Frisiavonen

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
“Cohortis Primae Frisavonum Centurio Valerius Vitalis” inscription from Melandra Castle, Derbyshire .

The Frisiavones (Latin Frisiavones , Frisaves ) were a Germanic tribe that settled in the Rhine delta in the area of ​​the present-day Dutch provinces of Zeeland , North Brabant and South Holland during the Roman Empire . Because of the name they are assigned to the Frisii as a part or a group of these.

Surname

The name first attested by Pliny ( Nat. Hist. 4, 101, 106) in the form Frisiavones with an n -stem (variant Frisaevones ), is the variant of Frisiavi formed with the help of the Germanic weak declination, which belongs with the suffixal extension - avo - to the name of the Frisii meaning "those belonging to the Frisians, descended from the Frisians". The suffix - avo - is used more often in Celtic ethnonyms (as in Segus-i-avi ), so that in Frisiavones there is probably a hybrid foreign name by the Celtic neighbors. Furthermore, Günter Neumann concludes from the evidence of the matron's surname of " matribus Frisavis paternis " that the ethnonym was also present as an ō- stem in the form * Fris (i) avi . Alexander Sitzmann and Friedrich E. Grünzweig rate this single piece of evidence for an ō tribe more critically and emphasize the uncertainties and overexertion therein. Basically, they point out that the suffix - avo - is so widespread that it is possible of Indo-European origin, and in no way is evidence of being Celtic or Germanic, nor is there a foreign name. Furthermore, they point out that contrary to - avo - in Frisi-avon-es the suffix - avon - and a - n are present and must therefore be treated separately from this. You construct a Germanic form * Frīsjawōniz regardless of the uncertainties .

history

Pliny ( Nat. Hist. 4, 101, 106) describes the Frisiavones as a people of the Lower Rhine Teutons who settled on an insula Frisiavones between Waal and Vlie , presumably around today's Colijnsplaat as the central location of a civitas . In an inscription from Bulla Regia , the Frisiavonen are placed in the neighborhood (region) of the Batavians and Tungerer . The subject of discussion in research on localization is whether the Frisiavons in Pliny are identical with the " Frisii minores " named by Tacitus ( Germania chap. 34, 1), since the information given by Pliny in particular has an incoherent effect. It is possible that the Frisiavones were settled as a group on the left bank of the Rhine in the late Austro-Hungarian period, or under Tiberius .

The Frisiavonen are not counted among the Germani cisrhenani , the Germanic tribes on the left bank of the Rhine. They are historically comprehensible through a number of inscribed documents. Most of these come from the context of auxiliary military personnel, such as the mention of the ethnonym in the document of the Cohors I Frisiavonum (see picture). The Frisii and consequently the Frisiavonen came from the Druze campaign in 12 BC. BC for the purpose of expanding the sphere of influence of the empire to the mouth of the Elbe under Roman dependence. As a result, the Frisiavones, like other tribes in Lower Germany (including the Batavians and Tungerer), provided military contingents after the Civilis Revolt ( Batavian Uprising in 69 AD) until late antiquity. As a smaller ethnic group, they were a clientele of the significantly larger tribes. In this regard, the inscribed name becomes a traditional military name in later times when these units were still relevantly formed from Frisiavones.

Culture and religion

The numerous votive stones for the goddess Nehalennia are cultural and religious testimonies of the Frisiavones, or in the assigned settlement area . The inscriptions of the multinational donors bear witness to a multi-layered, culturally and ethnically heterogeneous Germanic-Celtic and Romanized society. The main location of the consecration stones at Colijnsplaat - the Ganuenta with inscriptions - shows not only a religious center of the Frisiavonen but also the importance of the main deity and protective deity of the civitas .

