Hans Schemm

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Hans Schemm

Hans Heinrich Georg Schemm (born October 6, 1891 in Bayreuth ; † March 5, 1935 there ) was NSDAP - Gauleiter of the Bavarian East Mark , Reichswalter of the National Socialist Teachers' Association (NSLB) and Bavarian Minister of Education .

Life

Origin, education and first world war

Hans Schemm was born as the second of three sons of Konrad Schemm and Babette Meyer. His parents ran a cobbler's shop . Due to the demands of his parents as a supplier to the local military, he grew up mostly with his grandmother. It aroused his interest in history and myths. He first attended elementary school and from 1905 to 1910 (three years preparatory school and two years of seminar courses) the teachers' seminar at the Royal Bavarian Teacher Training Institute in Bayreuth . In 1915 he married the four years older - from a wealthy family - the master builder's daughter Babetta Lorenzia Zeitler. The son Rudolf was born in 1917. From 1910 he taught as a teacher, first in Wülfersreuth , then from 1911 in Neufang and from 1920 at the Old Town School , which later became the Hans Schemm School in Bayreuth. During his time as a teacher he experimented with chemicals and worked with his microscope . He was deferred from military service in 1911 and assigned to the reserve reserve . On the sixth day of mobilization (August 6, 1914), he was deployed as a nurse at the reserve hospital in Bayreuth “at the urgent request of competent military doctors”. In the winter of 1915/16 he became infected with tuberculosis , which again led to temporary exemption from military service.

From April 18 to May 6, 1919 he was a member of the Bayreuth Freikorps . He did not take an active part in the violent suppression of the Munich Soviet Republic on May 2, 1919, because he only arrived in Munich afterwards .

Professional activities

In September 1920, Schemm became a laboratory assistant in a bacteriological-chemical laboratory at Chemische Werke Werchow in Thale (formerly the Hubertusbad sanatorium), which, however, closed in 1921 for financial reasons. Schemm, who had previously dealt scientifically with chemical-biological questions, returned to school service. Between 1921 and 1928 he also taught at the adult education center .

Member of the NSDAP

From 1923 onwards Schemm had contact with National Socialist groups, joined the NSDAP and met Adolf Hitler on September 30, 1923 . In 1924 he became an assessor in the Völkischer Bund Bayreuth. On February 27, 1925, Schemm founded the NSDAP local group in Bayreuth and in the same year the Upper Franconia district of the NSDAP. Schemm built up the organization with determination. In January 1926, when he was registered in the Munich central register, he was assigned membership number 29.313.

Member of Parliament

In 1928 Schemm became a member of the Bavarian state parliament and also head of the Franconian district of the National Socialist Society for German Culture . In 1932 he left the state parliament.

Schemm systematically prepared the local NSDAP for the election campaigns, initially for the city council elections in 1929. The NSDAP won nine seats, Schemm became parliamentary group chairman. The entry of the NSDAP parliamentary group led to frequent tumults and a fight, which were caused by the aggressive behavior of the NSDAP members and especially Schemms.

As the top candidate for Franconia, Schemm appeared in 1930 at a major event organized by the NSDAP local group in Neustadt an der Aisch , to which all teachers in the district were invited and Jews were not allowed.

In 1930 Schemm became a member of the Reichstag and remained so until his death.

Teachers 'Association and Evangelical Pastors' Association

In 1929 Schemm founded the National Socialist Teachers' Association (NSLB), which he headed as Reichswalter. On his initiative, a working group of clergymen of both denominations was established within the NSLB. This led to the formation of a working group of National Socialist Protestant clergymen, which was called the National Socialist Evangelical Pastors' Association (NSEP) from mid-1931 . The "teacher" Hans Schemm was active as a propagandist of a so-called positive Christianity represented by him .

Newspaper and publisher owner

In 1928 and 1929, Schemm took over the management of several National Socialist newspapers ( Streiter , Weckruf and Nationale Zeitung ) due to his parliamentary immunity , which he gave up a short time later because there were too many grueling trials and the editorial offices did not always follow his instructions held. In April 1929, Schemm founded his own newspaper, and from August of the same year the National Socialist teachers' newspaper appeared , later called Der deutsche Erzieher. Reichszeitung , the organ of the Nazi teachers' union. On October 1, 1930, the weekly newspaper Struggle for German Freedom and Culture , published by Schemm, was published , which increased the circulation from initially 3,000 to 20,000 (1932).

