Pomeranian landscape

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The Pomeranian Landscape was a Pfandbrief bank that existed in Pomerania from 1781 to 1945 . It was based in Szczecin .

history

Seal mark Royal Prussian Pom. General Landscape Direction
Pfandbrief of the Pomeranian landscape dated June 25, 1818

Under King Frederick the Great , rural credit institutions were founded in several parts of Prussia , which were supposed to enable the landed nobility to obtain credit at a not too high interest rate. In terms of the economic policy of mercantilism, the goals were to increase the amount of money and accelerate the circulation of money , thereby improving the economy in general. The landscape credit institutions raised money from the public in exchange for the issue of Pfandbriefe , whereby all goods belonging to the landed nobility grouped together in the landscape were jointly liable for repayment. With this money she granted mortgage bond loans to the landowners . With this in mind, the Silesian Landscape was founded in Prussia in 1770 and the Kur- und Neumärkische Ritterschaftliche credit institute in 1777 .

There was also interest in founding such an institution in Pomerania. Before 1781 King Frederick the Great received a delegation from the Pomeranian nobility with the spokesman Heinrich Adrian Graf von Borcke on this subject. On March 13, 1781, the king confirmed the statutes of the new facility, the Pomeranian Landscape Regulations . In the same year, the landscape began its activity as the third landscape in Prussia and issued Pfandbriefe at an interest rate of 4%.

The area of ​​the landscape initially comprised the part of Pomerania that was Prussian when it was founded in 1781, that is, Western Pomerania and Old Western Pomerania . While New West Pomerania came to Prussia in 1815 and then to the Prussian Province of Pomerania , the Pomeranian landscape was not extended to New West Pomerania until 1871. But even then, the Pomeranian landscape did not include the entire province of Pomerania, since the Dramburg district, which was reclassified from Neumark to Pomerania province, always remained under the jurisdiction of the Kur- und Neumärkischen Knighthood Credit Institute.

Membership in the Pomeranian Landscape was compulsory for owners of manors . After the edict of October 6, 1807 in the course of the Prussian reforms, the acquisition of manors was released for bourgeoisie, bourgeois manor owners also became members of the landscape. The landscape was built on a cooperative basis . The manor owners in the individual districts elected district deputies, who elected the directors and councilors.

In the context of the “ Gleichschaltung” , the previous landscape regulations of 1781 were replaced by a new statute for the Pomeranian landscape in 1934 . The cooperative structure was thus abolished and the most important positions were filled directly by the Prussian State Ministry; the liability of the members with their property was retained. In practice, however, the influence of the aristocratic large estates persisted even after 1934, even though a bourgeois landowner had been the general landscape director since 1931.

The activity of the Pomeranian landscape ended with the occupation of Pomerania by the Red Army in the spring of 1945. Neither in Western Pomerania, which came to Poland, nor in Western Pomerania , which formed part of the Soviet Zone and then the GDR , there was an economic need for this facility.

structure

The administration of the Pomeranian landscape consisted of the General Landscape Directorate as headquarters with its seat in Stettin and four departments.

General Landscape Directorate

Building of the General Landscape Directorate in Szczecin (photo from 2006)

The general landscape directorate consisted of a general landscape director and two general landscape councilors. These were part-time landowners. A general landscape syndic was at their side as head of administration. The General Landscape Directorate was controlled by the Select Committee until 1934, which consisted of one representative from each department and met at least once a year. All district deputies formed the General-Landtag until 1934, which was only convened when necessary. In 1934 the select committee and the general state parliament were replaced by a landscape committee appointed by the Prussian state ministry. The landscape erected a representative building for the General Landscape Directorate on Paradeplatz in Stettin from 1893 to 1895, which has been preserved to this day.

Departments

The area of ​​the countryside was divided into four departments, which had their headquarters in Pasewalk (moved to Anklam in 1871 ), Stargard in Pomerania , Treptow an der Rega and Stolp . Each department was headed by a landscape director and two landscape councils, also part-time landowners. The administration was headed by a landscape syndic. In 1934, the departments were renamed district headquarters.

The supervision of the landscape was exercised by a royal commissioner, from 1919 state commissioner. The first royal commissioner was the Grand Chancellor Johann Heinrich von Carmer until 1798. After him, the respective upper presidents of the Pomerania province were also appointed commissioners. From 1933 onwards, the state commissioner was exercised by the government vice-president of the administrative district of Stettin .

Related facilities

The activities of the Pomeranian landscape were limited to issuing Pfandbriefe, they did not carry out other banking transactions. From the circle of landowners in Pomerania, the Ritterschaftliche Privatbank in Pomerania was therefore founded in 1824 with a larger field of activity, but which soon needed state support, had to be redesigned in 1833 and 1849 and went bankrupt in 1877.

The Pomeranian Landscape itself founded the Landscape Bank of the Province of Pomerania in 1893 for other banking transactions . Among other things, this had the tasks of granting advance loans to landowners for Pfandbrief loans that had been applied for but not yet granted and of selling the Pfandbriefe issued by the landscape. In 1934, the Pomeranian landscape lost the Landschaftliche Bank, which became a branch of the Berlin Central-Landschafts-Bank , founded in 1925 , and operated as such as the "Landschaftliche Bank für Pommern (Central-Landschafts-Bank)". Apart from the head office in Szczecin, the bank had no branches until 1938. It was not until 1938 that the greater part of the Posen-West Prussia border region was reorganized into the province of Pomerania . A branch was added in Arnswalde .

The Pomeranian Landscape founded the Pomeranian Land Loan Association in 1871 for lending to rural landowners , which was renamed the New Pomeranian Landscape for Small Land Ownership in 1896 . The peasants, of course, received no membership rights, and on the other hand were not burdened with joint and several liability like the manor owners. In 1934 the New Pomeranian Landscape was incorporated into the Pomeranian Landscape.

Eight Prussian landscapes, including the Pomeranian Landscape and the Pomeranian Land Loan Association, merged in 1873 to form the Central Landscape for the Prussian States , which issued joint " central landscape " Pfandbriefe.

List of general landscape directors

The general landscape directors of the Pomeranian landscape were:

literature

Web links

Commons : Pomeranian Landscape  - collection of images, videos and audio files

Footnotes

  1. ↑ Meyers Großes Konversations-Lexikon, Volume 12. Leipzig 1908, pp. 122–123. ( Online ).
  2. ^ Kai Detlev Sievers:  Köller, Ernst von. In: New German Biography (NDB). Volume 12, Duncker & Humblot, Berlin 1980, ISBN 3-428-00193-1 , p. 321 f. ( Digitized version ).