St. Georgen (Bayreuth)

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View from the Ordenskirche on the street with the type houses

St. Georgen is a district of Bayreuth .

location

Historical representation of the Brandenburg pond and the city of Sankt Georgen on a copper engraving

Sankt Georgen is located northeast of the city ​​center on a hill whose southern slope is called Stuckberg. To the south it slopes down to the valley of the Red Main , to the west to the station district and to the northeast to the industrial area St. Georgen in the area of ​​the former Brandenburg pond. The plateau that adjoins it in an easterly direction extends to the Bindlacher Berg and the Oschenberg . In the east, Sankt Georgen borders the Laineck district . St. Georgen is within walking distance of the Richard Wagner Festival Theater .

history

Sailor Alley with former sailor houses

The beginnings of the later town of Sankt Georgen am See can be traced back to the construction of the Brandenberger Weiher between Bayreuth and Bindlach . In 1508 the "Weiher uffm Brand" (on the fire) and an associated "Weiherhaus" are documented. Brand and Brandberg denoted the area below the Hohe Warte ridge that was cleared by fire . From the beginning, the 565 day work area was the domain of the margravial court. A document from 1515 shows that the Franciscan monastery of Sankt Jobst on the nearby Oschenberg was entitled to three hundredweight of carp from an average of 200 quintals per year of fish caught there. In the 16th century the name Brandenburger Weiher was officially established because it belonged to the Margraves of Brandenburg.

After the Thirty Years War, the pond was drained and the area sown in 1652, but filled again the following year. The Hereditary Prince and later Margrave Georg Wilhelm had developed a passion for the navy while traveling to England and Holland, which had a lasting impact on Sankt Georgen. In 1695 he had a modest wooden castle built on the lakeshore, which was replaced by a stone building in 1701. Also in 1695 he had his first ship built by a Münchberg carpenter. This was followed by four magnificent frigates equipped with small cannons , with which naval battles were staged on the pond. Six one-story houses for the sailors and a two-story captain's house were built on the south-western bank. In 1704 the Hereditary Prince “three houses at St. Georg am See” is mentioned, and the place name “St. Georg am Teich ”.

Former town hall
St. Georgen street, looking south

In a decree of March 28, 1702 to the Bayreuth city council, Margrave Christian Ernst mentioned that his son wanted to build “various buildings” at the Brandenburg pond. On September 2, 1702, Georg Wilhelm's wife, Hereditary Princess Sophia , laid the foundation stone for the suburb of Sankt Georgen. Thanks to princely privileges, a planned and strictly symmetrical baroque-style site was built under strict building regulations by 1709 . The street scene was dominated by the order church, consecrated in 1711 . The builder of the first house (St. Georgen No. 29) was the hereditary princess, six more nobles had it built. Almost all of the other houses belonged to the bourgeoisie who were either employed or dependent on Georg Wilhelm. In addition to these 24 “type houses” along the main street, there were soon several smaller trumpet houses on the edge that were not subject to the requirement of regularity. In 1708 the foundation stone for the barracks of the grenadier guard was laid, but the plan of a town hall documented in 1709 was never implemented. Instead, the buildings St. Georgen 27 and 29, which were assembled (probably in the 1730s) and provided with a turret, served as the town hall, which initially served as storage rooms for the faience factory . These are the two oldest houses in St. George: one was built in 1702 for Sophie Luise, the second wife of Margrave Christian Ernst who died that year, the other had the chamberlain and Rittmeister von Löwenberg built in 1703.

Sankt Georgen street, looking north
Ordenskirche St. Georgen
Bernecker Straße and Order Castle

Georg Wilhelm, although Protestant, named his new settlement after the patron saint and patron saint he venerated, the knight saint and dragon slayer St. George. In the statutes of the margravial order de la sincérité in 1705 the "New Town of St. Georgen" was mentioned for the first time. But there was no actual city elevation.

