Family celebration
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A family festival is a festival with which the family is confirmed, strengthened and celebrated as an institution. In all cultures, the pivotal points in the cycle of emergence, growth and decay of the family are celebrated or ritually accompanied: starting a family , birth , parenthood and death . Usually - but not always - these are rites of passage .
Starting a family
The Christian wedding ritual, which found its liturgical form in the High Middle Ages and has gradually replaced common law marriage (" corner marriage ") in Europe, is on the one hand inspired by the Jewish wedding tradition, but with its pronounced contractual character also follows the Roman tradition . Christianity, because it initially lived in the near expectation of the kingdom of God , found it difficult to marry and for centuries saw this institution only as a secondary alternative to (preferable) celibacy . It was not until the Middle Ages that marriage experienced an appreciation with the sacramentalization and was considered indissoluble. In the Roman Catholic Church weddings found as to the High Middle Ages Brauttortrauungen place outside of the church building; only since then have the couples been married in front of the altar. In the 16th century, Martin Luther doubted the sacramental status of marriage; Protestantism followed him in this. In 1874, compulsory civil marriage was introduced in Prussia and Switzerland, in 1875 in the entire German Empire and finally in Austria in 1938 . In the German-speaking area, church weddings have shrunk from the basic form of marriage to an additional option.
In Islam , marriage and thus marriage is a central duty for every believer, because only family guarantees that the faith is passed on from generation to generation. Nevertheless, in Islam marriage is not regarded as a spiritual bond, but as a primarily civil law contract.
birth
Birth ceremonies and celebrations
The baptism is a since the New Testament time existing Christian rite that is already in the time of the Fathers of the Church a sacrament was and since 5/6. Baptism is performed as infant baptism in most Christian communities in the 19th century . The focus of the baptism is the baptismal service, which is followed by a secular celebration usually organized by the parents, often with a coffee table . In the German Democratic Republic , the consecration of names emerged as a secular alternative around 1960, which , however, met with little response from the population. Another purely secular institution that became widespread in German-speaking countries in the 2010s is so-called baby peeing .
In Judaism , male newborns are accepted into the community with the Brit Mila on the eighth day of life ; in some reformed Jewish communities they are replaced by the Brit Shalom or the Brit Atifah (for both sexes), in which there is no circumcision . Muslim parents celebrate the birth of a child with a welcoming ceremony called ʿAqīqa . In Arab countries , the birth is soon followed by the chitan ; Since Islam only demands faith from a Muslim, neither ʿAqīqa nor Chitan have the character of a ritual acceptance into the religious community.
The Hinduism recognizes various rites are performed before and after the birth of a child, including the welcome ritual Jatakarma and the names ceremony Namakarana . In Buddhism , greeting a newborn is very inconsistent. In China, which is traditionally shaped by Buddhism, Taoism and Confucianism , there are various rites and ceremonies, some of which are performed before and some after the birth, such as the 1-month ceremony (满月 酒, mǎnyuè jiǔ) on 30th day of life of the newborn.
Many traditional baby rites, including baptism and the Brit Mila, do not count on welcoming the newborn into the family ; rather, they affirm the child as a new member of the denomination . However, there are also pure family celebrations; historically these are mostly quite young. One example is the festivities that are celebrated on the occasion of the adoption of a child.
Christian birthday tradition
Traditions of celebrating the recurring anniversary of the birth (birthday) of individual people exist especially in those cultures in which the birthday of the respective religious founder is also celebrated.
