Spring bloomer
Early bloomers or spring forest plants or spring geophytes are plants especially in deciduous forests that bloom and form their foliage early in the year . In spring you benefit from the light and warmth directly above the ground, which is still high before the trees "canopy". When the leaves of the trees and bushes shoot , they end their appearance above ground: They “move in”, as gardeners say. Early bloomers have special storage organs from which they draw the energy that cannot be produced at the early bloom time. The storage organs ( onions , plant tubers , rhizomes ) contain reserves in the form of reserve materials such as starch . Because so early in the spring, photosynthesis is not enough to provide enough energy for the development of flower stems. It is therefore an adaptation to the period of the deciduous forests of the temperate climate zone. There are three different types of early bloomers: geophytes , hemicryptophytes , chamaephytes .
In these perennial plants, the above-ground parts of the plant die off in summer or in winter. They survive the long and unfavorable seasons, hidden under the surface of the earth, in the form of onions, tubers, rhizomes or rhizomes that bear buds.
The early bloomers have various adaptations for wintering, e.g. B. Mucilages as antifreeze like the daffodils . Other flowers - such as those of the snowdrops , which in the strict sense do not belong to the early bloomers - have stored salts to protect themselves from particularly low temperatures. These plants adapt to the short growing season in montane locations in the early flowering period .
Plants that have adapted to dry summer locations, such as daffodils and tulips, must also be distinguished from early bloomers in the above sense . The early flowering period results from the need to produce fruit and seeds between the winter cold and the dry season in summer . Here the typical storage organ is the onion, which in turn develops special protective mechanisms. The pungent taste or even the toxicity acts as a feed protection . This is necessary because these storage organs are particularly tempting sources of food during the vegetation break. The earliest spring bloomers that can be found in German gardens are winterling and snowdrops , which start to bloom in February, followed by crocuses , two-leaved squill , reticulated iris and daffodil wild species.
The following tabular compilation of approx. 60 early flowering perennials (wild or in cultivation) gives name and illustration as well as the earliest possible beginning of flowering and can be sorted according to the individual criteria.
Knowledge Surname | name suffix | Common name | Flower color | Earliest flowering month |
image |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Adonis amurensis | Amur | Adonis | yellow | 2 |
![]() |
Adonis vernalis | Spring | Adonis | yellow | 4th |
![]() |
Allium ursinum | Wild garlic | White | 3 |
![]() |
|
Anemone ranunculoides | Yellow | Anemone | yellow | 3 |
![]() |
Anemone nemorosa | bush | Anemone | White | 3 |
![]() |
Bellis perennis | daisy | White | 3 |
![]() |
|
Cardamine enneaphyllos | Whorls | Tooth root | yellow | 3 |
![]() |
Chrysosplenium alternifolium | Milkwort | yellow | 3 |
![]() |
|
Colchicum bulbocodium | Spring light flower | red | 2 |
![]() |
|
Corydalis solida | finger | Larkspur | red | 3 |
![]() |
Corydalis cava | Hollow | Larkspur | red | 3 |
![]() |
Crocus flavus | gold | crocus | yellow | 2 |
![]() |
Crocus tommasinianus | Elves | crocus | violet | 2 |
![]() |
Crocus vernus | Spring | crocus | violet | 2 |
