Garden City (Bamberg)
The garden city (until 1951 Spinnseyeriedlung ) is an eastern part of the urban district Bamberg , which was built from 1935 on the so-called Spinnseyer , a cleared section of the main moor forest .
Position and extent
The garden city is located in the northeast of Bamberg's urban area between Weißenburgstrasse in the west and the main moor forest in the east or Memmelsdorfer Strasse in the north and northwest and the Warner Barracks (former tank barracks) of the US Army in the southeast and Zollnerstrasse in the south. Since 1970, the district has been divided into two separate areas by the Berliner Ring, a four-lane eastern bypass around Bamberg's core city, the original settlement area from the 1930s in the northeast and the 1950s expansion around the Church of the Resurrection in the southwest.
history
Reclamation of the Spinnseyer (1934–35)
The layout of the garden city is closely related to the economic decline and the great housing shortage, which, as in the whole of the Weimar Republic , has represented a major socio-political problem for the highly indebted community in Bamberg since the First World War and especially since the global economic crisis . In order to gain new living space, possible locations for large new housing estates on the outskirts were sought as early as the late 1920s.
The area of today's garden city, the Spinnseyer corridor , was originally part of the main moor forest that extends in the east of Bamberg. Uncontrolled clearing after the First World War resulted in a barren heather landscape with sparse shrub growth. Because of the sandy soil, which, thanks to the layer of clay underneath, had an extremely high groundwater level , the area was unsuitable for both agricultural use and settlement construction. The only buildings on the area were the main workshop for postal vehicles (HWKW) built between 1923 and 1925 on the north side of Memmelsdorfer Straße, the associated small workers' settlement with green spaces and a water tower .
Due to the unfavorable geological conditions and the high costs to be expected for the reclamation , the city initially decided not to settle the Spinnseyer in favor of other construction projects - such as the Deye settlement (today Am Kapellenschlag) on Pödeldorfer Straße. Regardless of this, the Bamberger Handwerker-Baugenossenschaft (HGB) began to acquire land and build a drainage canal on its own initiative in 1934. As a result, the city administration bought the neighboring property (24.7 hectares) in the south of the Bavarian Forstarkar and granted the cooperative cheap loans for house construction, but asked its members in return for the extension of the canal system that had begun to include the community properties. Under the direction of the municipal building department , 400 new small housing estates were to be built on the site , among other things from funding from the Siebert program .
Expansion before the Second World War (1935–41)
As early as the spring of 1935, the settlers, supported by skilled workers from the craftsmen's building cooperative and workers from job creation measures, began work on the first residential buildings, which the contemporary local press used with the typical propagandistic slogans of the National Socialist settler myth - such as “fight for land” and “battle against the housing shortage “- commented. On September 9 of the same year, the topping-out ceremony for 27 new buildings with full flags was celebrated in the presence of Bamberg's second mayor, Stoll .
In accordance with the customs of the National Socialist settlement policy, the apartments, the first of which were ready for occupancy less than a month later, were given preference (at least ostensibly) to members of the community from the urban area loyal to the regime , alongside interested members of the craftsmen's cooperative . In contrast to the cooperative heritable building right system , as represented by the German Garden City Society , the houses on the Spinnseyer became the property of the settlers after the installments for the building costs had been paid off.
In the first construction phase (1935–38), the areas in the northeast and east of the area were developed and built on with a uniform pattern according to plans by the Bamberg architect Glück. In addition, a smaller group of houses was built away from the actual settlement core on Zollnerstrasse and Hauptsmoorstrasse. With the beginning of the Second World War , large parts of the development between the town center and Tannenbergstrasse (now Stauffenbergstrasse) followed in the second construction phase (1939–41). In 1941, the Hans Schemm School (today Kunigund School ) opposite the central row of shops was inaugurated as the first public building in the new settlement.
Settlement expansion after 1945
Although the main power post workshop was the target of Allied bombing raids in World War II, there was only relatively little damage in the adjacent garden city. In 1946, some of the previous street names, which until now had mostly been named after German officers and scenes of major battles, were changed. Martin-Faust -Strasse and Wiesheier-Strasse , which bore the names of “ martyrs ” of the Nazi regime, were ideologically burdened .
