Toszek
| Toszek Tost |
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|---|---|---|---|
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| Basic data | |||
| State : | Poland | ||
| Voivodeship : | Silesia | ||
| Powiat : | Gliwice (Gliwice) | ||
| Gmina : | Gmina Toszek | ||
| Area : | 9.67 km² | ||
| Geographic location : | 50 ° 27 ' N , 18 ° 31' E | ||
| Residents : | |||
| Postal code : | 44-180 | ||
| Telephone code : | (+48) 32 | ||
| License plate : | SGL | ||
| Economy and Transport | |||
| Street : | Pyskowice - Opole | ||
| Rail route : | Gliwice – Opole | ||
| Next international airport : | Katowice | ||
| administration | |||
| Website : | www.toszek.pl | ||
Toszek [ 'tɔʃɛk ] ( German Tost ) is a town in the powiat Gliwicki ( district of Gliwice ) in the Polish Voivodeship of Silesia and is the seat of the urban and rural municipality Toszek . The city has about 3500 inhabitants,
geography
location
The city is located in central Upper Silesia between the cities of Strzelce Opolskie ( Groß Strehlitz ) and Pyskowice ( Peiskretscham ) and north of Gliwice at 268 m above sea level. NHN .
Neighboring towns are Pisarzowice ( Writer's place ), Boguszyce ( Boguschütz ), Pawłowice ( Pawlowitz ), Płużniczka ( Klein Pluschnitz ), Sarnów ( Sarnau ), Kotliszowice ( Kottlischowitz ) and Wilkowiczki ( Klein Wilkowitz ).
City structure
The district of Oracze ( Oratsche ) belongs to Toszek .
history
The castle Tost , which is above the city on a sloping hill three sides of the Upper Silesian limestone ridge, was probably by Duke I. Boleslaw established that the branch of the Silesian Piast dynasty came. Below the castle, the Hohe Strasse ran from Breslau via Opole to Krakow . The castle was the seat of a castellany , which is first recorded for the year 1245, while a castellan was mentioned as early as 1222. The Peterskirche, which probably belongs to the castellany, already existed in 1201, when it was opened by Pope Innocent III. the Wroclaw Premonstratensian Monastery of St. Vincent was confirmed. Next to the castle there was a Slavic castle settlement, which together with the Opole region came to Duke Mieszko of Ratibor in 1202 . His son Mieszko II , who died in 1246, designated Toster Castle as the Wittum of his wife Judith / Jutta. In 1264 the patronage of the dilapidated St. Peter's Church was transferred from the Vinzensstift in Breslau to the Bishop of Breslau . Tost was probably implemented under German law around the year 1300, as a Vogt of Tost is documented for 1309 .
After the death of Opole Duke Wladislaus I in 1281, Tost came to the newly founded Duchy of Beuthen , whose first Duke was Casimir II . Already at the beginning of his reign he turned politically to Bohemia and was the first Silesian duke to voluntarily pay homage to the Bohemian King Wenceslaus II in Prague on January 10, 1289. At the same time, with the consent of his sons, he took over his land as a fiefdom of the crown of Bohemia . He separated the area of Tost from the Duchy of Bytom for the eldest son Boleslaus , who was titled Duke of Tost in 1304 and was Bishop of Gran . After his death, the Duchy of Tost inherited his brother Wladislaus , Duke of Cosel, who in turn linked it with the Duchy of Bytom. He recognized the feudal sovereignty King John of Bohemia and took from him on 18 February 1327 to Opava Cosel, Bytom, Tost, Peiskretscham and Slawentzitz (district Cosel) fief for himself, his sons and his brothers Ziemovit and George.
After the Bytom branch of the Silesian Piasts died out in 1355, Tost came to the Duchy of Teschen in 1357 after a protracted inheritance dispute , with which it remained connected until 1484. Duke Boleslaus I of Teschen temporarily resided in Tost. On May 17, 1464, Duke Przemislaus (Przemko) of Tost was present in Cracow at the baptism of Princess Sofia, who was born a week and a half earlier by Queen Elisabeth of Poland . In 1497 Tost came to the Opole Duke Johann II , with whom the Opole branch of the Silesian Piasts expired in 1532. Together with Opole, Tost fell as a settled fiefdom to the Crown of Bohemia, which had been ruled by the Habsburgs since 1526 . In 1536 the Roman-German King and later Emperor Ferdinand I granted Tost city rights in his capacity as King of Bohemia. For this year, 86 citizens are registered in the Stadturbar . There were 26 shoemakers and four linen weavers among the craftsmen at the time. In 1557/58 Ferdinand I pledged Tost together with Peiskretscham and eight villages to Freiherr Friedrich von Redern and his son Hans Georg. They were followed in 1586 by their relatives Freiherr von Redern auf Groß Strehlitz , to whom the Bohemian King Rudolf II sold the city in 1593 and who owned it until 1637. From 1638 to 1707 and again from 1752 to 1759 the rule of Tost-Peiskretscham was owned by the Counts Colonna , who made a contribution to the development of the Upper Silesian mining industry . Other owners were Count Franz Kottulinsky 1718–1752, Count Friedrich Wilhelm and August Wilhelm Sigismund von Posadowsky from 1759–1791, followed by Joseph von Eichendorff's father, Adolph Freiherr von Eichendorff. He needed to the counts in 1797 the rule Gaschin sell, which in 1841 was followed by the family of Guradze, which remained until 1945 in the possession of the castle Tost.
