Red hill

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Red hill

Roter Hügel is a district of the Upper Franconian city ​​of Bayreuth and at the same time the name of the hill on whose slope it lies. The areas of Obere Herzoghöhe, Richthofenhöhe and - in a broader sense - Oberobsang can also be assigned to the Roter Hügel district. The district of Meyernberg is also located on the slope of the Red Hill .

Name and location

Visible fire escapes on a construction pit in Scheffelstrasse

The name refers to a parcel south of Preuschwitzer Straße, where geological deposits of the loamy-clayey Feuerlettens are located. The red-brown clay was extracted from several small quarries and processed in nearby brickworks .

The district extends over the eastern slope of the hill of the same name. It lies between Meyernberg and Oberobsang west of the railway line to Thurnau, which was closed in 1973 . The Rothenhügel farm, which was demolished after the Second World War , was located on today's Meranierring at the level of the Seckendorffweg , otherwise the area was undeveloped arable land until the late 1930s.

The main historical axis is Preuschwitzer Strasse, which was formerly used as Hohe Strasse for long-distance traffic to and from Bamberg .

settlement

Thanksgiving settlement

Buchenweg in the "Dankopfersiedlung"

On July 3, 1934, the law on provisional measures for the order of the German settlement system was passed in anticipation of a planned Reichsbaugesetz. Settlement construction during the National Socialist era had an ideological background: Typed houses, the possibility of growing fruit and vegetables and keeping small animals met National Socialist ideas such as the specific family image, the notion of allegiance and the much-invoked "bond with the plaice". After the end of the “Third Reich” , the settlements continued to develop without any ideological ballast and became the nucleus of new, attractive residential areas.

At the end of 1937, Brigadefuhrer Eberhard Kasche (1902–1940) of SA Brigade 77 Bayreuth planned a small settlement on the Red Hill on the basis of this law. Kasche was not from Bayreuth and had only recently been given command of the brigade. Whether the initiative to build the settlement came from him alone is unclear due to the difficult source situation - during the bombing of the New Town Hall in Reitzenstein-Palais on Luitpoldplatz, the documents of the city administration were destroyed. According to a privately created chronicle from the 1950s, the city took over the sponsorship, which was mainly limited to the management of the cash desk. The highest SA leadership promised a subsidy of 50,000 Reichsmarks (RM) from funds from the “Thanks Offering of the Nation” - an annual SA collection on Adolf Hitler's birthday in favor of building small settlements for needy party and “national comrades” was increased to 168,300 RM.

The architect and government master builder Hans Reissinger was responsible for the general development plan of the city . The planning of the settlement was incumbent on the city officials Zahn (died 1938) and Gebhardt, part-time as representatives of the SA. From December 1939, Herbert Keller was city planning officer, who u. a. criticized the downhill green strip planned by Reissinger - built after the end of the war - for "lack of integration into the landscape". To “determine the pure construction costs of a settler's house”, two model houses were built in advance in today's Anton-Bruckner-Straße.

North of Preuschwitzer Strasse, west of the Meranierring, which opened in 1963, the first residential estate was built between the summer of 1938 and 1940. By the SA for their members and soldiers of the Wehrmacht established "peace offerings settlement Red Hill" - the name Red Hill settlement is later date - consisted of 117 settlers places. The city provided the land for the settlement and sold the plots to the first settlers at a price of 0.45 RM. They undertook to build a home of their own within the framework of the thank offering settlement according to the guidelines applicable to them. The total cost of a settlement site, i.e. H. a house with a reason were estimated at 8,200 RM, but were ultimately almost 5,000 RM higher. Their financing was made possible mainly through mortgages from the Städtische Sparkasse Bayreuth (6000 RM) and the Deutsche Bau- und Bodenbank (2000-4800 RM) as well as grants from the District Foundation of Upper Franconia (500 RM) and the city of Bayreuth (400 RM). 81 settlers received loans from the “Thanksgiving Offering of the Nation”.

With prices of over 13,000 Reichsmarks, the standardized buildings were not affordable for low-income earners. Each of the single-family houses - a two-story house with a pitched roof and steep gable - had a transverse single -story extension for keeping small animals. The plots, between 660 and 1000 m² in size, were planned as kitchen gardens , which should allow the residents a high degree of self-sufficiency. The settlers were to collaborate and contribute to their own efforts, e.g. B. when digging the excavation, obliged. Since this often happened without professional instruction, extensive improvements were necessary, which were carried out by prisoners of war and prisoners. In some cases, the construction police had already raised foundation walls torn down again due to frost damage. Kasche initially thought the installation of a sewer system was unnecessary, but its construction had to be rescheduled in 1939/40.

In July 1939 the first settler site - only half finished - was occupied, and in mid-December 1940 80 settler sites were ready for occupancy. The settlers had to agree that their houses were "not yet completely finished". Considering the lack of manpower and material - the Second World War had begun - measures such as applying the facade plaster, leveling the site and installing a ready-to-use heating system were put on hold. The implementation of the planned infrastructure, which included the construction of a community house, a school and a playground, did not take place; instead, four splinter trenches were dug. The northern part of the settlement was only accessible via an unpaved dirt road. The streets were given names of the July Putsch who died Austrian Nazi activists.

