s) Venino, should be expelled. In 1703 the Heilbronn council advised whether to expel both Italian traders from the city or whether to keep one in the city "on the test". It was decided on March 20, 1703 to expel Andrea (s) Venino. Because of Andrea (s) Venino, the city of Dinkelsbühl had contacted the Heilbronn council several times in 1698. The reason was that Venino was supposed to settle his debts with the trader Johann Baptist Vanossi, who lived in Dinkelsbühl. Even after Venino was sentenced by the city court, he did not pay the debt. Finally, in March 1703, the imperial city of Dinkelsbühl was forced to apply for Venino's arrest. In September 1702, an alleged royal courier had wanted to enter the city that night. When asked, Venino stated under oath that the courier was a young Brentano friend of his from Heidelberg , who wanted to bring tropical fruits to the wife of King Joseph I. This was with the king, who was with the imperial army on the way to the Rhine .

Neckarsulm

After Andrea Venino was expelled from Heilbronn, he settled in Neckarsulm in 1703 , where he married Maria Jakobina Herold, widowed Stein, in December 1703.

family tree

Carlo Venino (* 1637 in Bellagio ; † September 10, 1693 in Heilbronn ) ∞ Johanna Maria Juditha (*?; † November 1697 in Heilbronn)

  1. Andreas Venino (†?) ∞ (December 1703) Maria Jakobina Herold, widowed Stein

literature

  • Thea E. Stolterfoht: Italian merchants in the imperial city of Heilbronn in the early modern period (1670–1773) . In: heilbronnica 3. Contributions to the city and regional history Stadtarchiv Heilbronn, Heilbronn 2006 (sources and research on the history of the city of Heilbronn 17), pp. 119–204, for the history of the Venino family see pages 131 to 139. ( online ; PDF , 627 kB)

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c Stolterfoht, p. 132
  2. ↑ Heilbronn City Archives, Council minutes of September 21, 1670, in which Carlo Venino was already referred to as a protective relative.
  3. ↑ Heilbronn City Archives, Council minutes of January 8, 1672
  4. ^ StadtA Heilbronn, council minutes from January 12, 1672.
  5. ↑ Stolterfoht, p. 133
  6. ↑ City Archives Heilbronn, Council minutes u. a. of July 20, 1686, November 5, 1695 and October 3, 1697, prohibiting the widow of Carlo Venino from importing foreign wine.
  7. ^ Julius Baum: Catalog of the royal collection of antiquities in Stuttgart . Volume 3: The German sculptures of the 10th-18th centuries Jhs , Stuttgart / Berlin 1917, p. 327.
  8. ↑ Willi Zimmermann: The Klarakloster - newly discovered and reconstructed . In: Willi Zimmermann, Christhard Schrenk (Hrsg.): New research on the Heilbronner Klarakloster . Stadtarchiv Heilbronn, Heilbronn 1993, ISBN 978-3-928990-42-4 (= small series of publications from the archive of the city of Heilbronn. Volume 26), pp. 7–44, there p. 34.
  9. ↑ a b c Stolterfoht, p. 136
  10. ↑ a b Stolterfoht, p. 137
  11. ↑ Heilbronn City Archives, Council minutes of May 9, 1696, June 23, 1696, June 3, 1697 and August 12, 1697
  12. ↑ StadtA Heilbronn, council minutes of June 20, 1702 and March 20, 1703
  13. ↑ StadtA Heilbronn, Council minutes of March 16, 1698, May 28, 1698, November 12, 1698 and March 10, 1703
  14. ↑ Heilbronn City Archives, Council minutes of April 11, 1703, May 16, 1703, June 12, 1703, June 23, 1703, August 2, 1703, September 20, 1703 and September 22, 1703