In 1931 Schemm founded the National Socialist Kulturverlag Bayreuth , which published the daily newspaper Das Fränkische Volk (10,000 copies) from October 1, 1932 .

In 1933 Schemm was able to establish a NS-Gaus Bayerische Ostmark , "Mark" understood in the medieval sense as a war zone and barrier against the "Slavs". Bayreuth became the capital of the district and was also the seat of the NSLB. Schemm, who in the meantime claimed the title of " Franconian Leader ", and the Gauleitung were then active to promote "Ostmark awareness" (e.g. through Ostmarklied, Ostmarkstrasse, Ostmarkverlag). In 1942, the Gau, which was no longer in the border area as a result of the Nazi conquest of parts of Czechoslovakia, was renamed "Gau Bayreuth". Schemm founded a "Gauverlag Bayerische Ostmark" based in Bayreuth, through which several regional newspapers were brought into line and controlled centrally. Until 1942, the name "Bavarian Ostmark" carried the Deggendorfer Zeitung , the "Rottaler Zeitung", the "Hofer Tagblatt", the "Frankenwald-Zeitung", the "Kulmbacher Rundschau", the "Dingolfing-Landauer Zeitung " alongside the "Franconian people" ”, The Donau-Zeitung , the“ Regensburger Kurier ”, the Coburger Nationalzeitung and other daily newspapers. Only a few of them were able to retain a certain degree of independence for a short time until they completely stopped their publication due to paper rationing during the World War.

The Gauverlag Bayerische Ostmark, from 1942 "Gauverlag Bayreuth", produced a large number of books until shortly before the end of the war, in particular also field post editions of small letters. Not only were there obvious propaganda publications, but also illustrated books about the cities of the “Bavarian East Markets”, as well as those about Bulgaria and the conquered cities of Prague and Krakow. In 1939 the publishing house showed a particular proximity to Alfred Rosenberg's cultural policy; z. B. appeared in March a selection volume, which consisted of 9 essays from 1938 in a literary journal Bücherkunde , an organ of Rosenberg's "Office of Literature Maintenance", and 3 others. Both publications had the same editor or main editor, Günther Stöve.

Gauleiter and Minister of Education

From 1928 Hans Schemm was Gauleiter of the NSDAP-Gau Upper Franconia, which in 1933 was united with the Gau Oberpfalz-Niederbayern to the Gau Bayerische Ostmark . Schemm remained Gauleiter and in the following years established a subsidiary edition of the "Franconian People", the " Bayerische Ostwacht ", which was later renamed "Bayerische Ostmark". Schemm also became SA group leader. On March 16, 1933, Reich Governor Franz Ritter von Epp Schemm was appointed Acting Minister of Culture of Bavaria ( Epp's cabinet ). Hitler then appointed him on April 13, 1933 as "Head of Cultural and Educational Affairs in Bavaria". Because of this, the NSLB and the Reichstenographenbund had their headquarters in Bayreuth. Even under the government of Ludwig Siebert ( Siebert cabinet ), Schemm remained Bavarian Minister of Education until his death. In 1933 he published the book God, Race and Culture .

At the conference Education in the National Socialist State , which took place in Munich from August 1st to 5th, 1933, he justified National Socialist conformity in a lecture :

  • “National Socialism won through its enthusiastic commitment to totality . And that's why we won't give in until the last ones ... have been brought into line and those who don't want to have died for whatever reason ”.

Schemm became an honorary citizen of Bayreuth in 1933 and later in Eggenfelden and Hof .

