Oschenberg

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Oschenberg
Oschenberg (view from Bayreuth)

Oschenberg (view from Bayreuth)

height 528  m above sea level NN
location Bavaria , Germany
Mountains Bindlacher mountain range
Coordinates 49 ° 58 ′ 7 ″  N , 11 ° 39 ′ 0 ″  E Coordinates: 49 ° 58 ′ 7 ″  N , 11 ° 39 ′ 0 ″  E
Oschenberg (Bavaria)
Oschenberg

The Oschenberg is a 528 meter high mountain near Bayreuth .

Surname

In 1418 the mountain was mentioned as "Naschenberg", in 1419 as "aschenberg ob Leneck", and in 1692 as "Oschenberg". The name means Eschenberg , i.e. mountain on which ash stands ( Middle High German asch = ash).

location

The mountain is located in the administrative district of Upper Franconia , about three kilometers northeast of the city of Bayreuth in the municipal area of Bindlach , the city of Goldkronach and the market Weidenberg . A small area belongs to Bayreuth. It is part of the Obermainisches Hügelland natural area . The highest point on the plateau, which was in the military restricted area until June 30, 2007, reaches a height of 528  m above sea level. NN .

geology

The Bindlacher mountain range , to which the Oschenberg belongs, is made up of layers of the Middle and Upper Muschelkalks (Middle Triassic ). These are deposits of a relatively shallow sea that covered Central Europe about 240 million years ago. In the past, the hard limestones of the Upper Muschelkalk were mined in numerous quarries for the production of paving stones. Government councilor Georg Graf zu Münster from Ansbach recognized at the beginning of the 19th century that these quarries were ideal places for fossil excavations . Due to its findings, the Oschenberg became the type locality of the two marine reptile genera Placodus and Nothosaurus .

history

Say

In the distant past, the Oschenberg was a religious place of worship with a temple dedicated to the god Wodan or Odin . Nearby was a sacred grove , to which pilgrimages were made to drink from the medicinal water of the willow well. An army of Charlemagne is said to have destroyed the temple complex. When the last priest was slaughtered and passed away, he called out in a mighty voice: "If Christian bells ever ring on our holy mountain, they will ring you to curse and to suffer". The legend about the Oschenberg bell has existed since then.

monastery

In 1514 the Bayreuth Margrave Friedrich II founded the Franciscan monastery of Sankt Jobst on the Oschenberg. A document from 1515 shows that it was entitled to three hundredweight of carp from the "Branberger (Brandenburger) Weiher" annually. As a result of the Reformation , like the few other monasteries in the Margraviate , it was soon dissolved again with the conversion of the Bayreuth nobility to Protestantism .

Döhlau mine

Since the time of Margrave Friedrich III. a gypsum mine that was only finally closed in 1998. The plaster layer in the shell limestone had an average thickness of six meters underground. Gypsum and anhydride were called Südfeld three Flözgruppen in superimposed soles mined later in the northern sector particularly on the highest Flözgruppe.

Under the code name “Blick” there was a secret underground supplier for the Air Force in the Third Reich .

Gipswerk Döhlau GmbH was registered on February 2, 1946, and by March of that year it already employed 32 people, ten of them underground. A tunnel mouth hole was created from the bottom of the conveyor shaft and timbered through to a length of 50 meters . The reduction was initially with electric hammer drills , from 1948 with compressed air tools. A mine railway with a gauge of 600 mm was laid to convey the gypsum rock . About 20 dogs with a capacity of up to 1.5 tons, pulled by a cable winch, carried out the transport to the surface . In the summer of 1948 the construction of the siding began from the Döhlau railway stop of the Deutsche Reichsbahn in the United Economic Area on the Bayreuth – Warmensteinach railway line . The Bremsberg , which had been underground until then , was replaced by a double-track system above ground with a length of more than 100 meters and a 35% gradient. At the downhill end of the transfer station one was at the request of the Reichsbahn hairpin created to protect the railway line before eventually running alone Hunten.

The use of a small diesel locomotive with 5 hp ("Strüver-Schienenkuli") acquired at the beginning of 1950  was not approved by the mining authority. 1953, a diesel-powered mining locomotive type Deutz MAH was 914 with 9  hp purchased, were later used acquired 20-PS Gmeinder - Feldbahnlok with exhaust gas washing system and probably a second identical Deutz machine to do so. In 1958 an application was made to build an underground crusher system , and in 1960 a loading system for trucks went into operation not far from the tunnel mouth hole. Another mine locomotive was obtained in 1961 from the Ruhrthaler machine factory .

In 1964, rail loading was abandoned and from then on the broken gypsum rock was only transported by truck. The following year, a new seam was excavated and track was laid underground for the last time. The mine railway was abandoned at the end of May 1966, at which time it was five kilometers underground. The transport into the tunnels was carried out by rubber-tyred diesel transporters, the whereabouts of the mine locomotives are not known.

In 1976 the mine went to Heidelberger Zement AG . Although a large third seam was discovered and exploited, the pit was closed on December 31, 1997. In the area of ​​seams I and II, problems with the stability of the pit arose due to insufficiently dimensioned safety pillars. Although the mine was considered profitable, the continuation of operations failed due to the lack of an agreement between the Bayreuth Mining Authority and the operator. The total length of the longitudinal and transverse tunnels had increased to 35 kilometers by the time they were closed.