The Hereditary Prince had married Sophie in 1699, then fifteen, with whom he was not married. As margrave from 1712 to 1726 he ruled in an absolutist manner , following the example of Louis XIV . He tried to hold court like the Sun King and, like his father, left behind considerable debts. In 1706 he had an opera house built to the west of the castle, and in 1708 the infantry barracks on the southern edge of the settlement. The Prinzessinnenhaus was built in 1722 as the beginning of a second row of houses in baroque symmetry. This project was not continued after the death of the margrave in 1726. The construction of the "breeding and work house" (today's penal institution) began in 1724, but the building complex was not completed until 1735. The Prinzessinenhaus or Sankt-Georgen-Hospital, also used as a "madhouse", was converted into a "modern insane asylum" at the beginning of the 19th century.

His successor Georg Friedrich Karl (1727–1735) showed no interest in enlarging the place. Friedrich III. initiated the construction of the Gravenreuther Stift in 1741, which was completed in 1744. He granted the independent administration of the city of St. Georgen through a privilege. Lower jurisdiction was assigned to the mayor and the six-member council, and the town hall was built from the two Knöllerschen houses.

The lake was drained in 1775 under Margrave Karl Alexander . The names of the districts and streets such as Insel and Matrosengasse are reminiscent of him and the games held there. Karl Alexander ceded the principality to Prussia in 1791 , and in 1806 it became a province of the French Empire. Napoleon I sold Sankt Georgen with the former margravial to Bavaria in 1810 .

In 1811, after 109 years of independence, it was incorporated as the 13th district in the district capital of Bayreuth. Since every homeowner had the right to brew, there were more than 20 brewers out of the approximately 900 inhabitants. According to the new Bavarian municipal code, all suburbs should belong to the city within a “city training” and no longer have any independent rights. This was not accepted by the citizens of St. George without objection, the citizens' protest led to several petitions to the king. In 1819 they demanded self-administration back, citing the independence "of the town of Sankt Georgen from its inception", but to no avail.

The founding history of St. Georgen is closely linked to the Ordre de la sincérité , which was later incorporated into the Order of the Red Eagle . A unique collection of revocation signs is located in the galleries of the order church. Some of the founding members and thus knights of the order were also the first residents of the type houses. Representative meetings were held in the order palace.

In keeping with the Bayreuth tradition, there were also bakers brewing beer in Sankt Georgen. As the last "Becknbräu" in the city, Franz Götschel (Sankt Georgen 25) practiced this dual job until 1961. Opposite the Kolb drugstore operated one of the first two filling stations in Bayreuth with a gas pump in the street.

At the upper end of Brandenburger Strasse, the Royal Bavarian Councilor of Commerce Otto Rose (1839–1984) donated a sandstone fountain. After the previously existing wooden cattle trough on the site, the Rose Fountain is popularly known as the "Saubrunnen".

The new building of the Bayreuth District Office was built on Markgrafenallee in the 1990s. The groundbreaking ceremony took place on March 16, 1992.

