Whipping
_Sculpture_of_the_flagellation_of_Jesus_Christ_at_Saint_Hippolytus_Church_in_Zell_am_See,_Austria.jpg)
The whipping , even flagellation , flagella or flagellation (of lat. Flagellum , "whip") is the infliction of extreme physical pain caused by strokes with a whip , a rod or a cane . Flagellation was or is practiced as a punishment (in education and administration of justice ), as a religious exercise of penance and as a sado-masochistic sexual practice .
application
Historical application
- The flagellation of Jesus Christ
The flagellation of Christ is part of the legendary Passion of Christ. It is only mentioned briefly in the Gospels (e.g. Mt 27.26 EU ), but is a widespread motif in Christian art. At one of the places mentioned as possible for this flagellation, the Antonia Castle , a small chapel was built in the Middle Ages, the Flagellation Chapel , also called "Flagellatio".
Flagellation is a form of chastisement. In Judaism it was limited to 40 - but in practice only 39 - strokes; The Romans, who carried out the scourging of Jesus, did not, however, have such a restriction; it is not known how many beatings Jesus received or how long his flagellation lasted. The Roman flagellation was carried out with a so-called flagrum or flagellum , a short whip with lead or iron and sharp pieces of bone woven into the leather straps . The metal balls dug into the skin and left deep bruises , the bone spikes tore open the skin. In the case of longer and particularly brutal flagellation, the skin finally hung down in tatters, there was profuse bleeding, and it could even happen that bones and internal organs became visible. According to Truman Davies, the body of the scourged was left as "a mass of swollen, bloody flesh" and there could be a great deal of blood loss. After the scourging, Jesus was so weak that he collapsed under the weight of the so-called patibulum (crossbar of the cross ).
In later depictions of the flagellation of Jesus Christ, rods or sticks sometimes appear as tools.
- Christian flagellants
The medieval Christian lay movement of the flagellants or " flagellants " practiced self-flagellation in the 13th and 14th centuries as a form of personal understanding of the sufferings of Christ, as self-imposed penance or as self-punishment for sins and vices . This was also practiced by individuals later at least into the 17th century.
- Europe
Whipping or scourging was a common corporal punishment for various offenses in earlier times . In the military, schools and other institutions, flogging was used as a punishment and as a means of education (see also Staupenschlag ). With the emergence of today's understanding of pedagogy , these measures in education were largely recognized as counterproductive, but above all inhumane and therefore prohibited and gradually rejected.
In German concentration camps, the flogging of concentration camp prisoners with an ox pizzle on a wooden trestle was a punitive measure ordered by the concentration camp inspection in Oranienburg . From mid-1942, other inmates were blackmailed for execution.
“… His feet were put in a box on the floor, and two men had to pull his pants tight. He was then given the specified number of blows to the buttocks with a bull pizzle alternately on both sides , and the beaten inmate had to count the blows himself. The maximum number of beatings ordered by Oranienburg were 25 strokes ... "
- United States
During slavery in the United States , slaves were whipped.
Current application
Islam / Sharia
On the basis of Sharia law , flogging is used today in some Islamic countries , such as Iran , Brunei , Malaysia and Indonesia , as a measure of punishment and corporal punishment for offenses such as cheating . A larger number of beatings, which is often accompanied by a prison sentence of several years , is usually divided into stages, as the victim would otherwise not survive this high number. The Saudi activist Raif Badawi was sentenced to 1000 lashes and was whipped for the first time in 2015. In April 2020, flogging was officially abolished in Saudi Arabia .
While self-harm is generally forbidden in Islam, self-flagellation plays a role in some regions, especially among Shiites . In the Shiite Passion Play , the flagellation ("Sinazani") is practiced at the Ashura Festival .