After the First Silesian War , Tost fell to Prussia in 1742, like almost all of Silesia . On March 29, 1811, Tost Castle burned down and remained in ruins. After the reorganization of Prussia, Tost belonged to the province of Silesia from 1815 and together with Gleiwitz formed the district of Tost-Gleiwitz .
Tost was destroyed by fires several times, the last time in 1833, when the fire spared only a few buildings, including the parish church of St. Catherine. In earlier times, a paper factory and a glassworks that were established in 1764 were of economic importance. In 1830 the road from Tost to Peiskretscham was built. In recent times Tost has had a brewery, a distillery, a malt house, a sawmill and a mill. On July 1, 1874 the newspaper "Toster Stadtblatt" appeared for the first time, which also contained the official announcements of the magistrate. 1878/80 Tost railway was connected to the track Opole-TOST Bytom . At the beginning of the 20th century, Tost had a Protestant church, two Catholic churches, a synagogue , the psychiatric clinic ("Provincial Insane Asylum") and a district court.
In the referendum in Upper Silesia on March 20, 1921, 1,348 eligible voters (86.0% of the votes cast) voted to remain with Germany, 217 for Poland (13.8%). The turnout was 97.4%. In the vote on September 3, 1922, 1,033 people voted for Upper Silesia to remain in the state of Prussia and 75 people for an independent state of Upper Silesia within the German Reich. On April 1, 1926, the Oratsche community was incorporated into Tost.
On November 10, 1938, at around 2 a.m., the Tost synagogue was destroyed. During these November pogroms, three shops belonging to Jewish owners were demolished and some Jews were deported. 14 more Jews from Tost were deported in May and June.
In 1945 Tost belonged to the district of Tost-Gleiwitz in the administrative district of Katowice in the Gau Oberschlesien of the German Reich . After the end of the Second World War , Tost, which was significantly destroyed in the last days of the war, was placed under Polish administration by the Soviet occupying forces , as was almost all of Silesia . The Poles introduced the place name Toszek for Tost . Part of the German population was subsequently expelled by the local Polish administrative authority , but an active German minority has remained to this day. From 1945 to 1950 the city belonged to the Silesian Voivodeship, then until 1998 to the Katowice Voivodeship . Since 1999 it has belonged to the newly formed Silesian Voivodeship . The remains of the former synagogue from the 19th century, which was destroyed in 1938, were dismantled in the 1960s.
Demographics
| year | population | Remarks |
|---|---|---|
| 1781 | 659 | |
| 1794 | 696 | |
| 1800 | 687 | |
| 1811 | 859 | |
| 1816 | 874 | |
| 1825 | 1028 | including 41 Evangelicals, 130 Jews |
| 1840 | 1483 | including 41 Evangelicals, 1261 Catholics, 181 Jews |
| 1843 | 1598 | including 49 Protestants, 1,335 Catholics, 214 Jews |
| 1852 | 1718 | |
| 1855 | 1694 | Civil residents |
| 1861 | 1769 | Civil residents, including 99 Evangelicals, 1512 Catholics, 158 Jews |
| 1867 | 1969 | on December 3rd |
| 1871 | 1767 | on December 1st, of which 117 are Protestants, 1,479 Catholics, 171 Jews; according to other data 1775 inhabitants, of which 80 are Protestants, 160 Jews (900 Poles ) |
| 1905 | 2414 | mostly Catholics |
| 1910 | 2529 | with castle and manor district (106 people) |
| 1933 | 3502 | |
| 1939 | 3623 |
| year | Residents | Remarks |
|---|---|---|
| 1995 | 5171 | |
| 1999 | 5063 | |
| 2002 | 4328 | |
| 2008 | 3553 |
Nazi internment camp in Tost / Toszek during World War II
During the Second World War there was an internment camp in Tost. English civilians who had previously been interned in the Schoorl camp in the Netherlands were transferred to Tost on September 3, 1940. These included the composer, musician and music teacher William Hilsley and the writer PG Wodehouse , from whom the saying in this context has been passed down: "If this is Upper Silesia, one wonders what Lower Silesia must be ..." William Hilsley has his Internment in Tost recorded in a diary and published in 1999 together with a lot of pictures. In another richly illustrated report about Tom Sarginson interned in Tost, the former insane asylum of Tost ("a former lunatic asylum") is named as the location of the internment camp. Alan Posener comments on this insane asylum , better known as the state nursing home , in connection with Wodehouse's stay in Tost and his memories of that time: “Wodehouse never seems to have wondered where the inmates were. Other prisoners, however, made this known and reported about it after the war. Some were slave laborers and were apparently intended for extermination through labor. The British prisoners they met while on duty sometimes slipped bread to the emaciated, begging figures. The majority of the inmates, however, fell victim to the 'euthanasia action' T4. Even Wodehouse would have written differently about the escapades and absurdities of the British prisoners if he had known whose beds they slept in. But he probably didn't want to know. There is no need to condemn the desire to be blind; it was and is common. But you shouldn't hide it. "
In May 1945 the NKVD set up the Toszek NKVD camp in the former Tost insane asylum . Of the approximately 5,000 Germans interned, 3,000 did not survive the inhumane conditions. In December 1945 the camp was closed.