  • One of the 24 type houses

  • Last "Becknbräu" Götschel and former town hall

  • Brandenburger Strasse

  • "Saubrunnen" on Brandenburger Strasse

Buildings and sights

Gravenreuther Stift with the collegiate church
Princess house
Princess House 1905
Leers' orphanage
Baywa warehouse, 1987
Brandenburger Strasse 32, home of the Rose family, around 1910
In 1705 the Hereditary Prince Georg Wilhelm founded his order of knights. Since then he has dreamed of his "city of St. Georgen am See". After the death of his father in 1712, he took over the state government. As a margrave, he owned several castles. In addition to St. Georgen, the Old Hermitage and Thiergarten , Erlangen and Himmelkron were also included in court festivals and the like. The castle on Lake Brandenburger See, however, remained a popular domicile on St. George's Day and the church fair as well as for maritime and religious festivals.
  • Sophien- or Ordenskirche
In 1705 the foundation stone was laid for the church, which was named in honor of the Hereditary Princess Sophia Sophienkirche.
  • Gravenreuther pen
In his will of July 30, 1735, Georg Christoph von Gravenreuth determined the construction of a hospital and a chapel in St. Georgen. The foundation's assets were increased through further donations. The monastery was built in 1743 and the inauguration took place in August 1744. The collegiate church integrated into the building presents itself in the late Baroque style .
The streetscape of the historic center of St. Georgen is characterized by so-called type houses. There are 24 identical two-story buildings with a hipped roof . The elongated plots behind the houses gave enough space for the construction of kitchen gardens for extensive self-sufficiency.
  • Princess house
Margravine Sophia laid the foundation stone for the building, also known as the Prinzessenhaus, in 1722. Conceived as the first house in a second row of houses, it remained the only building in this part of the village for a long time alongside the “breeding and workhouse” built a little later. It was intended for the then 21-year-old daughter Christiane Sophie, who hardly lived in the house. In 1735 she sold it to Margrave Friedrich for his daughter Princess Elisabeth Friederike Sophie. From 1763 onwards the building was empty before it was used as an asylum in 1784. Two larger extensions date from 1789 and 1806; the closure took place in 1870 after the construction of the district insane asylum in the Wendelhöfen district. The building complex was taken over by a confectionery manufacturer who designed the main building as a representative apartment, while chocolate and gingerbread were produced in the outbuildings. In 1956 the company was closed.
  • Margravial breeding and work house
The facility from the years 1724 to 1735 belongs to the correctional facility St. Georgen-Bayreuth .
  • Seaman's houses in the Sailor Alley
St. Georgen also included the artificial lake dammed up from the water of the Warm Steinach , the “Brandenburger Weyher”, directly behind the castle (construction period 1701–1707) as a scene for staged sea battles. The historic sailor lane with the former seaman's houses reminds u. a. to this attraction. The lake was drained in 1775. An industrial area has been created in its place. The northern wall of the lake was only removed at the end of the 1970s, and Weiherstrasse has been running there ever since.
  • Leers'sches Orphanage (Bernecker Strasse 11)
In 1836 the orphanage donated by Christoph Friedrich Leers for "six boys and six girls" was inaugurated. The building burned down in 1860 and was rebuilt in 1902. After the First World War , it housed a municipal nursery, and from 1967 to 1981 a special educational day care center.
The German Typewriter Museum is currently housed there. The building is to be refurbished and supplemented by a new building for the city ​​archive .
  • Former chocolate factory (Insel chocolate and sugar confectionery factory)
  • Baywa warehouse
The Baywa warehouse at Sankt Georgen train station, which defines the townscape - built in 1918 by Knorr as an oatmeal factory - was demolished in July 2017.
  • Rock cellar
The houses in Kellerstraße 6-14 (even numbers) enclose a rectangular courtyard, which defies the symmetry of the rest of the village. The property is already listed as "Velsenkeller" in Johann Riediger's Carte Spéciale from 1745. Numerous tunnels, carved into the castle sandstone , begin there , which in their entirety form the “Star of Sankt Georgen”. In these branching and partially overlapping cellars, several hundred meters in length, beer was mainly stored at a constant temperature of 6 degrees. Smaller neighboring cellar systems, which are located along Brandenburger Straße down to the main train station, also served in part as rain and sewage channels. The labyrinth, which is also incorrectly referred to as the “catacomb”, has not yet been fully explored. Guided tours through a small part of the tunnel system take place at least once a year.
  • Cellar art museum “Grotto of the Magician” by the local artist Wo Sarazen in a rock cellar system on Upper Brandenburger Strasse
  • Brandenburger Straße 32, palatial residence of the Rose family, built around 1760 by Johann Georg Pfeiffer. The then owner of the faience factory set up his factory and warehouse buildings on the property behind the house. In 1825 Johann Christian Schmidt bought the factory and gradually converted the business into a sugar refinery in 1835. Later, Schmidt's son-in-law Louis Rose took over the house and factory.

