Real daphne

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Real daphne
Real daphne (Daphne mezereum), illustration

Real daphne ( Daphne mezereum ), illustration

Systematics
Rosids
Eurosiden II
Order : Mallow-like (Malvales)
Family : Daphne family (Thymelaeaceae)
Genre : Daphne ( Daphne )
Type : Real daphne
Scientific name
Daphne mezereum
L.

The True daphne ( Daphne mezereum ), also real daphne , Common daphne or Kellerhals called, is a plant of the genus Daphne ( Daphne ) and belongs to the family of Thymelaeaceae (Thymelaeaceae). It is the only stem-flowered species in Central Europe and is the best known and most widespread representative of the genus in this area. Because of the attractive flowers that appear in early spring , the real daphne is also used as an ornamental plant. The highly poisonous plant was also used as a medicinal plant in the past .

description

Daphne mezereum 004.JPG
White flowered form

Appearance

The real daphne grows as a small, slightly branched, upright to ascending, deciduous shrub with rod-shaped tough branches that reach heights of 40 to 125 centimeters. The bark of young twigs is yellowish brown in color, later it tears open and takes on a brownish-gray color.

Bud and leaf

The leaf buds of the real daphne are elongated to ovoid and pointed. The edges of the bud scales are covered with white eyelashes.

The short-stalked leaves of the true daphne only develop at the branch tips and are arranged alternately and spirally. The simple, entire leaf blade varies in length from 4 to 9 centimeters, in width from 1.5 to 2.5 centimeters and in shape from oblong to oblanceolate. At the base of the spread, it narrows in a wedge shape. The upper side of the leaf is fresh green and the underside of the leaf is gray-green. The thin leaves are relatively soft to the touch and are hairy after the leaves shoot.

blossom

The strongly fragrant, pink to purple-red colored, 7 to 9 millimeters long flowers are usually in groups of three on the side immediately on the stem axis. The real daphne is the only cauliflore species in Central Europe; direct stem bloom is usually only common in tropical plants . The flowers form directly above the stigmas of the fallen leaves from the previous year and below a summit bud, which forms a long leaf shoot after it has faded.

Another peculiarity is that no corolla is developed, but the flower envelope is formed solely by the cylindrical, silky hairy calyx tube of the four-lobed, corolla-like, pink to purple calyx . The length of the calyx tube corresponds roughly to that of the calyx lobes. Since the viewing function has been transferred to the calyx, this has the task of attracting the long-nosed insects for pollination. A daphne flower has eight stamens , which are attached in two circles to each other in the calyx tube. The upper ovary is hairless and turns into a short style. It remains hidden in the cup tube. The flowers are usually hermaphroditic, but all-female flowers have been observed occasionally. The real daphne is therefore gynodiocial .

Branch with flowers
Branch with ripe fruits

fruit

The pea-sized, bright red, rarely yellow, extremely poisonous, berry-like fruits of the daphne, with a diameter of about 10 millimeters, ripen from August to September. With their black stone core, they resemble solitary stone fruits . Since both the carpels and the flower axis are involved in their formation , they are referred to as drupes as well as drupes .

Chromosome number

The real daphne is diploid with a chromosome number of 2n = 18.

ecology

The real daphne is a nanophanerophyte . The real daphne lives in association with a root fungus .

Flower ecology

The majority of the true daphne forms hermaphroditic flowers, sometimes there are also plant specimens with purely female flowers.

In terms of flower biology, the flowers of the real daphne are plentiful nectar- secreting "stem plate flowers with hidden anthers and stigmas". The pollination is done by insects langrüsselige. The real daphne is a valuable source of nectar, especially for butterflies that overwinter in the moth stage and fly early in spring, such as the lemon moth , small fox , peacock butterfly or C moth . Bees and bumblebees also benefit from the early nectar supply. Pollination takes place via the insect's trunk. The pollen remains on the proboscis sticky from nectar when it is "withdrawn" from the tubular flower cup. In addition to insect pollination , spontaneous self- pollination is also successful. Flowering maturity is reached in the fourth to fifth year, but can already be given in 30 centimeter high specimens.

