Geobacteraceae

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Geobacteraceae
Geobacter sulfurreducens

Geobacter sulfurreducens

Systematics
Domain : Bacteria (bacteria)
Department : Proteobacteria
Class : Deltaproteobacteria
Order : Desulfuromonadales
Family : Geobacteraceae
Scientific name
Geobacteraceae
Holmes , Nevin & Lovley , 2004

The Geobacteraceae are taxonomically a family of prokaryotic microorganisms that the domain of the organisms Bacteria belong.

Occurrence

Geobacteraceae are anaerobic and are mainly found in the soil, in underground habitats and in fresh and salt water sediments.

The Geobacteraceae are also assigned to heat- and cold-loving species: Geothermobacter ehrlichii comes from a hydrothermal spring and can still grow at 65 ° C, Geopsychrobacter electrodiphilus comes from marine sediment and can still grow at 4 ° C.

Systematics

The Geobacteraceae were listed on the basis of genetic comparisons, above all of the 16S rRNA genes and other genes ( nifD , recA , gyrB , rpoB and fusA ) that belong to conserved gene families and are suitable for such a comparison.

The Geobacteraceae belong according to the generally recognized classification within the bacteria to the Proteobacteria , there in the δ group ( class Deltaproteobacteria ) and in the order Desulfuromonadales . It should be noted that the taxa above the class, the domain Bacteria and the phylum Proteobacteria, according to the rules (" Bacteriological Code ") of the responsible international institutions ( IUMS and ICSP ) are not official taxa, while the class (Proteobacteria), which Order (Desulfuromonadales) and the family (Geobacteraceae) as well as genera and species are official taxa. The current assignment can be viewed in the "List of prokaryotic names with their status in the nomenclature" ( LPSN ).

The order Desulfuromonadales has two families, the Geobacteraceae discussed here and the Desulfuromonadaceae .

Geobacteraceae family nomenclature

There are two effective publications on the list of the Geobacteraceae family, one within and the other outside of the IJSEM (International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology), both of which have been recognized as valid:

  • Holmes et al. (2004) - Directly valid publication on the new family within Geobacteraceae of the corresponding journal.
  • Garry et al. (2005) - Effective publication on the Geobacteraceae family.
  • IUMS (2006) - Validation List 107, including validity of the “new” name Geobacteraceae Garry et al. 2006 .

The first recognized authorship takes precedence, hence the family Geobacteraceae Holmes et al. 2004 . The type genus of the family is Geobacter Lovley et al. 1995 .

Genera and species

The Geobacteraceae contain 24 species in five genera (accessed 2019-02). The type genus of the Geobacteraceae family is Geobacter Lovley et al. 1995 , both when the preferred (since earlier) authorship Geobacteraceae Holmes et al. 2004 , as well as the alternative (later authorship Geobacteraceae Garrity et al. 2006 ).

The genus Geobacter has the type species Geobacter metallireducens Lovley et al. 1995 and 18 other species.

Another genus ( Geoalkalibacter Zavarzina et al. 2007) has two species (type species Geoalkalibacter ferrihydriticus Zavarzina et al. 2007 ) and three other genera ( Geopsychrobacter Holmes et al. 2005 ; Geothermobacter Kashefi et al. 2005 ; Trichlorobacter De Wever et al. 2001 ) each have one species ( Geopsychrobacter electrodiphilus Holmes et al. 2005 ; Geothermobacter ehrlichii Kashefi et al. 2005; Trichlorobacter thiogenes De Wever et al. 2001 ).

physiology

The characteristics of a living being are related to the phylogenetic relationships of descent, but are not congruent. For the family Geobacteraceae can say that they are anaerobic residents, preferably underground life Räumes in which they as iron and sulfur compounds minerals dissimilatory reduce can. They share these properties with many of their relatives (see Desulfuromonadales and Deltaproteobacteria ).

Furthermore, several Geobacteraceae can form “microbial nanowires” and enter into syntrophies; these properties have also been developed in other groups (see microbial nanowires and syntrophies) . In the following they are presented for the Geobacteraceae.

Among the Geobacteraceae there are syntrophies, that is, the metabolic products of one species are the food of another species. Some species have developed a particularly effective mechanism of syntrophy, the direct electron transport, which was first described between Geobacter metallireducens and Geobacter sulfurreducens . For this direct electron transfer between species (DIET, direct interspecies electron transfer ), special, thread-like structures grow out of the cells, the microbial nanowires or electrically conductive pili (E-Pili, singular E- Pilus ). There are different ideas and actual ways in which the syntrophies through DIET (i.e. through the direct electron transport between different species) work in anaerobic, prokaryotic microorganisms.

