Old Town (Bayreuth)

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Fantaisiestraße with the Bayreuth old town fire station - the auditorium of the old town school on the upper floor

The old town is a district of Bayreuth . The outlying district of the old town should not be confused with the historic city center . With around 11,000 inhabitants, it is the most populous part of Bayreuth.

Surname

At the beginning of the 20th century, the name Altenstadt was still in use for the district. The station opened in 1904 was then named Altenstadt b / Bayr. in the timetable.

The assumption that the original name of the old town was Altenreuth or just “Reut” cannot be clearly proven. The land register from 1421 shows that the predecessor building of the Bayreuth town church was a subsidiary church of the Altenstädter Sankt-Nikolaus-Kirche ("the right main church and parish zw peyrreute grew out of the Gotzhaws of the Holy Bishop St. Nikolaus") and parish at Reut ("Pfarr peyr Reut") was called.

Location and structure

Bridge on St.-Nikolaus-Straße over the Mistelbach, in the background the Ypsilon House
Historic center on the church hill, on the right the glass brewhouse of the Becher Bräu
Wallstrasse in the old town center

The old town lies in flat terrain to the west of Bayreuth city center. It is spatially limited by the Mistelbach , the Scheffelstraße – Justus-Liebig-Straße, the Spitzwegstraße and the former railway line to Thurnau . The southern part around the historic Jakobshof was largely created as a new district after 1945 and bears its name.

The dam of the 7.5 hectare Bindlacher Weiher, which stretched on both sides of Justus-Liebig-Straße to behind Hans-Meiser-Straße, was located on today's Freiheitsplatz  . He and the Pechhüttner pond further south were guarded and looked after by the “Vindenschalk”. Every owner of the property in Fischergasse (today: Sankt-Nikolaus-Str. 14) was responsible for this post of pond keeper in addition to his normal activity. Another pond was the Shepherd's Pond between Wallstrasse and the southeast wing of the new old town school opened in 1914.

After the Bindlacher Weiher had been drained, which was completed in 1746, the margrave ordered the lordship or prince's path to Schloss Fantaisie . The road later generally called Chaussee ran over the still existing Weiherdamm and a harvest path south of the place. Between 1765 and 1786, the people of Altenstadt worked together to bring several thousand loads of sand and stones to the site. The Chaussee has been called Bamberger Straße since 1894. Around 1937 it was included as a section of Reichsstrasse 22 in the network of Reichsstrasse and in 1949 part of Bundesstrasse 22 .

In 1940 the district was still spatially separated, and there was no continuous development between the city and the old town. The most striking place between the old town and Bayreuth is the city ​​cemetery , which was laid out on this site in 1545 and where famous personalities such as Franz Liszt and Jean Paul found their final resting place. Directly on today's main entrance to the cemetery was formerly the infirmary . The remains of a fountain next to the current Stadtfriedhof bus stop are a reminder of this .

At the edge of the forest on the Buchein on Adolf-Wächter-Straße, the Bayreuth city forester has been located since 1974. The “Klebshof” can be identified there as early as 1398.

The statistical regional unit of the old town extends far beyond the described settlement. Together with the old village center, a quarter with around 11,000 inhabitants has been created. In earlier decades, the old town was considered a downright working-class district. Rental housing and the building fabric from the time after the Second World War predominate.

history

St.-Nikolaus-Straße, view to Bamberger Straße
Old buildings on Bamberger Straße (former "Chaussee")
Jakobstrasse at the Jakobshof
August-Bebel- Platz

The core of the district, which was called "Altenstadt" until the early 20th century, is located far from the center on the western edge of the city. For the historic city center, the name old town is not used due to the risk of confusion.

The Klebshof in what is now the old town near the Stadtforsthaus is likely to have been older than the place. Its name indicates a Slavic settlement, chlevy (Klebs) means residential hut. The place itself is probably a Franconian foundation from the early 11th century.