After construction came to a standstill in 1941, the Joseph Foundation had the first residential buildings of the post-war period built in the Spinnseyeriedlung from 1949. The large influx of people displaced from their homeland from the former eastern German territories made it necessary in the 1950s to expand the district further to the east according to plans by the Bamberg architect Josef Lorenz. To this end, large areas of the main moor forest were cleared again and the existing road network was extended.
Urban planning and development
Overall system
Before 1945
The road network is based on the existing system of paths in the cleared forest. In between, cross streets were laid parallel to one another. Stauffenbergstrasse, which connects Seehofstrasse and Hauptsmoorstrasse in a wide arc, forms the south-western end of the pre-war building stock. As usual for the establishment of settlements in the Third Reich, the building area lies between three tangential main roads, Memmelsdorfer Strasse in the north, Zollnerstrasse (also to Memmelsdorf) in the south and Weißenburgstrasse (to Hallstadt ) in the west. The Saarstrasse (Seehofstrasse) was created as an access road in east-west direction, which merged into Hauptsmoorstrasse on the edge of the main moor forest in the east, which in turn connected Zollner and Memmelsdorfer Strasse in a north-south direction.
The Bamberg Spinnseyeriedlung is not a garden city in the classic sense, but largely corresponds to the pattern of the “residential estate with mixed development”. This type of settlement nevertheless shows some important features of the garden city concept. Particularly noteworthy here are the prescribed low height of the houses, which were built as type houses according to a uniform plan , the large kitchen gardens for self-sufficiency and the construction of a main axis - the Seehofstrasse - with a central square . This was created between Ferdinand-Tietz- and Fichtestrasse by setting back the building line on the north side and creating a small park on the south side. The end of the building on the north side of the square is the settlement restaurant, which with its gable- facing facade refers to the opposite risalit of the Kunigund School, which closes the entire southern flank with its broad front. For urban planning reasons, the building density was noticeably increased here in order to give the settlement core an urban character that should clearly set itself apart from the surrounding, rural structures with their large green areas. The dense development with tenement houses along Seehofstrasse from 1938 underlined the urban claim that the east-west axis of the estate was to be given.
After 1945
With the construction of the Kunigunden Church and the construction of the Gartenstädter Markt after the Second World War, however, the center of the district shifted further to the northeast at the intersection of Seehofstrasse and Hauptsmoorstrasse. In contrast to the uniform pre-war buildings, three-storey, eaves-standing residential and commercial buildings were built as perimeter developments, as well as a single, five-storey block on the northeast side of the square.
Since the second half of the 1950s, the remaining open spaces in the garden city have been gradually filled in. To the south of Memmelsdorfer Straße and along Hauptsmoorstraße, mostly four-story apartment buildings were built according to a uniform plan, in the area between Greiffenbergstraße and Hauptsmoorstraße mostly small settlements and individual single-family houses . In addition, since around 1960, a new settlement focus has developed around the newly built Evangelical Lutheran Church of the Resurrection and the Pestalozzi School in the southwest.
House types and equipment
First and second expansion stage
In the pre-war Spinnseyer settlement four different house types were built, which were adapted to the needs and financial possibilities of their residents. In view of the general economic circumstances, the constructional execution was equally simple and functional for all types, and the living space was modest.
The most widespread house type was the one-and-a-half-story small settlement house with storage cellar and the characteristic, steep pitched roof, which offered enough space in the attic for a laundry-drying floor and additional living space. Most of them are single houses, although in the second expansion phase from 1938 on, especially on Stauffenbergstraße (even numbers), there were also double houses . A small farm building with a laundry room, wooden box and small animal shed belonged to each property. In the Spinnseyer settlement this was mostly free-standing in the garden (including Arndt-, Petrini- and Reussstrasse), but was often attached directly to the back of the house (including Fichtestrasse).