Propagation ecology

The seeds contain up to 31% fatty oil . The spread of the diaspores occurs particularly as mouth wanderers and the like. a. by the wagtail , the robin and the real thrush , which are apparently immune to the poisonous pulp and spit out the stone kernels. The seeds pass through their digestive tract undamaged and are thus spread further. Fruit ripening is from June to August. The seeds are dark germs .

Occurrence

The real daphne has a Eurasian distribution area, which lies in the temperate and the boreal climatic zone. In Europe it is absent in the extreme western and northern areas with oceanic or arctic climatic characteristics. In the Mediterranean area, its occurrences are limited to the mountains from the Pyrenees to southern Italy, the Balkans to the Caucasus. In the east it reaches Lake Baikal in Siberia, in the south Iran. The species is also found wild on the British Isles and in North America.

In Germany , the real daphne is particularly well documented in the Alpine region and the low mountain ranges. In the North German lowlands and other lowlands, the occurrences are very sporadic. The real daphne is widespread in Bavaria, Baden-Württemberg, the Rhineland, the eastern and southern parts of North Rhine-Westphalia, Hesse, Thuringia, the south of Saxony, the southwestern regions of Saxony-Anhalt and southern Lower Saxony. Scattered occurrences can be found in North Saxony, rare ones in the northwest of North Rhine-Westphalia, in the north and east of Saxony-Anhalt and in East Brandenburg. As a neophyte , the true daphne is rarely found in the western and central part of Brandenburg, in northern Lower Saxony, Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania and Schleswig-Holstein. The real daphne is particularly protected in Germany according to the Federal Species Protection Ordinance.

In Austria , the real daphne is often to be found scattered in all federal states. The species is under full legal protection in at least one federal state and is considered endangered in the Pannonian area .

The real daphne is a typical companion for beech. The preferred locations are calcareous and nutrient-rich soils of mixed deciduous forests, in particular beech and oak-hornbeam forest communities, tall herbaceous meadows, mixed coniferous and mountain forests or even hardwood floodplain forests. It is a type of character of the order Fagetalia and comes mainly in societies of the associations Fagion or Carpinion, but one can also find it in societies of the association Alno-Ulmion or Adenostylion. The real daphne reaches its upper limit at about 2000 meters. In the Allgäu Alps, it rises in the Tyrolean part between Vordere and Hinterer Mutte near Holzgau to an altitude of 2170 meters.

Taxonomy and Etymology

Daphne mezereum was first published in 1753 by Carl von Linné in Species Plantarum .

In Greek mythology, Daphne is the name of a nymph who was turned into a laurel tree by her father, the river god Peneios , when Apollo , the son of Zeus , could not give up his unrequited love for her.

The German name “Seidelbast” could have different origins. One interpretation is that the bark of the shrub was used to make "silky cords". On the other hand, the old Germanic name ziolinta refers to the deity Ziu , and a derivation of the word part “Seidel” from zidal (= bee) is conceivable, as the daphne exerts a strong attraction on pollinator insects in early spring with little food.

Toxicity

Structural formula of mezerein
Structural formula of daphnetoxin

The True daphne is highly toxic by the contained in the seeds Mezerein and which occurs in the bark Daphnetoxin . Both substances are considered to be co- carcinogens . Symptoms of poisoning include burning and swelling of the oral mucosa , lips and tongue . In addition, there is nausea and vomiting , stomach discomfort combined with cramps and diarrhea . Since the poison helps damage the kidneys and central nervous system , the poison causes headaches and dizziness . The circulation is also affected by the effects of the poison. This leads to fever and an accelerated heartbeat ( tachycardia ), up to and including circulatory collapse . The poison causes severe irritation of the skin and leads to the formation of blisters and inflammation , with prolonged exposure to ulcerative disintegration of the skin. The popular name "Kellerhals" refers to these symptoms and refers to the choking and burning sensation in the throat. 'Kellen' is Middle High German and is translated as 'torment'. For adults, 10–12 berries are considered lethal, for children 4–5 berries. The seeds are particularly poisonous. The poison content is not influenced by drying. It also contains umbelliferone and the hallucinogen daphnin .