literature

swell

  • C. Pliny Secundus : Naturalis historiae libri XXXVII. Liber III / IV. C. Pliny Secundus: Natural history. Latin-German, Books 3/4, Geography: Europe. (= Tusculum Collection ). Roderich König (ed., Translation) in collaboration with Gerhard Winkler. 2nd Edition. Artemis & Winkler Verlag, Düsseldorf / Zurich 2002, ISBN 3-7608-1618-5 . ( chargeable at de Gruyter online)
  • Rudolf Much : The Germania of Tacitus. 3rd, revised and expanded edition. Wolfgang Lange (Ed.) With the collaboration of Herbert Jankuhn and Hans Fromm . Carl Winter University Press, Heidelberg 1967.
  • Gerhard Perl : Tacitus. Germania - Latin and German. In: Joachim Herrmann (Ed.): Greek and Latin sources on the history of Central Europe up to the middle of the 1st millennium CE (= writings and sources of the Old World. 37.2). Akademie-Verlag, Berlin 1990, ISBN 3-05-000349-9 .

Research literature

Web links

Remarks

  1. ↑ CIL 6, 3260
  2. ^ Günter Neumann: Frisiavones. § 1. Name. In: Reallexikon der Germanischen Altertumskunde. 10, p. 82.
  3. ↑ CIL 13, 8633
  4. ↑ Alexander Sitzmann, Friedrich E. Grünzweig: Old Germanic ethnonyms. Fassbaender, Vienna 2008, p. 134ff.
  5. ↑ AE 1962, 183
  6. ↑ Tacitus, Germania 34.1
  7. ^ Dieter Timpe: Frisiavones. § 2. History. In: Reallexikon der Germanischen Altertumskunde. Volume 10, p. 83; Different: Reinhard Wenskus : Tribal formation and constitution. The early medieval gentes. 2nd unchanged edition, Böhlau, Cologne / Vienna 1977, p. 338.
  8. ↑ Harald von Petrikovits : Germani Cisrhenani. In: Heinrich Beck (Hrsg.): Germanic problems in today's view. (= Reallexikon der Germanischen Altertumskunde - supplementary volumes 1). 2nd edition expanded to include a foreword. de Gruyter, Berlin / New York 1999, ISBN 3-11-080031-4 , p 95f, 98, 104. ( fee Germanic archeology online by de Gruyter)
  9. ^ Hermann Reichert: Lexicon of Old Germanic Names. Vienna 1987, p. 292f.
  10. ↑ CIL 7, 178 ; RIB 279
  11. ↑ Klaus-Peter Johne : The Romans on the Elbe. The Elbe river basin in the geographical view of the world and in the political consciousness of Greco-Roman antiquity. Akademie-Verlag, Berlin 2006, ISBN 3-05-003445-9 , pp. 90f, pp. 109–113. ( chargeable at de Gruyter)
  12. ^ Carol van Driel-Murray: Ethnic Soldiers: The Experience of the Lower Rhine Tribes. In: Thomas Grünewald, Sandra Seibel (Ed.): Continuity and Discontinuity. Germania inferior at the beginning and at the end of Roman rule. (= Reallexikon der Germanischen Altertumskunde - supplementary volumes. 35). de Gruyter, Berlin / New York 2003, ISBN 3-11-017688-2 , pp. 210-213. ( Fee Germanic archeology online by de Gruyter); CIL 7,00068 = RIB 109 .
  13. ↑ AE 1973, 380 : "Deae Neha [le] / niae / Gimio Ga / nuent (ae) cons (istens) / v (otum) s (olvit) l (ibens) m (erito)"
  14. ↑ Wolfgang Spickermann : Cult organization and cult functionaries in the area of ​​Colonia Ulpia Traiana. In: Thomas Grünewald (Ed.): Germania inferior. Settlement, society and economy on the border of the Roman-Germanic world. (= Reallexikon der Germanischen Altertumskunde - supplementary volumes. 28). de Gruyter, Berlin / New York 2001, ISBN 3-11-016969-X , p 214. ( fee Germanic archeology online by de Gruyter)