Altenstadt was first mentioned in 1398 as a village that was subject to Bayreuth's jurisdiction. Presumably it existed before 1007, making it older than the city itself.

The old town has a settlement tradition that goes back a long way, but little of it can still be seen in the townscape. In 1398 the place consisted of eight courtyards . A mill and two further courtyards were located in the area of ​​today's district: the Rüttlasmühle (also: Röckleinsmühle) and the Mayerhof (at Bamberger Straße 67) as well as the Klebshof were manorial fiefs that were used by the von Seckendorf family . Between 1512 and 1514 the courtyards were sold to the Bayreuth Hospital and completely demolished. The Klebshof was rebuilt as the Outer Spitalhof by 1517.

There were close ties to neighboring Bayreuth since the 14th century. In 1481 the residents were granted citizenship of the city, as the place was in their truce , the one-mile zone around the city limits. Yet they were excluded from many municipal institutions. They had to pay taxes, but were not allowed to take part in poor relief or civic foundations, and the sick were not admitted to the city hospital. In 1818 the Altenstadt local executive Nikolaus Hörath wrote in a letter to the royal police station in Bayreuth: “The city calls us fellow citizens, but we are excluded from the rights of a citizen and we have to bear their duties. We therefore see more disadvantages than advantages for our community and therefore would like to be a separate rural community again. ”The townspeople also wanted to protect their town merchants and guilds through strict rules. Therefore, they forbade the people of Altenstadt to boil their beer in the city breweries. Bakers, butchers and merchants were not allowed to open shops in Altenstadt. As recently as 1825, the community complained to the Mayor of Bayreuth: "We still have to get our meat needs for our 400 residents from Bayreuth and most of the time the quality is inferior."

In 1834, the Bayreuth magistrate disdainfully described Altenstadt as a "farming village in the so-called truce". At the request of the people of Altenstadt, the Ministry of the Interior of the Kingdom of Bavaria sealed the incorporation into Bayreuth on July 10, 1840.

In 1800 there were 48 house numbers registered, the number of residents was probably under three hundred. Farmers, day laborers and craftsmen lived in the village around today's Sankt-Nikolaus-Straße, Fantaisiestraße, Wallstraße and Eichelweg . This social structure remained almost unchanged for centuries; factory workers were added later. The population increased by leaps and bounds in the 19th century, in 1900 there were 2042 inhabitants.

In the municipality of Altenstadt, right on the border with the Kreuz district , there was temporarily a Bayreuth execution site. The floor number 3259 was named Im Galgen. Right next to it was the rogue with the number 3262, where the executed people were buried.

In 1870 the first shops opened on Eichelweg and Sankt-Nikolaus-Strasse. The old town fire brigade was founded in 1891, followed by the police station in 1892. The first gas lanterns were installed in 1894 and the station opened in 1904. A post office existed from 1906, the bathing establishment was inaugurated in 1908. From 1909 there was electric light. The number of inns rose from one in 1860 to eighteen in 1913, down from seven at the end of the 20th century.

In the 19th century the place grew mainly to the south. The development reached the Bamberger Straße, the quarter on the "local mountain" Jakobshöhe around the Geseeser Weg and the Jakobstraße was created. The Jakobshof on the Jakobshöhe can be traced back to 1788, and there are still some remaining buildings. The Jakobstraße was part of a path that came from the Main Valley near Heinersreuth and ran over the Red Hill and continued to Gesees and Pegnitz .

At the turn of the century, the old town was a stronghold of social democracy . In the Reichstag election of 1903 , the SPD candidate achieved the best result in the city with 84% of the vote.

The buildings around August-Bebel-Platz (until 1947 (Am) Eichelacker) were built from 1921 in Art Nouveau style as a war-disabled settlement of the Bauverein on the Eichel- and Stockacker. There is a monument erected in 1923 for the fallen of the two world wars, which is a listed building.

When they marched in in April 1945, the Americans considered the district to be an independent parish and mistakenly appointed the Protestant pastor as mayor.