In animals, pigs , cattle and horses are particularly at risk. The lethal dose for pigs is 3–5 berries, for horses 30 grams of bark. The plant used to be used for headache and toothache relief. The bark of the real daphne used to be pickled in vinegar and used as a draft ointment.

use

Medicinal plant and popular belief

Its use as a medicinal plant was first documented in writing in the 16th century. Johannes Lonicer describes the use of the bark as a laxative and emetic. The bark was also used externally as part of a Spanish fly plaster . In folk medicine, pieces of bast moistened with alcohol or leaves mixed with honey were used as a pad for wounds and ulcers. The berries were used as a laxative. Nowadays the real daphne is no longer used in phytotherapy . The homeopathy uses it for various skin disorders and pain.
Popular belief attributed a witch-repellent effect to the real daphne. It was also assumed that it had a beneficial influence on the milk yield of the cattle. There was a custom of driving the cows to pasture with the help of daphne branches.

Ornamental plant

The real daphne is used as an ornamental plant for groups of trees. It has been in culture since 1561 at the latest. There are several types (selection):

  • 'Bowles White': The flowers are white, the fruits are yellow.
  • 'Variegata': The leaves are variegated white.
  • 'Plena': The flowers are white and double.

Common names

The other German-language trivial names exist or existed for the real daphne: Bergpfeffer, Brennwurz ( Leipzig ), Cilant ( Old High German ), Cigelinde ( Middle High German ), Ciugelindenbern ( Middle High German ), Citland (Middle High German), Czeilant (Middle High German), Damar, Drüsswurtzraut, Drüsswurtzraut (Middle High German), Egghelin, Einrün (Middle High German), Elendsblut, Giftbäumli ( St. Gallen in the Upper Rhine Valley ), Poison Berries ( Graubünden in the Rhine Forest), Heat Grains (Middle High German), Holzmännchen (Henneberg), Hundszigl (Wartenfels), Insiegel ( Berchtesgaden ), Kelbershals ( Silesia ), Kelderhals ( Middle Low German ), Kellerbeere, Kellerhals (Middle High German), Kellerkraut ( Brandenburg ), Kellersalz ( Lauban , Leipzig), Kellerschale (mentioned as early as 1433), Kellerschall, Kellershals (Middle High German), Kelrehals (Middle Low German), Kellreshals (Middle Low German ), Kellrizhals, Kellrsshals (Middle High German), Kershals (Middle High German), Läusskraut, Lins igl ( Salzburg ), forest lirberries ( Transylvania ), laurel herb, Luzeile ( Bavaria near Kirchheim), Märznägelein, human thief, human murderer, Päperblome ( East Frisia ), Päperblom ( Mecklenburg ), Päperbusk ( Lower Weser ), Pfäle (Bavaria), Pfahje (Bavaria) , Pfaffenstaude, Pfefferbaum, Pfefferblümche ( Eifel near Kirchweiler), pepper bush, Pfelle (Bavaria), Pfeller (Bavaria), Quälerhals ( Livonia ), rachberry, rachberry, rochberry, saubast, sonic herb ( Saxony ), shit laurels, Sebast, Sedelbast, Seidel, Seidelbast, Seidelbaum ( Austria ), Setebast, Sidelbast ( Bern , St. Gallen), Sothebast, Stechbeere, Streit (Middle High German), Süsbast ( Swabia ), Sulbast (Middle Low German), Sutabast (Middle Low German), Sulbist (Middle Low German), Swellebast, Sydelbast , Talepinesker (Transylvania), Tschillingen (Salzburg), Waldlirbern (Transylvania), Waldlorbeer (Austria), Warzenblast (St. Gallen near Werdenberg ), Wolfsblast (Swabia), Zahnwehholz (St. Gallen), Zebast, Zedelbast, Zegeling (mentioned as early as 1482), Zeibast, Zeidelpast (Middle High German), Zeiland (in the sense of bee flower; Austria, Bavaria, Swabia, Silesia) , Zeilang, Zeilant (Old High German), Zeiler, Zeilerber (Middle High German), Zidelbast (Middle High German), Ziedelbast, Zieglig (Silesia), Ziegling (Middle High German), Ziegelinde (Middle High German), Ziland ( Vorarlberg , Middle High German), Zilander (Bern, St. Gallen), Zilang (Bern), Zilatbluast (St. Gallen), Zilerber, Ziletli (Bern), Zilinder (Bern), Zillingenblüh, Zilunder ( Schmalkalden ), Zingelinde (Middle High German), Zitzelblast (Middle High German), Zizelblast (Middle High German), Zuilnberi (Old High German), Zwilinder (Austria near Linz ), Zylang and Zytlant (Middle High German).

