Koźle

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Koźle
Koźle coat of arms
Koźle (Poland)
Koźle
Koźle
Basic data
State : Poland
Voivodeship : Opole
District of: Kędzierzyn-Koźle
Geographic location : 50 ° 20 '  N , 18 ° 9'  E Coordinates: 50 ° 20 '1 "  N , 18 ° 8' 45"  E
Residents : 14,780 (2005)
Postal code : 47-200
Telephone code : (+48) 77
License plate : OK
Economy and Transport
Street : Głuchołazy - Pyskowice
Next international airport : Katowice



Koźle (German Cosel , also Kosel ) is a district of the city of Kędzierzyn-Koźle ( Kandrzin-Cosel ) in the powiat Kędzierzyńsko-Kozielski in the Polish Voivodeship of Opole . The previously independent city merged in 1975 with the industrial cities of Kędzierzyn , Kłodnica and Sławięcice on the right bank of the Oder and the Klodnitz to form a city with the name Kędzierzyn-Koźle. From 1286 to 1492 Cosel was the seat of the Duchy of Cosel .

Geographical location

Cosel west of Gleiwitz on a map from 1905

The village is located in the Upper Silesia region on the left bank of the Oder opposite the confluence of the Klodnitz at 172 m above sea level. NHN , about 35 kilometers west of Gliwice .

Neighboring towns are Januszkowice ( Januschkowitz ) in the north, Kędzierzyn in the east, Brzeżce ( Brzezetz ) and Kobelwitz in the southeast, Dębowa ( Dembowa ) in the south, Reńska Wieś in the southwest, Większyce ( Wiegschütz ) in the west and Komorno (1936–45, Altenwall) in the north-west .

Since the earliest times, Cosel has been a crossroads between the trade route from Neisse to Kraków and the road connections from and to Moravia . At the end of the 18th century it was the starting point for the Klodnitz Canal and the later Gleiwitz Canal . The planned and unfinished Oder-Danube Canal was supposed to connect the Oder near Cosel with the Danube in Vienna .

history

Wilhelminian style building in the center of Cosel

middle Ages

Parish church of St. Sigismund, first mentioned in 1295

The first written mention of the certainly older border castle of Cosel dates back to 1104, when a Moravian army led by Prince Svatopluk II of Olomouc did not succeed in taking the Piast castle of Cosel. However, the castle was destroyed in the border wars between Poland and Moravia in 1108 and the town was completely devastated and burned down by the Moravians in 1133. It was not until the Pentecostal Peace of Glatz , concluded in 1137, that the Bohemian-Polish wars ended and permanent demarcation was established. Since Cosel was to the left of the Zinna , it fell to Poland and, after its division in 1138, to the Duchy of Silesia . As early as 1155 Cosel was the seat of a castellany . After the division of the Duchy of Silesia in 1173, Cosel became part of the Duchy of Ratibor . A castellan is documented for the year 1222 and Pope Gregory IX confirmed it in 1229 . the abbot of Tyniec the tithe of the land in Cosel that belonged to Ratibor Castle . In 1239 a canon Hyvalo von Cosel and the court or castle chaplains Johann and Albert were mentioned in a document concerning Czissek .

After the death of Duke Mieszko II from Opole , Pope Innocent IV confirmed the German knights' claim to the castles Ratibor, Cosel and Tost in 1253 . After the division of the Duchy of Ratibor-Opole in 1281, Duke Casimir II received the areas of Bytom and Cosel. Already at the beginning of his reign he turned politically to Bohemia and was the first Silesian duke to honor the Bohemian King Wenceslaus II in Prague on January 10, 1289. At the same time, with the consent of his sons, he took over his land as a fiefdom of the crown of Bohemia . A parish church probably already existed in Cosel at this time. In 1293 Casimir II granted Cosel the Neumarkter law and a pastor from Cosel is recorded for the year 1295. The city wall was mentioned in 1306 while Kasimir II was still alive, and his second-born son, Wladislaus , was the Duke of Cosel . In 1323 the Marienkapelle is said to have been built at the parish church and in 1329 a bailiff and councilors are documented. In 1342 the Cosler Vogt Nikolaus von Sygin confirmed the sale of his Ratibor watermill. The oldest known Cosel city seal was attached to this document, which was previously in the possession of the Brno Estates Archive.

After the death of Duke Bolko von Beuthen and Cosel in 1355, there was an inheritance dispute over the inheritance that had fallen back to Bohemia . The Duchy of Cosel was awarded on October 10, 1355 by an arbitration tribunal chaired by the Bohemian sovereign Charles IV to Duke Konrad I of Oels , who was married to a sister of the late Duke Wladislaus.