Vanished buildings

Former Markgrafentor restaurant during the demolition work

As in many parts of the city, noteworthy buildings in Sankt Georgen were demolished after the Second World War . Which includes

  • the "Hutzlershäuschen". The smallest house in the district on the corner of St. Georgen and Bernecker Strasse did not belong to the type houses, "but it had character and fit into the street scene". It was destroyed in 1969 in favor of a new building.
  • the restaurant and bakery Michael Seuss at the confluence of Grüner Baum and Bernecker Strasse. It had to give way to the new building of a restaurant.
  • 1983 the "Villa Wild", an unplastered brick house in the style of the Wilhelminian era , built in 1904.
  • In 1993 the "gatehouse" in Brandenburger Straße, a single-storey sandstone building with a tent roof from 1922.
  • At the beginning of 2020 the former restaurant Markgrafentor in Markgrafenallee 17. The semi-detached house already existed in 1891 and was used as a "beer and food establishment" by 1895 at the latest.

Great personalities

  • Sign to the house where Max von der Grüns was born

  • Actual house where Max von der Grüns was born

  • Max von der Grün (1926–2005), writer, was born in the rear building of the property Hinter der Kirche 1 as the illegitimate child of the maid Margarete von der Grün and the farmhand Adam Lauterbach. A memorial plaque for the house where he was born was placed on the wrong building by the Bayreuth city council on May 31, 2012 - against their better judgment.
In 1983 the Bayreuth city council rejected the award of the local culture prize to Max von der Grün by a majority.
  • Christoph Friedrich Leers (1769–1825), councilor and factory owner, gained fame primarily through his social commitment. During his lifetime he promoted, among other things, the welfare of the poor in Bayreuth and was involved in the founding of several charitable organizations. He designated his estate as a foundation for the establishment of the Leers orphanage. The orphanage's library is the oldest known and still existing children's and youth library in Bayreuth.

Industry

Industrial monument island chocolate and sugar confectionery factory
  • Island chocolate and sugar confectionery factory
The island chocolate and sugar confectionery factory was built in 1910 on the other side of the station area and received its own siding. In 1944, as a branch of an armaments factory in Creußen, it became the "Inselbetrieb Carl Tabel", where 102 prisoners from the St. Georgen prison had to do forced labor . The building now houses the “Schoko” youth center and is an industrial monument.
  • Rose sugar factory
The sugar refinery of the brothers Theodor and Johann Christian Schmidt at Brandenburger Strasse 34 was relocated from Wunsiedel to Sankt Georgen in 1834 . As early as 1849, Theodor Schmidt created health and pension insurance for his employees. In 1877 the company employed 121 workers and processed 150,000 quintals of cane sugar from overseas. At the beginning of the 1870s, JC Schmidt's son-in-law Louis Rose took over the company, who bequeathed it to his sons Otto and Carl Emil. In 1900 it was closed due to obsolete machines and increasing competition, and the factory building was demolished in the early 1920s.
On April 8, 1894, workers at the factory founded the Consum Association, a consumer cooperative . A first attempt by workers from the nearby mechanical cotton spinning mill to set up such a facility in 1872 had failed.
  • Dairy farm
In December 1941, the new dairy farm of the Bayreuth dairy cooperative opened on the outer Bernecker Strasse. It was in operation as the Bayreuth-Kemnath Milchhof from 1954 and, most recently, as the Bayreuth cheese dairy until the early 1990s. After its demolition, a hardware store was opened on the grounds of the dairy farm.

See also: St. Georgen industrial area

traffic

Bayreuth Sankt Georgen stop

Sankt Georgen owned a train station on the Bayreuth – Warmensteinach railway , which opened in 1896 and was the second most important in the city for a century. After the turn of the millennium, the facilities were reduced to a minimum and the station, moved slightly to the east, reopened as a stop in January 2007. In 2014 local trains operated by Agilis stop there, running every hour between the main station and Weidenberg .