In the post-war period , new building areas were built south of Bamberger Strasse with block, terraced and individual houses. In 1964 the foundation stone for the Protestant Church of the Redeemer was laid there, and it was consecrated in 1966.

Churches

Church of the Redeemer

The St. Nicholas Church was a daughter church of the original parish of Bindlach , its foundation is assumed towards the end of the 11th century. It was destroyed by the Hussites in 1430 and rebuilt in the following years. It was dissolved in the course of the Reformation and the last repairs to the building were carried out in 1549. The pulpit was erected in 1559 as a “sermon chair” in the hospital church . Stones from the building were used to build the Bayreuth Latin School in 1570/71; the last wall was torn down in 1595. On the church hill on Sankt-Nikolaus-Straße, which represents the old center of the village, there is a peace oak and a neo-Gothic fountain from around 1900.

After the Reformation, the old town had neither a church nor a parish . Their residents went to the hospital or city ​​church for church services . Only at the end of the 19th century was an assistant chaplain approved, and in 1898 the nearby Gottesackerkirche was consecrated and made available to the community. Baptisms and weddings still had to take place in the city church to prevent the possible creation of a separate parish for the old town. Nevertheless, the old town received a parsonage with a parish hall (Bamberger Straße 41) in 1914, its own parish office in 1922 and finally in 1966 with the Church of the Redeemer in the Jakobshof area, its own church.

After the Gottesackerkirche was damaged by the war in April 1945, the now homeless old town community took advantage of the offer of the Reformed Church in Erlanger Strasse to share its rooms.

As early as 1959, the Archdiocese of Bamberg built the Catholic St. Hedwig's Church on the edge of the old town . The architect was Emil Steffann. The new church had become necessary because of the many refugees from Silesia and Bohemia . The castle church, as the only Catholic church in the city at that time, could no longer hold the numerous believers. The incumbent dean swapped the property on Josephsplatz in the city ​​center , which was planned for a new church, with a property on Schwindstrasse. The foundation stone was laid on August 23, 1959, and the new church was consecrated on September 18, 1960 . For the first time since the Reformation , the old town had a Catholic church again. Both communities live together in an active ecumenical way .

Along the Erlangerstrasse and Bamberger Strasse there are also the Reformed Church , the Methodist Church , the Gottesackerkirche, a place for the Old Catholics, and the Emanuel congregation, a free church .

“Schlößlein” in Fantaisiestraße, school building from 1831 to 1875

schools

Old town school, fire station with auditorium and new gym

The first officially mentioned schoolmaster was Nikolaus Öhlstein, who taught in his own house around 1660. In 1749 the school was in the community smithy, St.-Nikolaus-Straße 28. 1762 was taught in the shepherd's house at Wallstraße 20, in 1817 again in the house of the then teacher d'Alleux. In 1825 the place was connected to the Bayreuth school system. In 1831 the Altenstadt community bought the “Lüchau-Schlösslein” and used it as a school building. The school hall there was divided in 1858 and a second school location was set up. From 1875 onwards, middle-class pupils attended the central school building (today's grass school) in the city center. In 1902 the old old town school was dissolved, and from then on the old town children attended the Luitpold school in Sedanstraße (since 1947 Oswald-Merz-Straße).

New old town school

In 1912, construction of today's school building began. The large building was inaugurated on May 1, 1914, in the first year of school there were 368 boys and 364 girls who were taught by 14 teachers in 16 classrooms. The school had a library, a gym, a caretaker's and a stoker's apartment. The school district also included adjacent areas such as parts of the Kreuz district and the municipality of Meyernberg, which was independent until 1939 . The gym was on the upper floor of the fire station.

In the 1920s and 1930s the school became a place with strong ties to National Socialism . The later Gauleiter , Bavarian Minister of Culture and Reichswalter of the National Socialist Teachers' Association, Hans Schemm taught with interruptions from 1918 to 1933 at the old town school, which eventually even bore his name.