On the northeast side of the street Am Spinnseyer, on the other hand, two-story two-family or single-family houses with balconies were built. The roof structure here had a lower incline than in the small settlement houses, but could at least partially be expanded. In keeping with the idea of self-sufficiency, every small settlement house and every home belonged to a kitchen garden , which was very generous for the time , in which primarily local fruit trees and bushes as well as herb and vegetable beds were planted. The city administration provided each settler family with a selection of suitable plants to help them get started.
Two-story apartment buildings were initially only available in the outskirts of the pre-war settlement on Reussstrasse and Zollnerstrasse. During the second expansion phase from 1938, when the suburban settlers were increasingly distancing themselves from the self-sufficiency principle due to the now greatly improved employment situation, apartment buildings were also built in close rows on both sides of the east-west axis, Seehofstrasse. Since the residents did not grow any fruit and vegetables around the houses, simple residential greenery with meadows, shady trees and ornamental plants were created here instead of kitchen gardens , which only served as a laundry drying area and for recreation for the community.
Current condition
Even today, the history of the garden city can be read from the individual assemblies. While a number of the pre-war rental houses have been preserved in largely unchanged condition, only a few original single and multi-family houses still exist. This is mainly explained by the fact that most pre-war buildings, with their naturally very simple furnishings, barely met modern comfort requirements. The different house types are mostly still recognizable despite all modernizations and conversions.
Since the gardens are now mainly used for recreation and no longer primarily for growing fruit and vegetables, the number of original kitchen gardens has also decreased significantly. In addition, many green areas are built over with modern outbuildings such as arbors, garages and carports . The rear farm buildings have mostly been converted for residential use or completely demolished in favor of larger house extensions in recent decades. On the other hand, the greenery around the apartment buildings, which is still used jointly, has been well preserved.
Local transport
The district is connected to the city center by two bus lines that meet at the Kunigundenkirche stop and a night bus line operated by the Bamberg public utility company. On the outskirts of the district between junction 22 of the A 73 and the Berliner Ring, several bus routes go to the city center and to Memmelsdorf.
Events
The parish fair takes place in the garden city on four days at the beginning of August. In addition, the local citizens' association organizes a St. John's fire and is the only district in Bamberg with a carnival parade.
Attractions
- The Roman Catholic parish church of Sankt Kunigund in the Garden City was built in 1951-53 according to plans by Lorenz Strobel at the northeast end of the Garden City Market.
- The Evangelical Lutheran Church of the Resurrection with a free-standing campanile and parsonage was built in 1954–56 based on plans by Max Kälberer on the southwestern edge of the garden city.
literature
- Roland Hinzer: St. Kunigund in Bamberg . Michael Imhof, Petersberg 2004, p. 2-5 .
- Ute Peltz-Dreckmann: National Socialist Housing Development . Attempt to analyze the factors determining settlement policy using the example of National Socialism . Minerva, Munich 1978.
- Siegmund Schauer: 50 years of the garden city. 1935-1985. 50 years of the Bamberg Garden City settler community . Bamberg 1985.
Individual evidence
- ^ Municipal Building Department [Bamberg]: Over 400 small apartments have been built in Bamberg for 3 years . In: Verkehrs- und Verschönerungsverein Bamberg (ed.): Bamberg our beautiful city. Annual calendar 1937 . Bamberg 1938, p. 87–89, here p. 88 .
- ^ Bamberger Volksblatt of May 23, 1935.
- ↑ Schauer 1985, p. 45.
- ↑ See the street names of the same name in Bayreuth on: Markus Barnick: Bayreuth - a virtual tour. 2004, accessed April 13, 2008 .
- ↑ a b Peltz-Dreckmann 1978, p. 294.
- ↑ See the typology according to Peltz-Dreckmann 1978, p. 293f.
- ↑ Peltz-Dreckmann 1978, p. 278.
- ^ Garden City Citizens' Association
Bruckertshof | Bug | Bughof | Garden city | Gaustadt | Deer knock | Kramersfeld | Wildensorg
Coordinates: 49 ° 55 ' N , 10 ° 55' E