The main traffic axes are the streets Brandenburger Strasse - (street) Sankt Georgen and Markgrafenallee - (street) Grüner Baum and the Bernecker Strasse running across it. In the south, Albrecht-Dürer-Strasse ( Bundesstrasse 2 ) represents the border with the Hammerstatt district. Federal motorway 9 runs along the eastern edge of the district and can be reached via the nearby Bayreuth Nord junction.

Sankt Georgen is served by several bus routes of the Bayreuth city traffic. All trains and buses run in the tariff system of the transport network for the greater Nuremberg area .

Clubs (selection)

  • Brandenburger Kulturstadl

  • 1. Bayreuth hiking club

  • Friends of the Castle
  • Brannaburger Bürgererverein e. V.
  • St. Georgen swingt e. V.
  • Turkish-Islamic Community for Bayreuth and the surrounding area V. (DITIB)
  • Bayreuth Volunteer Fire Brigade V. St. Georgen Department
  • Brandenburger Kulturstadl
  • Kulturkraft e. V.
  • United Rifle Guilds St. Georgen from 1720 and Bayreuth from 1623 e. V.
  • 1. Bayreuth hiking club

Regular events

  • “Sankt Georgen swingt” is a two-day music festival that takes place in mid-July, during which many artists / bands performed in the courtyards of several type houses and on the main street until 2017. The festival has been taking place on the floating stage in Wilhelminenaue since 2018 .

literature

  • Karl Müssel: Bayreuth in eight centuries , Gondrom, Bayreuth 1993, ISBN 3-8112-0809-8
  • Bernd Mayer: Little Bayreuth City History , Friedrich Pustet, Regensburg, 2012, ISBN 978-3-7917-2266-5
  • Christoph Rabenstein, Ronald Werner: St. Georgen Pictures and History (s) , Druckhaus Bayreuth, Bayreuth, 1994, ISBN 3-922808-38-7