In 1945/46 the school housed a military hospital , and school operations were resumed in 1947. In the late 1980s, the old gym was temporarily closed due to the risk of collapse, and the new gym was put into operation in 1993/94. The old gym has served as an auditorium since 2005 . Since 2010 the school is officially called Middle School Bayreuth-Altstadt.

Old town children's school

Agricultural school

In 1903 the Kindergarten "Children's School Altstadt" was opened in the Schlösslein . In 1906 it was decided to build a new children's school building on the same property, which could be occupied by 1907 at the latest. It was probably the first kindergarten in town.

Agricultural School Bayreuth and State Higher Agricultural School Bayreuth

In 1873, the district municipality of Upper Franconia leased the Outer Spitalhof with 140 days of arable land from the city for the planned agricultural school. In 1874 the school was opened with 16 students, in 1884 there were already 36 graduates. In 1888 the government of Upper Franconia bought the school as well as the adjacent 32.7  hectare Lettenhof. The planned use of the facility as a “county insane asylum” at the turn of the century was not implemented, instead the Royal Agricultural District Winter School was established in 1911.

Johannes Kepler secondary school

When it was founded as a district teaching facility, it was switched from winter operation (November to March) to full operation again in 1927. From 1950 the name was Bezirkslehrgut. In 1997 the "Agricultural Educational Institutes of the District of Upper Franconia" was connected to an animal husbandry and an agricultural machinery school. The total area was 161.61 hectares, 1716 course participants were counted.

Other schools

  • Johannes-Kepler-Realschule (State Realschule Bayreuth II)
  • State vocational school III (agriculture, horticulture, housekeeping)

Commercial and industrial

Station with goods shed in 1987

Several brewers can be identified in the 1780s . The Glenk brewery, founded in 1852, existed on Eichelweg for almost 150 years. The building was demolished in 2011/12, production and administration were outsourced from the district. The Becher brewery (Becher Bräu) still exists, and a brewer and innkeeper is documented on its property for the first time in 1781.

In the valley floor on the other side of the mistletoe brook, the share brickworks have been burning clay since 1888 , which was extracted from the slope of the Red Hill. In 1970 production was stopped and the factory buildings were demolished. She shared a siding with the nearby Wölfel brickworks .

traffic

Bamberger Straße, in the background the Freiheitsplatz and the "Sparkassenhochhaus"

The main traffic axis is the Bamberger Straße, which runs as Bundesstraße 22 past the Meyernberg district via Hollfeld to Bamberg . With the extension of the federal autobahn 70 in the autumn of 1964 in a westerly direction beyond the Kulmbach / Neudrossenfeld junction, the local section of the B 22 lost its supra-regional function.

From 1904 to 1974, the Bayreuth Altstadt railway station existed on the southwestern edge of the old town for passenger traffic, as a separation station for the lines from the main train station to Hollfeld and Thurnau . The station with the line to Hollfeld was opened on March 12, 1904, the timetable at that time still indicated it under the name "Altenstadt b / Bayr." The last regular passenger train ran on September 28, 1974, until 1994 there were occasional special trips. Freight traffic also ended on October 14, 1994. The line acquired by the city in 1995, which has been preserved until then, has been closed. The tracks were dismantled, but the main wing of the building was retained.

In the local public transport , the old town is accessed by the city bus routes 301, 305 and 309. They mostly run every 20 minutes on weekdays.

Buildings

Museum for farm implements
  • The “Schlößlein”, which Maria Charlotte von Lüchau had built, dates from 1757. The building at Fantaisiestraße 6 changed hands frequently before it was used as a school building from 1831 to 1902. Later it was used temporarily as a kindergarten and in 1981 it was completely renovated.
  • The 42-meter-high, twelve-story Sparkasse skyscraper on Freiheitsplatz, built in 1964, was temporarily the tallest building in the city.
  • On the border with the Meyernberg district , the Ypsilon House is the tallest residential building and with 380 apartments the largest residential complex in the city. It was built from 1972 to 1974 across the Mistelbach on the site of the former share brickworks.

