Philipp von Kleve-Ravenstein

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Philipp von Kleve-Mark, Mr. zu Ravenstein

Philipp Eberhard von Kleve, Herr zu Ravenstein (French: Philippe Duc de Clèves , Comte de la Marcke Seigneur de Ravenstein ) (* 1456 in Le Quesnoy ; † January 28, 1528 at Wijnendale Castle ) was a Dutch-Burgundian nobleman. He served Charles the Bold , Maria of Burgundy and Maximilians I. He later became the leader of the rebels against Maximilian. After his defeat he went to France and, after the French invasion of Italy, became governor of Milan and Genoa . A military expedition against the Ottomans failed. In addition, he was an art collector and promoter of culture. He wrote a textbook on warfare himself.

family

He came from the House of Mark , from which the Dukes of Cleves came. He came from the branch line in the rule Ravenstein and was the son of Count Adolf von Kleve-Ravenstein and Beatrix of Portugal-Coimbra . He himself married Franziska von Luxemburg in 1485 . The marriage remained childless.

In Burgundian service

The Burgundian historian Jean Molinet presents his book Philipp von Kleve

He grew up at the court of Burgundy in the vicinity of the similarly old Mary of Burgundy. In 1476 he was appointed governor during the campaign to Lorraine during the Burgundian Wars . After the death of Charles the Bold, he fought in the War of the Burgundian Succession (1477-1493) and in the Dutch War from 1477 to 1485 on the side of Maria von Burgund and Maximilian I. He fought in the first years of the war with varying success against the invading French . The hope of marrying the heiress herself had been dashed. One reason for this was that his father Adolf, as governor-general, was hated by the population.

After the death of Mary of Burgundy in 1482, he was appointed a member of the Regency Council for Philip the Fair . In 1483 he served as field captain Maximilian in the campaign against Liège . After the second Ghent uprising in 1485, he persuaded Maximilian not to act too severely against the city. Between 1485 and 1488 he was Admiral of the Netherlands . He was one of the main people responsible for the defeat at the Battle of Béthune in 1487.

Even when the Flemish cities rebelled against Maximilian, he initially remained loyal. When the rebellious cities captured Maximilian, he was commissioned by Philip the Fair to prevent the uprising from spreading further and to act against the rebels. He did this with success. Later Philipp even made himself available as a hostage - albeit reluctantly - and thus achieved Maximilian's release.

Revolt against Maximilian I.

When Maximilian broke his word towards the cities in 1488 and took military action against Ghent and Bruges , Philip got into a conflict of conscience. He then joined the insurgents and became their leader. Emperor Friedrich III. imposed the imperial ban on Philip. At first Philip was successful and conquered almost all of Flanders in an alliance with France and penetrated deep into Brabant in September 1488 and occupied Brussels and other cities. After Maximilian had signed treaties with France and England in 1489, he had to withdraw to Sluis . From there he led a sea and land war against Maximilian, presumably with the support of France. Albrecht von Sachsen, the commander of Maximilian, took action successfully against Flanders. In 1490 Philip succeeded in getting Bruges to revolt again without this success having been permanent.

In French service

After he was forced to give up in 1492 after a long siege by Albrecht of Saxony , he first became adviser to Philip the Fair, and soon went to France to the court of his cousin Louis XII. to go. In 1494 Maximilian released him from imperial ban. He followed the king to Italy and was appointed viceroy after the occupation of the Duchy of Milan and Genoa. He took up his residence in Genoa.

The king appointed him admiral of the kingdoms of Naples and Jerusalem and commissioned him to fight the Ottomans with a strong fleet. On the island of Lesbos he besieged Mytilene in 1502 , but had to break off the operation because he did not receive enough support from the allied Venetians and Spaniards. On the way back he was shipwrecked on the island of Kythera . A Venetian galley brought him to Taranto . On the way to Genoa he received from Pope Alexander VI. high honors. After a time in Genoa, he temporarily returned to his possessions in the Netherlands. An uprising forced him to return to Italy in 1505. A short time later he resigned as viceroy in 1506.

Patron and author

After a short stopover at the French court, he returned to Burgundy. The governor Margaret of Austria , who reigned for Charles V, who was still a minor , allowed him to return to court. His wish to become a Knight of the Order of the Golden Fleece was denied to him in 1516.

Philipp lived in his castles of Wynendale and Ravenstein or in his palaces in Bruges, Ghent or in the Hotel Ravenstein in Brussels. He collected works of art, books and furniture. Among other things, he commissioned the master of the Beyghem Altarpiece . Philipp von Kleve's book of hours from 1485 is one of the most valuable pieces.

When Charles V came to power, he brought Philip back to court. He dedicated his book on warfare on land and sea to the duke ( Instructions de toutes manières de guerroyer tant par terre que par mer ). Although its military reputation had suffered, the work was well valued by contemporaries. Seven manuscripts and a first print from 1528 have survived. In recent years he has lived mainly at Wynendale Castle. There he died during a festival. Wilhelm von Kleve became his heir .

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Petra Ehm: Burgundy and the Empire: late medieval foreign policy using the example of the government of Charles the Bold (1465–1477). Munich, 2002 p. 30
  2. ↑ Hermann Wiesflecker: Kaiser Maximilian I. Vol. 1 Vienna, 1971 p. 123
  3. ^ Hermann Wiesflecker: Kaiser Maximilian I. Vol. 1 Vienna, 1971 p. 166
  4. ^ Hermann Wiesflecker: Kaiser Maximilian I. Vol. 1 Vienna, 1971 p. 177
  5. ↑ Hermann Wiesflecker: Kaiser Maximilian I. Vol. 1 Vienna, 1971 p. 205
  6. ↑ Hermann Wiesflecker: Kaiser Maximilian I. Vol. 1 Vienna, 1971 p. 214
  7. ^ Hermann Wiesflecker: Kaiser Maximilian I. Vol. 1 Vienna, 1971 p. 217
  8. ↑ [RI XIII H. 7 n. 764, in: Regesta Imperii Online] (accessed on February 6, 2013)
  9. ^ Hermann Wiesflecker: Kaiser Maximilian I. Vol. 1 Vienna, 1971 p. 221
  10. ^ Hermann Wiesflecker: Kaiser Maximilian I. Vol. 1 Vienna, 1971 p. 225
  11. ^ RI XIV, 1 n. 953, in: Regesta Imperii Online (accessed February 6, 2013)
  12. ↑ Heribert Müller: Review: Jacques Paviot: Philippe de Cleves, seigneur de Ravenstein: L'instruction ... In: Francia 25/1 1998 p. 393ff.

Works

literature

Web links

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personal data
SURNAME Philipp von Kleve-Ravenstein
BRIEF DESCRIPTION Military person in different services
DATE OF BIRTH 1456
PLACE OF BIRTH Le Quesnoy
DATE OF DEATH January 28, 1528
Place of death Wijnendale Castle