politics
Town twinning
coat of arms
The left column of the coat of arms shows a black key with a half handle and next to it a six-pointed red star on a white background. In the right column there is half a golden Upper Silesian eagle on a blue background.
Sights and buildings
graveyard
- Ruins of the Gothic castle from the late 14th century.
- The baroque parish church of St. Katharina was built around 1450 in the late Gothic style. In 1713/14 it was redesigned in baroque style as the foundation of Johann Dittrich von Peterswald.
- The late Baroque cemetery church of St. Barbara was built between 1720 and 1750 as a foundation by Count Franz von Kottulinsky and rebuilt after a fire in 1849. The late baroque main altar contains the painting Martyrdom of St. Barbara .
- The classicist town hall was rebuilt three years later after the fire of 1833.
- Nepomuk column , statue of St. John of Nepomuk on the ring, erected in 1706
- Ring with classicist houses
- The house of the rifle guild
- Memorial stone and memorial for the victims of the NKVD camp
- Maria Magdalena Chapel
- Jewish Cemetery
- The pheasantry , a small forest with a nature trail
traffic
The voivodship road 907 from Niewiesze to Wygoda and the national road 94 from Krzywa to Krakow run through Toszek .
Toszek station is on the Bytom – Wrocław railway line . The Toszek Północ station, which is no longer operated for passenger traffic, is located at the junction of the Toszek – Rudziniec Gliwicki railway from the Pyskowice – Lubliniec railway .
Personalities
- Jonas Graetzer (1806–1889), physician
- Louis Levin (1865-1939), lawyer
- Ludwig Guttmann (1899–1980), neurosurgeon, founder of the Paralympic Games
literature
- Felix Triest : Topographical Handbook of Upper Silesia , Wilh. Gottl. Korn, Breslau 1865, pp. 509-511 .
- Johann Georg Knie : Alphabetical-statistical-topographical overview of the villages, towns, cities and other places of the royal family. Preusz. Province of Silesia. 2nd Edition. Graß, Barth and Comp., Breslau 1845, p. 939 .
- Karl August Müller: Patriotic images, or history and description of all castles and knight palaces in Silesia and the county of Glatz. Second edition, Glogau 1844, pp. 153–154.
- Hugo Weczerka (Hrsg.): Handbook of the historical places . Volume: Silesia (= Kröner's pocket edition . Volume 316). Kröner, Stuttgart 1977, ISBN 3-520-31601-3 , pp. 538-541.
- Dehio -Manual of Art Monuments in Poland Silesia . Munich · Berlin 2005, ISBN 3-422-03109-X , pp. 954-956.
- Johannes Chrząszcz : History of the cities of Peiskretscham and Tost and of the Toster district in Upper Silesia . G. Palla, Peiskretscham 1900.
- Johannes Chrząszcz : The history of the towns of Peiskretscham and Tost and the Tost-Gliwice district . 2nd, improved and enlarged edition; Published by Palla, Peiskretscham, 1927, sbc.org.pl ( DjVu ).
- Kurt Rosenberg: Tost 100 years ago . In: Oberschlesien - magazine for maintaining knowledge and representing the interests of Upper Silesia . 7th year, 1908, pp. 531-598.