In 1934 Schemm worked with Hans Frank in the organization of the 1934 World Chess Championship and had chess made a school subject in Bavaria.

death

During the take-off of his plane at Bayreuth Airport, it crashed due to a pilot's error. There were rumors that the crash was related to alcohol or that he had piloted the plane himself. Hitler personally ordered the Berlin professor Ferdinand Sauerbruch by plane to Bayreuth, but Schemm succumbed to his injuries on March 5, 1935 before his arrival . Fritz Wächtler was his successor as Gauleiter and Reichswalter of the NSLB .

reception

Hans Schemm School in Zinten , East Prussia
Former Hans Schemm barracks in Bayreuth

Schemm's life was glorified by the National Socialists, but also partly in the subsequent democratic period. As a result of his untimely death, he was often referred to as a “good Nazi”. Schools, streets and halls were named after him during the National Socialist era. Among other things, the Theodolinden-Gymnasium and the Rotbuchenschule in Munich bore his name. One of these names survived until April 1986: The "Hans-Schemm-Kaserne" of the US armed forces in Bayreuth, whose main building today u. a. the Bayreuth Social Court houses. A memory room was set up in the House of German Education .

The Hans Schemm Prize, founded in 1936, was named after him, the most important award for National Socialist books for children and young people as a “means of shaping the German people, the German people of the next centuries”. The Hans Schemm Prize was intended to promote texts in particular that educate people to be “willing and ready to fight”. Prize winners included the authors Otto Boris , Fritz Steuben (Erhard Wittek) and Alfred Weidenmann, who were also known after 1945 .

Works

  • The red war. Mother or comrade. Bayreuth 1931.
  • Our religion is called Christ, our politics is called Germany! Sulzbach 1933.
  • Hans Schemm speaks. His speeches and his work. (edited by G. Kahl-Furthmann), Bayreuth 1935.

literature

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Heinrich Friedmann : The House of German Education (= The Young State # 5), NS-Kulturverlag, Bayreuth 1933, p. 67.
  2. a b c d Ernst Klee : The dictionary of persons on the Third Reich. Who was what before and after 1945. Second updated edition. Fischer Taschenbuch Verlag, Frankfurt am Main 2005, ISBN 3-596-16048-0 , p. 530.
  3. ^ Franz Kühnel: Hans Schemm Gauleiter and Minister of Education (1891-1935) . Series of publications by the Nuremberg City Archives, Nuremberg 1985, ISBN 3-87432-096-0 , p. 39 .
  4. ^ Wolfgang Mück: Nazi stronghold in Middle Franconia: The völkisch awakening in Neustadt an der Aisch 1922–1933. Verlag Philipp Schmidt, 2016 (= Streiflichter from the local history. Special volume 4), ISBN 978-3-87707-990-4 , p. 94 f.
  5. National Socialist Teachers' Association (NSLB), 1929–1943
  6. ^ National Socialist Evangelical Pastors' Association (NSEP) in the Bavarian Historical Lexicon , accessed on April 24, 2014.
  7. Norbert Aas: Between ideological struggle and end times mood. Boomerang, Bayreuth 2010, ISBN 978-3-929268-24-8 , p. 21.
  8. Wolfgang Mück (2016), p. 95.
  9. Wolfgang Mück (2016), p. 265.
  10. Historisches Lexikon Bayerns: Bayerische Ostmark 1933–1945 , accessed on March 17, 2018.
  11. "We don't want to be forgotten". Essays on little-read great German poets. Gauverlag Bayerische Ostmark, Bayreuth 1939, epilogue p. 198f.
  12. Efim Bogolyubov : Chess fight for the world championship. Karlsruhe 1935, p. 5, as well as German chess sheets . March 15, 1935, p. 1; both quoted from Hans Schemm , accessed on November 6, 2011.
  13. z. B. Hans-Schemm-Schule in Innsbruck, later Rennerschule, see THS Pembaurstraße , (Chronik online) , accessed on November 6, 2011.
  14. ^ Karl Fiehler : Munich is building. A factual and photo report about the National Socialist construction in the capital of the movement , Munich 1935.
  15. Bayerische Ostmark, 1933–1945 , accessed on November 20, 2012.
  16. Bernd Mayer : Bayreuth Chronicle. Bayreuth 1989, p. 63.
  17. http://www.lexikon-drittes-reich.de/Hans-Schemm-Preis
  18. Archived copy ( memento of the original from January 16, 2017 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / de.allbuch.online