Web links

Commons : St. Georgen (Bayreuth)  - Collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Karl Müssel: Bayreuth in eight centuries , S. 86th
  2. ↑ Christoph Rabenstein , Ronald Werner: St. Georgen Pictures and History (s) . Druckhaus Bayreuth, Bayreuth 1994, ISBN 3-922808-38-7 , p. 176 .
  3. ↑ Christoph Rabenstein, Ronald Werner: St. Georgen Pictures and History (s) , p. 96.
  4. ↑ a b c Christopn Rabenstein / Ronald Werner: St. Georgen Pictures and History (s) , p. 17.
  5. ↑ Christopn Rabenstein / Ronald Werner: St. Georgen Pictures and History (s) , p. 18 ff.
  6. ↑ Magdalena Frühinsfeld: Brief outline of psychiatry. In: Anton Müller. First insane doctor at the Juliusspital in Würzburg: life and work. A short outline of the history of psychiatry up to Anton Müller. Medical dissertation Würzburg 1991, p. 9–80 ( Brief outline of the history of psychiatry ) and 81–96 ( History of psychiatry in Würzburg to Anton Müller ), p. 51 f. and 79 f.
  7. ↑ Heike Götschel, Ekkehard Hübschmann: On the trail of psychiatry in Bayreuth - historical materials. History workshop Bayreuth 1994.
  8. ↑ Bayreuth Sunday of December 16, 2012, p. 13.
  9. ↑ Karl Müssel: Bayreuth in eight centuries , p. 141
  10. ↑ Examples can be seen in the Dobeck and Zedtwitz families
  11. ↑ Bernd Mayer: Bayreuth à la Carte , p. 154.
  12. ↑ Bernd Mayer: Bayreuth à la Carte , p. 99.
  13. ↑ Eva-Maria Bast, Heike Thissen: Bayreuth Secrets . 1st edition. Bast Medien Service, Überlingen 2014, ISBN 978-3-9816796-1-8 , p. 157 ff .
  14. ↑ Stephan-H. Fuchs: Bayreuth Chronicle 1991 . 1st edition. Gondrom, Bindlach 1991, ISBN 3-8112-0782-2 , p. 172 .
  15. ↑ Stephan-H. Fuchs: Bayreuth Chronicle 1992 . 1st edition. Gondrom, Bindlach 1992, ISBN 3-8112-0793-8 , p. 71 .
  16. ↑ Christopn Rabenstein / Ronald Werner: St. Georgen Pictures and History (s) , p. 46.
  17. ↑ Where the soul finds peace in: Nordbayerischer Kurier from January 8, 2016, p. 20.
  18. ↑ compare also row house
  19. ↑ Christopn Rabenstein / Ronald Werner: St. Georgen Pictures and History (s) , p. 62 ff.
  20. ↑ 300 years of St. Georgen
  21. ↑ Christoph Rabenstein / Ronald Werner: St. Georgen Pictures and History (s) , p. 161.
  22. ↑ City archive like treasure box in: Nordbayerischer Kurier from May 1, 2020, p. 10.
  23. ↑ The home of the Erbswurst in: Nordbayerischer Kurier of April 27, 2017, p. 10.
  24. ↑ Christoph Rabenstein / Ronald Werner: St. Georgen Pictures and History (s) , p. 173 f.
  25. ↑ Spectaker of routine in: Nordbayerischer Kurier from July 14, 2017, p. 13.
  26. ↑ Christoph Rabenstein / Ronald Werner: St. Georgen Pictures and History (s) , p. 95.
  27. ↑ Discover St. George's underworld ( Memento of the original from October 8, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. , accessed September 25, 2012 @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.bayreuth.de
  28. ↑ Christoph Rabenstein, Ronald Werner: St. Georgen Pictures and History (s) , p. 97 u. 103.
  29. ↑ Christoph Rabenstein / Ronald Werner: St. Georgen Pictures and History (s) , p. 160.
  30. ↑ Christoph Rabenstein / Ronald Werner: St. Georgen Pictures and History (s) , p. 163.
  31. ↑ a b Christoph Rabenstein / Ronald Werner: St. Georgen Pictures and History (s) , p. 186 f.
  32. ↑ Modern living instead of beer bliss in: Nordbayerischer Kurier from February 17, 2020, p. 7.
  33. ↑ Nordbayerischer Kurier of May 25, 2012, p. 19.
  34. ↑ Christoph Rabenstein / Ronald Werner: St. Georgen Pictures and History (s) , p. 159.
  35. ↑ Bernd and Gerda Mayer: Work and live in Bayreuth . Sutton, Erfurt 2010, ISBN 978-3-86680-745-7 , p. 41 .
  36. ↑ Peter Engelbrecht: The war is over. Spring 1945 in Upper Franconia . Späthling, Weißenstadt 2015, ISBN 978-3-942668-23-1 , pp. 69 .
  37. ↑ a b Christoph Rabenstein / Ronald Werner: St. Georgen Pictures and History (s) , p. 101 ff.
  38. ↑ Bernd Mayer : Bayreuth as it was. Flash lights from the city's history 1850–1950 . 2nd Edition. Gondrom, Bayreuth 1981, p. 22 .
  39. ↑ Bernd Mayer: Bayreuth as it was , p. 61.
  40. ↑ Bernd Mayer: Bayreuth in the twentieth century , p. 78.
  41. ↑ Cheese - around the clock at nordbayerischer-kurier.de from May 28, 2017, accessed on August 26, 2018
  42. ↑ Discover the possibilities in: Nordbayerischer Kurier of December 13, 2018, p. 11.
  43. ↑ http://www.stgeorgen-swingt.de/
  44. ↑ Looking forward to the jazz summer in: Nordbayerischer Kurier from March 12, 2019, p. 11.

Coordinates: 49 ° 57 '  N , 11 ° 36'  E