In Christianity, the birth of the founder of the religion Jesus Christ was celebrated as Christmas early on, namely in the time of Clement of Alexandria († around 215). Many centuries passed before Christmas found its current form, which is particularly appealing for families. The first nativity scene was set up in a Prague church in 1562, and it wasn't until the 18th century that setting up Christmas trees and singing Christmas carols in domestic circles became widespread. The tradition of giving presents at Christmas has its origins in presents for children and families on St. Nicholas Day . The shift in the tradition of gifts from St. Nicholas to Christmas was mainly due to the influence of Martin Luther , who tried to suppress the veneration of saints . In the Allgäu, for example, this only took place in the first half of the 20th century. The four-week Advent season before Christmas was originally a period of Lent and was intended to serve as a means of penance . It was not until 1839 that an Advent wreath was used for the first time in the evangelical Rauen Haus , the candles of which were intended to indicate the light that Christ brought into the world ( Joh 1,1-14 EU , Joh 8,12 EU ). After the First World War , the use of lights - after many Catholic soldiers had got to know it in Protestant-run hospitals - was also adopted by the Catholic Church.
Believers did not begin to celebrate their own birthdays until the 18th century. This purely secular custom originated in Protestant middle-class families, in which the father's birthday was celebrated at first; later the birthdays of the mothers followed, and in the course of the 19th century, as Erhard Chvojka has shown, the children's birthday party finally became a fixed point of family celebration culture. The general birthday celebrations began particularly late for Catholics , who in German-speaking countries in rural areas celebrated their name day rather than their birthday until the 1960s . In contrast to traditional bourgeois society , which is strongly family-oriented , birthday celebrations ("birthday parties"), especially for children and young people in the Western world, are rarely family celebrations, but rather pure peer group celebrations , in which parents are at best still involved as organizers and animators. The birthday cake has been a tradition of birthday celebrations in German-speaking countries since the middle of the 19th century, and the birthday cake since the beginning of the 20th century. Birthday candles are supposed to remind of christening lights; they have been mentioned in German-language literature since the late 19th century.
Since the middle of the 18th century at the latest, the recurring anniversary of baptism ("baptismal day") has been celebrated. A very recent development, with which attempts have so far only been made in individual Catholic communities, is the emergence of a patent day .
Birthday traditions in other religions
Judaism does not have its own tradition of celebrating birthdays; Orthodox Jews in particular often reject this practice entirely. Even the birthday of Moses , which coincides with the day of his death in the calendar ( seventh of Adar ), is only honored by very devout Jews, and this too exclusively through fasting. However, many specific age stations in the life of individual people are associated with special rites or responsibilities. If the child z. B. is three years old - according to Jewish tradition, it is then weaned - his hair is cut for the first time ( upsherin ), and at the age of five he begins to study the Bible. Traditionally, Muslims do not have birthday parties either; But it is up to each believer whether he wants to celebrate his birthday or not. The birthday of the founder of the religion, Mohammed (born between 570 and 573), as Maulid an-Nabī is only celebrated in parts of the Muslim community; during this day in Indonesia z. B. is a national holiday , corresponding celebrations in Saudi Arabia are rejected.
Many Hindus nowadays follow Western customs in celebrating their birthday. Traditionally, the birthday, which is not dated according to the Gregorian but according to the Indian calendar , for Hindus, however, means a religious obligation a. includes asking for parental blessings, a ritual bath ( Abhyanga Snana ) and certain prayers . Hindus also celebrate the birthday of Krishna ( Janmashtami ) every year , for whose followers this god is the incarnation of the Most High. Buddhists celebrate the birthday of their religion founder Siddhartha Gautama ( Buddha ); the Vesakh festival is their highest holiday of the year. As in Hinduism, which has the same roots as Buddhism, for believers their own birthday - if they pay attention to it at all - is primarily a religious obligation; it is then celebrated with meditation , prayers, visits to a Buddhist temple, and charity .
In China, Confucius ' birthday is traditionally celebrated (孔子 誕辰 / 孔子 诞辰, Kǒngzǐ Dànchén). Many modern Chinese have now adopted Western customs, but traditionally the birthdays were not seen as occasions that deserve much attention. Even today in China only the 30th day of life, the 1st and the 6th birthday are celebrated; Many Chinese only allow themselves an annual birthday party from the age of 60.