Culture

In the Lettenhof, built in 1745, Adolf-Wächer-Str. 17, the Museum for Rural Tools and the KulturServiceStelle of the district of Upper Franconia are located .

As an event location u. a. The hall of the Becher Bräu restaurant has established itself for rock, folk and jazz concerts.

freetime and sports

"Old Town" logo
  • The football club SpVgg Bayreuth is also colloquially referred to as the "old town". The club's own site was on Jakobshöhe until 2001. If the Spielvereinigung Bayreuth plays, then in Bayreuth parlance the "old town" plays or the "old towners" play.
  • The old town pool, which opened in 1908, is an urban outdoor pool specially created for children. Set up as a public bathing establishment, it originally had only one basin that was fed by the water of the mistletoe stream. In 1961 the lawn was enlarged and playground equipment was set up for the first time, and in 1975 a kiosk and a football field were added.
In the winter of 1989/90 the bath was extensively renovated for DM 850,000 . It received a non-swimmer pool and a shallow pool for small children as well as modern filter and circulation technology. In 1994 20,000 visitors were counted.
Admission is free. It is open during the week from 12 p.m. to 5 p.m., on weekends and holidays from 10 a.m. The bathroom is closed in bad weather.
  • After the parish fair "Old Town Kerwa" was celebrated for decades in the former sports field of the SpVgg, since 2014 it has taken place again in the original place on the "Kernghiechala" (church hill on Sankt-Nikolaus-Straße). The festival, which is celebrated in mid-September, includes traditional wallet washing in the Mistelbach near the “Wilder Mo” restaurant called the Mistelbach .

gallery

  • Bamberger Straße, section out of town

  • War memorial on August-Bebel-Platz

  • Way to the old town bath

Web links

Commons : Old Town  - collection of images, videos and audio files

literature

  • Rainer Trübsbach: History of the City of Bayreuth . 1194–1994 . Druckhaus Bayreuth, Bayreuth 1993, ISBN 3-922808-35-2 .
  • Herbert Popp: Bayreuth - rediscovered . Ellwanger, Bayreuth 2007, ISBN 978-3-925361-60-9 .
  • Gottfried Lindner, Wolfgang Bouillon: Our old town. 100 years of the Bayreuth-Altstadt parish. 1898-1998 . Heinz Späthling, Ruppertsgrün 1998.
  • Karl Müssel: Bayreuth in eight centuries . 1st edition. Gondrom, Bindlach 1993, ISBN 3-8112-0809-8 .
  • Robert Zintl: Bayreuth and the railroad . Gondrom, Bindlach 1992, ISBN 3-8112-0780-6 .