- Krägel: Image documentation Tost. Prison camp of the Soviet NKVD in Upper Silesia . Freising artist press W. Bode, 2nd edition 2001, ISBN 3-927067-16-4 .
- Sebastian Rosenbaum, Boguslaw Tracz, Dariusz Wegrzyn: Tiurma-lagier Tost. Historia obozu NKVD w Toszku w 1945 rocu. Toszek 2017
Web links
- City and municipality website
- NKVD camp Tost
- City view in the travel album of Count Palatine Ottheinrich 1536/37
Individual evidence
- ↑ F. Gramer: Chronicle of the city of Beuthen in Upper Silesia. With 24 woodcuts printed in the text . Beuthen 1863, p. 34 .
- ^ Augustin Weltzel : History of the city of Ratibor . Self-published by the author and on commission from Fr. Thiele, Ratibor 1861, p. 101 .
- ^ Felix Triest : Topographisches Handbuch von Oberschlesien , Wilh. Gottl. Korn, Breslau 1865, p. 509 .
- ↑ a b c d Johannes Chrząszcz : The history of the towns of Peiskretscham and Tost as well as the Tost-Gleiwitz district (2nd edition, 1927) (djvu file)
- ↑ a b Meyer's Large Conversation Lexicon . 6th edition, Volume 19, Leipzig / Vienna 1909, p. 633
- ^ Statistics and deportation of the Jewish population from the German Reich
- ↑ a b c d e f Felix Triest : Topographisches Handbuch von Oberschlesien , Wilh. Gottl. Korn, Breslau 1865, p. 510 .
- ^ A b Gustav Neumann : Geography of the Prussian State. 2nd edition, Volume 2, Berlin 1874, pp. 175–176, item 9.
- ↑ Johann Georg Knie : Alphabetical-statistical-topographical overview of the villages, spots, cities and other places of the royal family. Prussia. Province of Silesia, including the Margraviate of Upper Lusatia, which now belongs entirely to the province, and the County of Glatz; together with the attached evidence of the division of the country into the various branches of civil administration. Melcher, Breslau 1830, p. 1030 .
- ↑ a b Johann Georg Knie : Alphabetical-statistical-topographical overview of the villages, towns, cities and other places of the royal family. Preusz. Province of Silesia. 2nd Edition. Graß, Barth and Comp., Breslau 1845, p. 939 .
- ↑ a b Felix Triest : Topographisches Handbuch von Oberschlesien , Wilh. Gottl. Korn, Breslau 1865, p. 472, paragraph 47 .
- ^ A b Royal Statistical Bureau: The municipalities and manor districts of the province of Silesia and their population. Based on the original materials of the general census of December 1, 1871. Berlin 1874, pp. 324–325, item 4 .
- ↑ gemeindeververzeichnis.de
- ^ A b Michael Rademacher: German administrative history from the unification of the empire in 1871 to the reunification in 1990. gleiwitz.html. (Online material for the dissertation, Osnabrück 2006).
- ↑ a b c d http://www.stat.gov.pl/ stat.gov.pl
- ↑ On the page prisoner of war camps: List there are several entries that show that camps existed in Tost as early as 1940. Also: List of ILag in Germany
- ↑ "If this is Upper Silesia, one wonders what Lower Silesia must be like ...", quoted after a review of PG Wodehouse: A Life in Letters
- ^ William Hilsley: Music behind the barbed wire. Diary of an interned musician 1940 - 1945 , Verlag für Berlin-Brandenburg, Potsdam, 2000, ISBN 90-5345-112-9
- ↑ Tom Sarginson's story. Wartime Internment at Tost in Upper Silesia
- ↑ Alan Posener: "How do I become merely an intern?" . The article from December 14, 2013 is a review of the book by Thomas Schlachter (Ed.): Wodehouse im Krieg , Edition Epoca, Zurich, 2013, ISBN 978-3-905513-58-5 . The book also contains the camp diary that Wodehouse kept during his incarceration.
- ↑ Barbara Supp: The time of the ghosts . In: Der Spiegel . No. 32 , 1996 ( online - about the forgotten dead of the Soviet prison camp Tost in Silesia).
Boguszyce (Boguschütz) | Ciochowice (Ciochowitz) | Kotliszowice (Kottlischowitz) | Kotulin (Large Kottulin) | Ligota Toszecka (Ellguth-Tost) | Paczyna (Great Patschin) | Paczynka (Little Pachin) | Pawłowice (Pawlowitz) | Pisarzowice (Pissarzowitz) | Płużniczka (Klein Pluschnitz) | Pniów (Pniow) | Proboszczowice (Proboschowitz) | Sarnów (Sarnau) | Toszek (Tost) | Wilkowiczki (Klein Wilkowitz)