Cosel was completely destroyed by fires in 1417 and 1454. In 1431 the dukes of Oels, Konrad V. "the Kanthner" and Konrad VII. "The old white man", founded a minorite monastery outside the city of Cosel . In 1477 the Bohemian rival king Matthias of Hungary , who had appropriated Cosel among other things, transferred the administration of Cosel to the governor Johann Bielik von Kornitz .

In 1490, King Wladislaus of Bohemia confirmed the fief of the castle and town of Cosel to Puta von Riesenberg and Swihow , which Puta's son Wilhelm sold in 1509 to Duke Johann II of Opole . He died in 1532 as the last of the Opole branch of the Silesian Piasts .

Habsburg period (1532–1742)

Cosel in 1536; in the travel pictures of Count Palatine Ottheinrich

The rule of Cosel, which at that time consisted of 35 villages in addition to the city and the castle, now fell back to the Crown of Bohemia, which had been held by the Habsburgs since 1526, together with the Duchy of Opole . They pledged the repudiated areas in 1532 to the Margraves of Brandenburg-Ansbach , who were followed by other pledges in 1551.

In 1558, Emperor Ferdinand I, in his capacity as King of Bohemia, pledged the rule of Cosel to the imperial councilor Otto von Zedlitz on Parchwitz , who was followed in 1563 by Johann Freiherr von Oppersdorf as pledge holder. During his reign the parish church was rebuilt and expanded and the castle was converted into a palace. In 1617 Andreas Freiherr von Kochtizky acquired the Cosel estate.

During the Thirty Years War , Duke Johann Ernst von Sachsen Weimar conquered the Cosel Fortress with the Danish army on July 10, 1627 and then expanded it further. In the same year the Danish garrison under Colonel Joachim von Carpzov surrendered to the troops of the imperial general Wallenstein . Looting and epidemics decimated the population and ended the city's heyday. From 1629 to 1645 the Cosel domain was owned by the Bohemian Chamber . In 1642 the Swedes conquered Cosel under Lennart Torstensson and completely incinerated the city, only the church and castle remained. From 1645 to 1660 Cosel was part of the Bohemian Hereditary Principality of Opole-Ratibor. From 1555 to 1635 it was again chamber property.

From 1735 to 1737 Cosel was under the feudal rule of the Counts of Plettenberg .

Prussian period (1742-1918)

Kosel in the first half of the 18th century. By Friedrich Bernhard Werner
Wilhelm von Kobell : Siege of Cosel in 1807 (1808)
Plan of the Cosel fortifications from 1851
Former garrison church
Coseler port facility on the Klodnitz Canal

In 1741, during the First Silesian War , Prussian troops of Frederick the Great of the La Motte regiment occupied the town and fortress of Cosel and took winter quarters here. In 1742 Cosel and most of Silesia fell to Prussia . In 1743 General Heinrich Karl von der Marwitz accepted the oath of homage from the Upper Silesians in Neisse on behalf of the king. Among the deputies were the mayor of Cosel, Anton Peisker, and two other delegates from Cosel. In 1744 Major General Gerhard Cornelius von Walrave Friedrich II presented the fortification design for Cosel, which was approved by the king. In 1745, the only partially fortified, poorly equipped fortress of Cosel fell into the hands of the imperial Pandours through treason . In 1746, the Prussian troops under Lieutenant General Ernst Christoph von Nassau recaptured Cosel. During the bombardment, the city was burned down except for the parish church, the castle and 16 town houses. The Austrian general Ernst Gideon von Laudon besieged Cosel in vain in 1760; his headquarters were in Krzanowitz . Frederick the Great visited Cosel for the last time in 1784.

During the Fourth Coalition War during the Silesian Campaign, French and Bavarian troops under General Bernhard Erasmus von Deroy Cosel besieged from January 1807. On January 22, 1807, the fortress commander Colonel David von Neumann refused to hand over the fortress. Under his successor, Colonel Ludwig Wilhelm von Puttkamer , the fortress was successfully defended until the Peace of Tilsit on July 9, 1807. After the reorganization of Prussia, from 1816 Cosel was the seat of the district of Cosel , which belonged to the administrative district of Opole . During the war with Austria in 1866, the Cosel Fortress was made ready for the last time. In 1864, as a result of the storming of the Düppeler Schanzen on April 18, around 500 captured Danes were relocated here. An imperial law of 1873 repealed the Cosel fortress. By razing the wall, the city was able to expand and develop economically.