![]() |
Cyclamen coum | Early spring | Cyclamen | red | 1 |
|
Daphne mezereum | Real one | daphne | red | 3 |
![]() |
Eranthis hyemalis | Winterling | yellow | 1 |
![]() |
|
Erythronium dens-canis | Dog's tooth lily | red | 3 |
|
|
Fritillaria imperialis | Imperial Crown | red | 4th |
|
|
Fritillaria meleagris | Checkerboard flower | red | 4th |
![]() |
|
Fritillaria uva vulpis | Fox grapes | Fritillary | yellow | 4th |
![]() |
Gagea lutea | Forest | Gold star | yellow | 3 |
![]() |
Gagea villosa | Field | Gold star | yellow | 3 |
|
Galanthus elwesii | Elwes | snowdrop | White | 1 |
|
Galanthus nivalis | Little one | snowdrop | White | 1 |
|
Galanthus plicatus | Clusius | snowdrop | White | 1 |
![]() |
Galanthus woronowii | Voronov | snowdrop | White | 1 |
![]() |
Helleborus argutifolius | Corsican | hellebore | green | 1 |
![]() |
Helleborus foetidus | Malodorous | hellebore | green | 1 |
![]() |
Helleborus niger | Christmas rose | White | 1 |
|
|
Helleborus orientalis | Spring | hellebore | White | 2 |
|
Hepatica nobilis | Ordinary | Hepatica | violet | 3 |
![]() |
Hepatica transsilvanica | Transylvanian | Hepatica | violet | 3 |
![]() |
Hyacinthus orientalis | garden | hyacinth | violet | 3 |
|
Iris pumila | dwarf | Iris | blue | 3 |
![]() |
Iris reticulata | Net sheet | Iris | blue | 3 |
![]() |
Lathraea squamaria | Scale root | red | 3 |
![]() |
|
Leucojum aestivum | Summer knot flower | White | 4th |
![]() |
|
Leucojum vernum | Märzenbecher | White | 2 |
![]() |
|
Muscari armeniacum | Armenian | Grape hyacinth | blue | 4th |
![]() |
Narcissus poeticus | poet | daffodil | White | 4th |
|
Narcissus pseudonarcissus | Daffodil | yellow | 3 |
![]() |
|
Paeonia daurica Ssp.mlokosewitschi | Yellow | Peony | yellow | 4th |
![]() |
Paeonia tenuifolia | Fine-leaved | Peony | red | 4th |
![]() |
Petasites hybridus | Butterbur | red | 3 |
![]() |
|
Primula elatior | Forest | Cowslip | yellow | 3 |
![]() |
Primula veris | grasslands | Cowslip | yellow | 3 |
![]() |
Primula vulgaris | Stemless | primrose | yellow | 3 |
|
Pulmonaria officinalis | Lungwort | red | 3 |
![]() |
|
Pulsatilla alpina | Alps | Pasque flower | White | 4th |
![]() |
Pulsatilla vulgaris | Ordinary | Pasque flower | violet | 4th |
![]() |
Pushkinia scilloides | Pushkinie | White | 3 |
![]() |
|
Ranunculus ficaria | Celandine | yellow | 3 |
![]() |
|
Scilla bifolia | Two-leaved | Squill | blue | 3 |
![]() |
Scilla mishchenkoana | Persian | Squill | blue | 3 |
![]() |
Scilla sibirica | Siberian | Squill | blue | 3 |
![]() |
Soldanella alpina | Alpine bells | red | 3 |
|
|
Tulipa kaufmanniana | Water lilies | tulip | yellow | 3 |
![]() |
Tulipa sylvestris | Vineyard | tulip | yellow | 4th |
![]() |
Tulipa turkestanica | Turkestan | tulip | yellow | 3 |
![]() |
Tussilago farfara | Coltsfoot | yellow | 3 |
![]() |
|
Viola odorata | Scent | violet | blue | 3 |
![]() |
literature
- Åge Nicolaisen: bulbs - spring flowers . 2nd Edition. BLV, Munich 1966.
- Peter Rüther: Early bloomers - an overview of native species . Hohenwarsleben (Westarp Sciences) 136 pp., ISBN 978-3-89432-916-7
Web links
- Overview of the spring bloomers
- Spring bloomers sorted by flower color ( Memento from July 4, 2010 in the Internet Archive )
Individual evidence
- ^ Nicolaisen: bulbs - spring flowers BLV garden book (p. 171), BLV publishing company, Munich, 1966.
- ↑ Christian Grunert: The great bulb book. Berlin: VEB Deutscher Landwirtschaftsverlag, 1990, ISBN 3 331-00193-7 .
- ^ Fritz Koch: Paperback of the domestic spring flowers , Urania-Verlag Leipzig, Jena, Berlin 1964.