swell

literature

  • Wolfgang Adler, Karl Oswald, Raimund Fischer: Excursion flora of Austria . Ed .: Manfred A. Fischer. Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart / Vienna 1994, ISBN 3-8001-3461-6 .
  • Siegmund Seybold : Flora of Germany and neighboring countries. A book for identifying vascular plants that grow wild and often cultivated . Founded by Otto Schmeil , Jost Fitschen . 93rd completely revised and expanded edition. Quelle & Meyer, Wiebelsheim 2006, ISBN 3-494-01413-2 .
  • Kurt Harz: Trees and bushes: leaves, flowers, fruits of the native species . 14th edition. BLV, Munich 2009, ISBN 978-3-8354-0479-3 .
  • Helga Dietrich, Wolfgang Heinrich: Early blooming around Jena: from the flora of Thuringia. EchinoMedia, Bürgel 2008, ISBN 978-3-937107-15-8 , p. 36, (excerpt as PDF)

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c Daphne mezereum L., Gewöhnlicher Seidelbast. In: FloraWeb.de.
  2. ↑ Kurt Harz: Trees and Shrubs: Leaves, Flowers, Fruits of the Local Species . 14th edition. BLV, Munich 2009, ISBN 978-3-8354-0479-3 , p. 106.
  3. ↑ a b c d Peter Schütt, Ulla Lang: Daphne mezereum . In: Encyclopedia of Woody Plants, supplementary delivery. 14, 1998, pp. 1-6.
  4. ↑ Kit Tan: Daphne . In Peter Hadland Davis (ed.): Flora of Turkey and the East Aegean Islands. Vol. 7 (Orobanchaceae to Rubiaceae) . Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh 1982, ISBN 0-85224-396-0 , pp. 521-527 .
  5. ↑ a b c d e f Werner Rothmaler (greeting), Eckehart J. Jäger, Klaus Werner (ed.): Exkursionsflora von Deutschland. Volume 2: Vascular Plants: Basic Volume . 18th edition. Spectrum, Heidelberg a. a. 2002, ISBN 3-8274-1359-1 , pp. 248f.
  6. ↑ a b c d e Helga Dietrich, Wolfgang Heinrich: Frühblüher um Jena: from the flora of Thuringia. EchinoMedia, Bürgel 2008, ISBN 978-3-937107-15-8 , p. 36, excerpt as PDF .
  7. ^ Gerhard Stinglwagner, Ilse Haseder, Reinhold Erlbeck: Das Kosmos Wald- und Forstlexikon . Kosmos, Stuttgart 2009, ISBN 978-3-440-12160-3 , pp. 781f.
  8. ↑ a b c Erich Oberdorfer : Plant-sociological excursion flora for Germany and neighboring areas . With the collaboration of Angelika Schwabe and Theo Müller. 8th, heavily revised and expanded edition. Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart (Hohenheim) 2001, ISBN 3-8001-3131-5 .
  9. ↑ Eckehart J. Jäger (Ed.): Exkursionsflora von Deutschland. Vascular plants: baseline . Founded by Werner Rothmaler. 20th, revised and expanded edition. Spektrum Akademischer Verlag, Heidelberg 2011, ISBN 978-3-8274-1606-3 , p. 511 .