Asia
In Singapore , flogging is used for crimes such as public vandalism. The blows are administered to the bare buttocks with a 1.20 meter long and 13 millimeter thick cane.
sexuality
Whipping is also used as a sexual practice to create sexual pleasure . The preference for sexual flagellation is called flagellantism and is part of the sexual variety of BDSM . The followers of this sexual practice are also referred to as "flagellants", but this can lead to confusion with the religious flagellators. A weaker form of flagellantism, which is less based on physical pleasure pain than on sexual dominance and erotic role and educational games , is so-called spanking .
psychiatry
Self-harming behavior , including flagellantism, can be an expression of a mental disorder that requires treatment. Also, not every form of sexual masochism is harmless in the sense that it is not based on a personality disorder with disease value.
rating
In democratic states based on the rule of law , the non-consensual use of force is considered a violation of human dignity and the human right to physical integrity . The use of physical force be considered a criminal assault . Representatives of the state as the holder of the state monopoly of violence are also not allowed to whip people. The violation of this prohibition counts as a criminal offense in the office . Physical violence at school, in other educational institutions, in training companies or in the military is prohibited. Parents and other legal guardians have been prohibited in Germany from using physical violence as a means of bringing up children since 2000.
However, “self-harming behavior” is not a criminal offense. In the case of mutually agreed blows, especially in the context of sexual acts, the person who beats himself can be punished if he hits unexpectedly hard and thus inflicts undesirable pain on his partner or victim to this extent.
Web links
literature
- Peter J. Bräunlein: Passion / Pasyon. Rituals of Pain in European and Filipino Christianity. Wilhelm Fink, Munich 2010.
supporting documents
- ^ Heinrich Fürst, Gregor Geiger: A Franciscan pilgrim and travel guide for the Holy Land. Bonifatiusverlag, Paderborn 2015, pp. 393–396.
- ↑ a b c Viktor Janke: Detailed report of the Crucifixion II ( online , viewed May 12, 2018).
- ↑ a b M. MH Nuri: Jesus did not die on the cross: The view of a cardiologist. Orig. in: Review of Religions UK 03/2012, translated from English by Mubashar Cheema, online , viewed on May 12, 2018. This article contains numerous footnotes and is therefore relatively well prepared scientifically; However, it should be pointed out that it should nevertheless be treated with caution on some points, since the Islamic author tries for religious reasons to prove that Jesus did not even die on the cross. For this purpose the author claims e.g. B., without being able to prove this: “In the case of Jesus Christ, the flagellation was mild and the blood loss minimal”, but immediately afterwards has to admit: “The extent of the flagellation is not described in the four Gospels and it is not known whether the number of lashes was limited to thirty-nine, ... "
- ↑ a b c C. Truman Davies: A Physician Analyzes the Crucifixion - A medical explanation of what Jesus endured on the day He died ( online , viewed May 12, 2018).
- ↑ a b LG Stuttgart, July 12, 1950 . In: Justice and Nazi crimes . Collection of German convictions for Nazi homicidal crimes 1945–1966, Vol. VI, edited by Adelheid L. Rüter-Ehlermann, H. H. Fuchs, CF Rüter . University Press, Amsterdam 1971, No. 222, p. 665, conviction of the camp leader Rudolf Beer .
- ↑ http://www.maltatoday.com.mt/news/national/59687/for_the_commonwealth_summit_bruneis_sultan_sends_his_24yearold_son
- ↑ http://www.voanews.com/a/2557567.html
- ↑ http://www.nytimes.com/2007/11/16/world/middleeast/16saudi.html
- ↑ DER SPIEGEL: Saudi Arabia wants to abolish the punishment of flogging - DER SPIEGEL - politics. Retrieved April 25, 2020 .
- ↑ Agencies: Saudi Arabia to end flogging as a form of punishment . In: The Guardian . April 25, 2020, ISSN 0261-3077 ( theguardian.com [accessed April 25, 2020]).
- ^ Description of corporal punishment in Singapore
- ^ Right to chastise . Federal Agency for Political Education . 2015
- ^ Judgment of the Göttingen Regional Court of June 26, 2008