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c d Much older than the city itself in: Nordbayerischer Kurier from July 9, 2015, p. 12.
  2. ^ A b Robert Zintl: Bayreuth and the railway . Gondrom, Bindlach 1992, ISBN 3-8112-0780-6 , p. 82 .
  3. ^ Rainer Trübsbach: History of the City of Bayreuth , page 28.
  4. ^ Rainer Trübsbach: History of the City of Bayreuth , page 24.
  5. ↑ Gottfried Lindner, Wolfgang Bouillon: Our Old Town , p. 79 ff.
  6. ↑ Gottfried Lindner, Wolfgang Bouillon: Our Old Town , p. 27.
  7. ↑ a b Gottfried Lindner, Wolfgang Bouillon: Our old town , p. 45.
  8. ↑ a b Gottfried Lindner, Wolfgang Bouillon: Our old town , p. 80.
  9. ↑ Gottfried Lindner, Wolfgang Bouillon: Our old town , p. 61.
  10. ↑ a b Gottfried Lindner, Wolfgang Bouillon: Our old town , p. 17.
  11. ↑ a b c d e Gottfried Lindner, Wolfgang Bouillon: Our old town , p. 26.
  12. ↑ a b Rainer Trübsbach: History of the City of Bayreuth . Druckhaus Bayreuth, Bayreuth 1993, ISBN 3-922808-35-2 , p. 28 .
  13. ↑ a b Gottfried Lindner, Wolfgang Bouillon: Our old town , p. 60.
  14. ↑ Gottfried Lindner, Wolfgang Bouillon: Our old town , p. 63.
  15. ↑ Gottfried Lindner, Wolfgang Bouillon: Our Old Town , p. 64.
  16. ↑ Gottfried Lindner, Wolfgang Bouillon: Our Old Town , p. 14.
  17. ↑ Bernd Mayer: The Bauverein makes city history in: 90 years Bauverein Bayreuth, p. 14 f.
  18. ↑ Gottfried Lindner, Wolfgang Bouillon: Our Old Town , p. 11.
  19. ↑ Fränkische Zeitung of October 10, 2012, p. 6: City district with its own identity
  20. ↑ Gottfried Lindner, Wolfgang Bouillon: Our old town , p. 92 f.
  21. ^ Rainer Trübsbach: History of the City of Bayreuth , p. 38.
  22. ↑ Bernd Mayer: Little Bayreuth City History . Pustet, Regensburg 2010, ISBN 978-3-7917-2266-5 , p. 17th f .
  23. ↑ Karl Müssel: Bayreuth in eight centuries . 1st edition. Gondrom, Bindlach 1993, ISBN 3-8112-0809-8 , p. 48 .
  24. ↑ Gottfried Lindner, Wolfgang Bouillon: Our Old Town , p. 10.
  25. ↑ Gottfried Lindner, Wolfgang Bouillon: Our Old Town , p. 35.
  26. ↑ Gottfried Lindner, Wolfgang Bouillon: Our Old Town , p. 38.
  27. ↑ Norbert Aas: The Evangelical Reformed Congregation in Bayreuth and National Socialism (PDF), p. 40.
  28. ↑ Kurt Herterich: In the heart of Bayreuth. P. 121.
  29. ↑ Gottfried Lindner, Wolfgang Bouillon: Our Old Town , p. 77.
  30. ^ Rainer Trübsbach: History of the City of Bayreuth , page 220.
  31. ^ Kurt Herterich: Bayreuth - cross . Ellwanger, Bayreuth 1992, ISBN 3-925361-13-8 , pp. 12 .
  32. ↑ Bayreuth Old Town School: Chronicle . Accessed July 31, 2020 .
  33. ↑ Gottfried Lindner, Wolfgang Bouillon: Our Old Town , p. 43.
  34. ↑ Gottfried Lindner, Wolfgang Bouillon: Our Old Town , p. 78.
  35. ↑ a b Tradition since grandfather's time at becherbraeu.de, accessed on May 18, 2015
  36. ↑ Nordbayerischer Kurier: traditional Glenk brewery will be demolished ( Memento from May 20, 2015 in the Internet Archive )
  37. ↑ share Brickyard Bayreuth, Bamberger Straße 64 in dachziegelarchiv.de, accessed on May 19, 2015
  38. ↑ Gottfried Lindner, Wolfgang Bouillon: Our old town , p. 9.
  39. ↑ Gottfried Lindner, Wolfgang Bouillon: Our Old Town , p. 81.
  40. ↑ Gottfried Lindner, Wolfgang Bouillon: Our old town , p. 7.
  41. ↑ Gottfried Lindner, Wolfgang Bouillon: Our Old Town , p. 66.
  42. ^ District of Upper Franconia: Museum for Rural Tools . Accessed July 31, 2020 .
  43. ↑ KulturServiceStstelle of the district of Upper Franconia. KulturServiceStelle, archived from the original on December 8, 2015 ; accessed on July 31, 2020 .
  44. ↑ a b More playground than swimming pool in: Nordbayerischer Kurier from August 28, 2020, p. 8.
  45. ↑ Gottfried Lindner, Wolfgang Bouillon: Our old town , p. 8.
  46. ↑ Altstädter Kerwa in: Nordbayerischer Kurier of September 17, 2015, p. 15.