From 1891 to 1908 the Coseler Oderhafen was expanded following the Frederizian Klodnitz Canal , which before the First World War had a greater volume of traffic than the inland ports in Stettin and Ludwigshafen . In 1901 the Caesar Wollheim shipyard was founded, which quickly developed into one of the leading inland shipyards in Germany.

At the beginning of the 20th century, Cosel had a Protestant church, a Catholic church, a synagogue , an old castle, a Progymnasium , a head forester, a state stud , a port, a cellulose factory (field mill, 1200 workers), sawmills, grain mills, and a malt house , a petroleum - refining , brick, major shipping and was the seat of a district court .

  • Fountain on Coseler Ring

  • Houses on Coseler Ring

  • House facade in the center of Cosel

20th century

Postcard from Cosel for the referendum

On March 20, 1921, the referendum was held in Upper Silesia . In the Kosel district, which had almost 77% Polish-speaking residents, 75% voted for Germany and 25% for Poland. From June 4 to 6, 1921, as part of the Third Silesian Uprising , the " Slawentzitz- Kosel circumvention battles" of the Southern Group of Self-Protection Upper Silesia under Lieutenant General a. D. Bernhard von Hülsen .

From 1939 to 1944, many Jewish families from Cosel were deported by the National Socialists ; the last Jewish citizens of Cosel were arrested in the morgue of the Jewish cemetery before they were transported to Auschwitz in 1944.

During the years 1942–1944, the Blechhammer labor camp for Jewish slave laborers was set up near Cosel . As of April 1944, there was organisationally the subcamp of Auschwitz assumed. The mostly male prisoners had to do forced labor for IG Farben . Before the Red Army reached the camp, the prisoners were sent on the death march ; More than 800 of them were shot by the SS and Wehrmacht members guarding them.

Towards the end of the Second World War it came from 21 January to 18 March 1945 attacks by the Red Army on the bridgehead Cosel. On 21/22 In January 1945 top Soviet groups crossed the frozen Oder north of Rogau . On March 16, the Red Army broke through in Langlieben towards Gnadenfeld / Bauerwitz . On the night of March 18-19, the Oder bridges were blown up at around two o'clock, and the German combat group (344th Infantry Division, Major General Koßmala ) marched with wounded men, women and children towards Deutsch Rasselwitz . Here the combat group commander and last commandant of Cosel, Major Werner, fell.

After the end of the war, in 1945, like almost all of Silesia, Cosel was placed under Polish administration by the Soviet Union . The immigration of Polish migrants began, some of whom came from areas east of the Curzon Line and belonged to the Polish minority there. The place name Koźle was introduced. The German population was largely expelled by the local Polish administrative authority .

The Evangelical Church of Cosel from the 18th century was demolished.

Demographics

Population development until 1945
year population Remarks
1552 about 800 170 town houses
1600 approx. 4000 including 600 citizens with houses
1756 598 Civilians
1766 965 including 926 Christians and 30 Jews
1777 1156 without the garrison (over 1000 men), including 1076 Christians and 80 Jews
1782 1249 thereof 1137 Christians and 112 Jews
1802 1457 Civilians
1816 1455 without old and new castle (together seven residents)
1825 1604 including 335 Protestants, 184 Jews
1829 1973 Civilians, excluding the garrison (1,300 men in three battalions of the von Saß regiment )
1836 1968 Civilians, without the garrisome, which was greatly reduced in 1835 (two companies and cadres of the 22nd Landwehr Regiment , a total of 214 men)
1840 2871 thereof 689 Protestants, 2000 Catholics, 182 Jews
1846 2515 Civilians
1855 2651 including 511 Evangelicals and 180 Jews
1858 2628
1861 2851 including 475 Evangelicals, 2195 Catholics, 181 Jews
1867 4420 on December 3rd
1871 4517 with the garrison (a battalion Landwehr No. 62, artillery ), including 800 Protestants and 100 Jews (600 Poles ); According to other data, 4514 inhabitants (on December 1), of which 693 are Protestants, 3602 Catholics, 219 Jews
1890 5761 of which 1500 Protestants, 3997 Catholics, 262 Jews (800 Poles )
1900 7085 with the garrison (two battalions of infantry No. 62), mostly Catholics
1910 7832
1933 10,766
1939 11,896 thereof 1,272 Protestants, 10,428 Catholics, nine other Christians, 24 Jews
Number of inhabitants since World War II
year Residents
1961 11,581
1970 13,300