Parenthood, obligation to the family
The Chinese Qingming Festival is to be understood against the background of the Chinese cult of the dead, at which the living commemorate their ancestors. The Chinese New Year is also traditionally celebrated in order to honor not only the deities but also the deceased ancestors.
Other festivals with which parenthood is celebrated are the widespread Mother's Day and, in addition, Father's Day .
death
The death of a loved one always leads to a great loss within the family. This sad event is consciously processed in several phases and ritually. Often the farewell begins with an anointing of the sick even before death .
After the death, the wake, the burial and a subsequent meal follow . At certain intervals, the deceased are finally honored with the anniversary of their death , be it after a week, a month or a year. The common commemoration can be one-time or recurring.
Web links
Individual evidence
- ↑ Baptism. Retrieved June 13, 2019 .
- ^ Gerd Dietrich: Cultural history of the GDR . Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, Göttingen 2018, ISBN 978-3-525-30192-0 , p. 879 ( limited preview in Google Book search).
- ↑ Quran, Sura 2: 138
- ↑ Hindu baby rites. Retrieved June 13, 2019 .
- ^ Rites of passage. Retrieved June 13, 2019 .
- ↑ Chinese birth rituals. Retrieved June 13, 2019 .
- ↑ PARENTS 12 Families Share The Sweet Ways They Celebrate Adoption Anniversaries. Retrieved June 15, 2019 .
- ↑ When was Jesus really born? Retrieved June 14, 2019 .
- ↑ The most beautiful nativity scenes in Prague. Retrieved June 14, 2019 .
- ^ Karl-Heinrich Bieritz: The church year: festivals, commemorative and public holidays in the past and present . CH Beck, 2005, ISBN 978-3-406-47585-6 , pp. 200 f .
- ^ Berthold Büchele: Christmas in the Allgäu . Sutton, Erfurt 2014, ISBN 978-3-95400-384-6 , p. 136 ( limited preview in Google Book search).
- ↑ This is how the Advent wreath came about. Retrieved June 14, 2019 .
- ↑ Erhard Chvojka: History of the grandparent roles: from the 16th to the 20th century . Böhlau, Vienna, Cologne, Weimar 2003, ISBN 3-205-98465-X , pp. 261 ( limited preview in Google Book search).
- ↑ The Name Day: A Catholic Tradition. Retrieved June 14, 2019 .
- ↑ Beta Weymann: How do I design a great birthday party for my child? Retrieved June 14, 2019 .
- ↑ Birthday cake and birthday cake in the Ngram Viewer. Retrieved June 14, 2019 .
- ^ Wilhelm Kroll: Ancient superstition . Publishing house and printing company A.-G., Hamburg 1897, p. 36 ( limited preview in Google Book search).
- ^ Theodor von Wedderkop: Das Rauhe Haus (to Horn near Hamburg). A picture from that time . Ferdinand Schmidt, Oldenburg 1851, p. 97 ( limited preview in Google Book search).
- ↑ Patentag has its premiere. Retrieved June 14, 2019 .
- ↑ Ted Merwin: Birthdays As Stairway To Heaven. Retrieved June 14, 2019 .
- ↑ The Seventh of Adar. Retrieved June 16, 2019 .
- ^ Do Jews Celebrate Birthdays? Retrieved June 14, 2019 .
- ↑ Do Muslims Celebrate Birthdays? Retrieved June 14, 2019 . Islam's Stance on Celebrating Birthdays. Retrieved June 14, 2019 .
- ↑ Do Muslims Celebrate the Birthday of Muhammad? Retrieved June 15, 2019 .
- ↑ How do Hindus celebrate birthday? Retrieved June 15, 2019 .
- ↑ How to Celebrate one's Birthday in the Buddhist Tradition. Retrieved June 16, 2019 . How do Buddhists Celebrate Birthdays. Retrieved June 16, 2019 .
- ↑ Celebrating Chinese Birthdays. Retrieved June 16, 2019 . Chinese Birthday. Retrieved June 16, 2019 .