In 1940 the settlement association Roter Hügel eV was founded, to which all first settlers belonged. In addition to political, this merger had above all an economic background. Far away from the next built-up area and infrastructurally undersupplied, the first settlers did pioneering work. As a local group of the 1919 founded and no later than 1935 conformist German settlers League this merger took place probably under pressure. The “settlement leader” was not elected, but was appointed according to the leader principle .

During the war years, the city set up a bus route to the settlement via Preuschwitzer Strasse. On April 11, 1945, during the last and heaviest air raid on the city by the 4th bomber group of the British Bomber Command, six settlement sites were completely destroyed and most of the other houses in the northern part of the settlement were damaged. On April 14, German forces tried to stop the advance of the US 11th Panzer Division, and another five houses were destroyed by tank bombardment . 22 men from the settlement (born between 1884 and 1926) had died in the war or were missing.

Red Hill settlement

In 1945 the settlement was temporarily occupied by American soldiers . There is also evidence of looting that may have been carried out by former forced laborers , foreign prisoners of war or large numbers of displaced persons living in Bayreuth after the end of the war . The initially imposed by the occupying power curfew in a few hours time entertainment provided the settlers before supply problems because the nearest shops far away in the district of Cross and in the city were.

As part of the denazification , several settlers had to leave their settler positions because they belonged to the NSDAP , SA or SS , but 13 of them were able to return in 1949. On the other hand, temporary new settlers (bombed out, refugees, displaced persons, victims of Nazi rule, displaced persons) could not get hold of settler positions despite numerous petitions to the various authorities. On January 29, 1948, the city council decided to replace the street names from the Nazi era with harmless ones; the name SA Dankopfersiedlung had already given way to the neutral name of the Roter Hügel settlement . It now comprised the area with the roads Ahornweg, Am Waldrand, Bergweg, Buchenweg, Kiefernweg, Lärchenweg, Lindenweg, Tannenweg and Ulmenweg.

The newly developed development plan from 1963 allowed - provided the ridge and eaves height were observed - to extend the main building at the rear, to assemble the neighboring outbuildings and to convert the small animal stalls into garages. In the meantime, the settlement has lost its previously largely uniform appearance. The strict structural change block no longer exists, only the alignment lines along the streets are still binding.

Upper Herzoghöhe

Meranierring in the Upper Herzoghöhe

The horseshoe-shaped, generously dimensioned Meranierring was created as a section of a car-friendly western bypass of the city. In the 1960s, a large residential area with high-rise buildings, apartment blocks, terraced houses and atrium chain houses was created within the horseshoe . In this area there are also buildings of the university (formerly the University of Education Bayreuth of the University of Erlangen-Nuremberg ), the Herzoghöhe elementary school opened in 1960, the curative education center, the Catholic Holy Cross Church and the sports field of the SC Kreuz.

To the west of the railway line, which was closed in 1973, the US troops had built houses for their members of the army. Simple pitched roof houses for late repatriates were built on Himmelkronstrasse in 1993 .

Richthofenhöhe

To the east of the four-lane Rheinstrasse, a residential area of ​​smaller detached and row houses was built in a street name field with predominantly Bavarian river names in the 1970s. Between 1973 and 1984 four- to eight-storey residential houses were built in a chain to the south of it.

To the west of this, in the triangle Rheinstrasse, Preuschwitzer Strasse and Klinikumallee, there is a high-quality single-family home area. In the mid-1970s, the city sold the land there to those interested in building at low cost. Due to the fact that numerous employees of the newly founded university settled there, the area is often referred to as the "professors' quarter".

To the south of Klinikumallee there is another new development area on both sides of the Lake Constance ring. The Evangelical Luther Church was built there.

Oberobsang / Mosing

Somewhat to the north of the Red Hill is the former hamlet of Oberobsang, which locals are more familiar with under the name Mosing. It was first mentioned in the land register of 1398 , four farms and one Selde have been documented since the 15th century. The local restaurant was a popular destination for decades. Due to new development with single-family houses, Oberobsang has grown together with the Red Hills district in recent years.

Clinic

As the successor to the municipal hospital in the Kreuz district, the Bayreuth Clinic Hospital was established in 1986 on the height of the Red Hill, sponsored by the city and district . Not far from there, the Roter Hügel rehabilitation center was established in 1989 and the Maximilianshöhe therapy center for psychosocial rehabilitation in 2002.

literature

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Karl Kronberger: Walks around Bayreuth . Gauverlag bayerische Ostmark GmbH, Bayreuth 1940.
  2. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k Rainer-Maria Kiel: From the early days of the Roter Hügel settlement in Bayreuth , special print from the archive for the history of Upper Franconia, vol. 95 , published by the Historical Association for Upper Franconia
  3. ↑ Rosa and Volker carbon home: Bayreuth from AZ. Lexicon of Bayreuth street names . Rabenstein, Bayreuth 2009, ISBN 978-3-928683-44-9 , pp. 85 .
  4. ^ Kurt Herterich: Bayreuth Cross . Ellwanger, Bayreuth 1992, ISBN 3-925361-13-8 , pp. 74 .
  5. ^ Herbert Popp: Bayreuth - rediscovered . Ellwanger, Bayreuth 2007, ISBN 978-3-925361-60-9 , pp. 190 .
  6. ↑ Kurt Herterich: Bayreuth Cross II . Ellwanger, Bayreuth 2009, ISBN 978-3-925361-71-5 , pp. 76 .