Attractions

Cosel Castle
  • Parish church of St. Sigismund , first mentioned in 1295. It was not used during the Reformation and was rebuilt and enlarged by Johann von Oppersdorf around 1570. Until the secularization in 1810, the Johanniter Commandery Gröbnig exercised the church patronage. The main altar was recreated in 1936. It consists of eight fields made of silver-plated copper with scenes from the Old and New Testaments. The altar in the Marienkapelle contains the Gothic miraculous image of the so-called Coseler Madonna, created around 1420 . In the crypt there are copper coffins with members of the von Oppersdorf family.
  • Church of the Assumption of Mary , originally the monastery church of the Franciscan monastery built in 1431, which was destroyed during the Reformation. The current baroque church was built around the middle of the 18th century.
  • Rectangular ring (Polish: Rynek) in the old town of Cosel, surrounded by old town houses from the 18th and 19th centuries in the style of Baroque and Classicism . In the middle of the square was the town hall until 1945. There is a fountain on the western side of the square.
  • Coseler Castle, first mentioned in 1104. In 1734 the complex was converted into a fortress. Today there is a museum in the building.
  • The old post office at ul. Łukasiewicza Ignacego

sons and daughters of the town

literature

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c Meyer's Large Conversation Lexicon . 6th edition, Volume 11, Leipzig / Vienna 1907, p. 525 .
  2. ↑ Modern history of the Germans from the Reformation to the Federal Act, Volume 7 by Karl Adolf Menzel (1837) p. 133, online
  3. ↑ http://www.territorial.de/obschles/cosel/landkrs.htm Landkreis Cosel
  4. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l Felix Triest : Topographisches Handbuch von Oberschlesien , Wilh. Gottl. Korn, Breslau 1865, p. 743 .
  5. ↑ See: The results of the referendums established by the Versailles Treaty in West and East Prussia and in Silesia. In: Herder Institute (ed.): Documents and materials on East Central European history. Topic module "Second Polish Republic", edit. by Heidi Hein-Kircher . As of June 26, 2013 (accessed April 25, 2014)
  6. ↑ The Kędzierzyn-Koźle & Wolfgang Benz and Barbara Distel camp (editors): Hinzert, Auschwitz, Neuengamme , Volume 5 of the Places of Terror , Beck Verlag, Munich, 2007, ISBN 978-3-406-52965-8 , p. 186 ff. Online: Blechhammer at Cosel on Google Books
  7. ↑ According to the Urbarium from 1532, cf. Augustin Weltzel: History of the city, rule and fortress Cosel , Berlin 1866, p. 137 .
  8. ↑ Alexander August Mützell and Leopold Krug : New topographical-statistical-geographical dictionary of the Prussian state . Volume 2: G – Ko , Halle 1821, p. 390, paragraphs 4319 and 4320 .
  9. ↑ Johann Georg Knie : Alphabetical-statistical-topographical overview of the villages, spots, cities and other places of the royal family. Prussia. Province of Silesia, including the Margraviate of Upper Lusatia, which now belongs entirely to the province, and the County of Glatz; together with the attached evidence of the division of the country into the various branches of civil administration. Melcher, Breslau 1830, pp. 948-949 .
  10. ^ Johann Georg Knie : Alphabetical-statistical-topographical overview of the villages, spots, cities and other places of the royal family. Preusz. Province of Silesia. 2nd Edition. Graß, Barth and Comp., Breslau 1845, pp. 845-846 .
  11. ^ Felix Triest : Topographisches Handbuch von Oberschlesien , Wilh. Gottl. Korn, Breslau 1865, p. 736 .
  12. ^ A b Royal Statistical Bureau: The municipalities and manor districts of the province of Silesia and their population. Based on the original materials of the general census of December 1, 1871. Berlin 1874, pp. 370–371, item 1 .
  13. ^ Gustav Neumann : The German Empire in geographical, statistical and topographical relation . Volume 2, GFO Müller, Berlin 1874, pp. 169-170, item 2.
  14. ↑ a b c M. Rademacher: German administrative history from the unification of the empire in 1871 to the reunification in 1990. (Online material for the dissertation, Osnabrück 2006)
  15. ↑ [1]
  16. ↑ Schloss Cosel ( Memento of the original from May 3, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.foto.esilesia.com
  17. ↑ Among the winners from Josef Gröger. In: www.eichsfelder-nachrichten.de. May 7, 2018, accessed December 9, 2019 .