  10. ↑ Ruprecht Düll , Herfried Kutzelnigg : Pocket dictionary of the plants of Germany and neighboring countries. The most common Central European species in portrait . 7th, corrected and enlarged edition. Quelle & Meyer, Wiebelsheim 2011, ISBN 978-3-494-01424-1 .
  11. ^ Daphne in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Retrieved June 19, 2017.
  12. ^ Gustav Hegi: Illustrated flora of Central Europe. Pteridophyta, Spermatophyta . 2nd Edition. Volume V. Part 2: Angiospermae: Dicotyledones 3 (2) (Cactaceae - Cornaceae) . Carl Hanser and Paul Parey, Munich and Berlin / Hamburg 1966, ISBN 3-489-74021-1 , p. 1558 (unchanged reprint from 1926 with addendum).
  13. ^ Manfred A. Fischer, Karl Oswald, Wolfgang Adler: Excursion flora for Austria, Liechtenstein and South Tyrol . 3rd, improved edition. State of Upper Austria, Biology Center of the Upper Austrian State Museums, Linz 2008, ISBN 978-3-85474-187-9 .
  14. ↑ Erhard Dörr, Wolfgang Lippert : Flora of the Allgäu and its surroundings. Volume 2, IHW, Eching 2004, ISBN 3-930167-61-1 , p. 242.
  15. ↑ Carl von Linné: Species Plantarum. Volume 1, Lars Salvius, Stockholm 1753, p. 356, digitizedhttp: //vorlage_digitalisat.test/1%3Dhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.biodiversitylibrary.org%2Fopenurl%3Fpid%3Dtitle%3A669%26volume%3D1%26issue%3D%26spage%3D356%26date%3D1753~GB%3D~ IA% 3D ~ MDZ% 3D% 0A ~ SZ% 3D ~ double-sided% 3D ~ LT% 3D ~ PUR% 3D
  16. ↑ Seidelbast - The lovely smelling wonder. In: donaukurier .de. April 11, 2006, accessed July 6, 2019 .
  17. ↑ a b Uwe Lochstampfer: Seidelbast. In: Botanikus: The botany page - poisonous plants, photos, videos. September 13, 2018, accessed May 14, 2019 .
  18. ↑ Lutz Roth, Max Daunderer, Karl Kormann: Poison plants plant poisons. 6th revised edition. Nikol, Hamburg 2012, ISBN 978-3-86820-009-6 .
  19. ↑ Daphne - Uses & Health Benefits | Gesundpedia.de. Retrieved May 14, 2019 .
  20. ↑ Manfred Boksch: The practical book of medicinal plants. 4th edition. BLV, Munich 2003, ISBN 3-405-14937-1 , p. 240.
  21. ↑ Eckehart J. Jäger, Friedrich Ebel, Peter Hanelt, Gerd K. Müller (eds.): Exkursionsflora von Deutschland . Founded by Werner Rothmaler. tape 5 : Herbaceous ornamental and useful plants . Springer, Spektrum Akademischer Verlag, Berlin / Heidelberg 2008, ISBN 978-3-8274-0918-8 .
  22. ^ Georg August Pritzel , Carl Jessen : The German folk names of plants. New contribution to the German linguistic treasure. Philipp Cohen, Hannover 1882, page 129 f. ( Online ).

Web links

Commons : Echter Seidelbast ( Daphne mezereum )  - album with pictures, videos and audio files