All systems above ground were canceled. The access was closed with a concrete seal, the site was leveled and renatured. One area of ​​the mountain is closed due to the risk of daybreak .

Former training ground

The 282-hectare training area of ​​the Bayreuth garrison was located on the Oschenberg. The area became a military training area in October 1962 and should also be available to the US armed forces. The majority of the Oschenberg was thus inaccessible to the public. In 1969, the construction of a shooting range began, which was completed in 1971. Almost 50,000 m³ of earth and 15,000 m³ of rock were moved and removed for the approximately 3.3 million mark expensive facility. It comprised four 300 m long lanes for rifle shooting and four 30 m long lanes for shooting with machine guns.

The military unit of the Bundeswehr in Bayreuth was dissolved on June 30, 2007, as was the military security area, which was largely a nature reserve. Although some of the former prohibition signs are still there, the Oschenberg is no longer a restricted military area and can be entered.

The former on-site shooting range of the Bundeswehr has been reopened as a private shooting range since 2014, with 50, 100 and 300 meter shooting ranges available.

Telecommunication tower on the Oschenberg (2012)

Television tower

There has been a television tower on the Oschenberg since the 1960s , which was originally built to broadcast the second television program . In addition to the non-public radio relay , the current transmission mast is only used to broadcast VHF signals for the city of Bayreuth and the surrounding area. The resulting dismantling reduced the height.

Others

On June 6, 1982 the rescue helicopter Christoph 20 stationed in Bayreuth crashed on Oschenberg. The three occupants were killed in the accident.

fauna and Flora

The majority of the mountain is taken up by extensively used, species-rich hay meadows. Phytosociological is sage - oat grass meadows, the maintenance is done alternately by mowing and grazing with a traveling herd of sheep. The southern slope areas form a mosaic of open land areas, field trees, hedges, bushes and forests. The gray alder , which was planted in 1910/1920, is a stranger on the slopes . The strictly protected animal species smooth snake , sand lizard and various types of butterflies have been proven .

natural reserve

Since July 1, 2006, about 172 hectares of the Oschenberg area have been declared a nature reserve by the government of Upper Franconia. It is the 100th nature reserve in Upper Franconia. The Oschenberg is the central area of ​​the Natura 2000 area of ​​Muschelkalkhangs northeast of Bayreuth .

Maps

  • Bavarian State Surveying Office: Topographic map 1: 25,000 sheets 6035 (Bayreuth) and 6036 (Weidenberg)

literature

  • Heinrich Vollrath: The flora of the Fichtelgebirge and neighboring landscapes in a geobotanical exhibition. Report of the Natural Science Society Bayreuth 1957.
  • Dietmar Herrmann: The Oschenberg near Bayreuth. In: Der Siebenstern 2009, p. 23

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Rosa and Volker carbon home: Bayreuth from AZ , publishing C. and C. Rabenstein, Bayreuth 2009, p 92
  2. ↑ Olivier Rieppel: The genus Placodus : Systematics, Morphology, Paleobiogeography, and Paleobiology. Fieldiana Geology, New Series, No. 31, 1995, doi : 10.5962 / bhl.title.3301 .
  3. ↑ Olivier Rieppel, Rupert Wild: A Revision of the Genus Nothosaurus (Reptilia: Sauropterygia) from the Germanic Triassic, with Comments on the Status of Conchiosaurus clavatus. Fieldiana Geology, New Series, No. 34, 1996, doi : 10.5962 / bhl.title.2691 .
  4. ↑ Karl Müssel: Bayreuth in eight centuries, p 79
  5. ^ Rainer Trübsbach: History of the City of Bayreuth, p. 71
  6. ↑ a b c d Michael Ernstberger: North Bavarian field and mine railways and the history of their operations . 1st edition. 2005, p. 208 ff .
  7. ↑ Gypsum anhydrite exploration in the Coburg - Bayreuth area at: Bavarian State Office for the Environment, accessed on March 10, 2016
  8. ↑ List of aliases of German underground buildings of the Second World War. Editor: Hans Walter Wichert
  9. ↑ List of all secret projects with locations. Retrieved March 11, 2016 .
  10. ↑ Bernd Schmitt / Gerald Hoch: secondary lines in Upper Franconia, Verlag Michael Resch, Coburg 1999, ISBN 3980596745 , p. 218
  11. ↑ Sunday in Franconia No. 25 of June 20, 2010, p. 16 and 17th
  12. ↑ North Bavarian Courier from 21./22. October 2012, p. 14
  13. ↑ 50 years ago in: Nordbayerischer Kurier of August 22, 2019, p. 10
  14. ↑ Nordbayerischer Kurier of October 16, 2012, p. 17
  15. ↑ Flyer shooting range Oschenberg. Retrieved October 13, 2017 .
  16. ↑ The flying pioneer in: Nordbayerischer Kurier of December 29, 2016, p. 12
  17. ↑ Heinrich Vollrath: The flora of the Fichtelgebirge and neighboring landscapes in a geobotanical exhibition. Report of the Natural Science Society Bayreuth 1957