Ueki et al. (2018) put these ideas together in order to test them for the aforementioned pair, Geobacter metallireducens and Geobacter sulfurreducens :

  • a) Both species have e-pili and pili-associated multi-heme cytochromes (Summers et al. 2010) or use pili-associated magnetite (Liu et al. 2015).
  • b) There are chains of magnetite particles between the cells (Kato et al. 2012).
  • c) A cytochrome -to-cytochrome transfer takes place (McGlynn et al. 2015).
  • d) Conductive material serves as a connection for DIET (Liu et al. 2012).
  • e) The electron donating partner creates a connection with his e-pili to the electron-accepting partner who does not have an e-pili (Rotaru et al. 2014).

Ueki et al. have used mutants for their investigations that form structurally normal E-pili, but with the restriction that these are less conductive than the wild-type E-pili. It was found that magnetite or cytochromes alone (without E-pili) are not sufficient for the pair under investigation ( G. metallireducens and G. sulfurreducens ); it is not enough that only the electron-accepting partner has e-pili; however, it is sufficient for the DIET to function that the electron donor partner has E-pili ( G. metallireducens ), while the electron acceptor partner ( G. sulfurreducens ) does not need it [corresponds to e)].

Syntrophy with methane generators

Schematic representation of the stoichiometric ratios in the conversion of ethanol (C 2 H 6 O) to methane (CH 4 ) and carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) by Geobacter metallireducens and Methanosarcina barkeri . The horizontal arrows (→ and ←) show the direction of chemical reactions. The single vertical arrows (↑ and ↓) represent diffusion (to the location of lower concentration) and the double arrow ( ↑↑ ) is the direct electron transfer between the species (DIET, direct interspecies electron transfer ).

The syntrophies between the Geobacteraceae and the methane formers (which belong to the domain of the living organisms Archaea ) are also interesting . The amount of methane formed by methane generators is influenced by the presence of "Geobacteraceae" and the availability of iron (III) compounds.

A well-studied relationship is that between Geobacter metallireducens and Methanosarcina barkeri . One partner ( G. metallireducens ) produces a substance, e.g. B. Acetic acid from ethanol , which the other partner ( Methanosarcina barkeri ) consumes. The oxidation of ethanol to acetic acid by G. metallireducens can only work if a suitable electron acceptor is reduced. G. metallireducens provides acetic acid and protons from ethanol and water as well as electrons for direct electron transfer (2 C 2 H 6 O + 2 H 2 O → 2 C 2 H 4 O 2 + 8 H + + 8 e - ) and M . barkeri turns acetic acid into methane and carbon dioxide (2 C 2 H 4 O 2 → 2 CH 4 + 2 CO 2 ). Since the electrons are available for direct electron transfer between species (DIET), M. barkeri can use protons and electrons and part of the carbon dioxide to produce additional methane (8 H + + 8 e - + CO 2 → CH 4 + 2 H 2 O). In the end, G. metallireducens and M. barkeri jointly produce methane and carbon dioxide from ethanol (2 C 2 H 6 O → 3 CH 4 + CO 2 ), whereby neither partner can do anything with ethanol alone without the other.

Ecology and importance

In the anaerobic habitats, in which Geobacteraceae are preferred, they can often be promoted as iron (III) reducers through increased iron (III) availability (e.g. iron (III) oxide ). On the other hand, due to their ability to be syntrophic , they are able to implement the oxidation of organic substances by letting their partner reduce the terminal electron acceptor (e.g.). Their special skills make them z. B. for the soil condition and water quality (degradation of organic substances), the pollutant conversion ( redox reactions with chlorine compounds and heavy metals ) and the energy generation through methane production (syntrophy with methanogenic archaea, see above) and electricity (direct transfer of electrons). Combinations are also conceivable, for example to generate methane or electricity by breaking down waste materials . In practical applications, the appropriate concentrations of promoting or inhibiting substances, or the appropriate temperatures, are often decisive factors. The following list contains some application-oriented studies on the Geobacteraceae.

Community with methanogens

  • Chen et al. (2014) - The promotion of electron transfer between species (DIET) with biochar.
  • Zheng et al. (2015) - The co-occurrence of Methanosarcina mazei and Geobacteraceae in an iron (III) -reducing enrichment culture.
  • Zhao et al. (2015) - The potential of direct interspecies electron transfer (DIET) in an electrical, anaerobic system to increase methane production from sludge digestion.
  • Zhang et al. (2017) - The Enhancement of Methanogenesis by Direct Interspecies Electron Transfer (DIET) between Geobacteraceae and Methanosaetaceae by granular activated carbon.

Conversion of pollutants

  • Holmes et al. (2002) - The accumulation of members of the Geobacteraceae family is related to the stimulation of dissimilatory metal reduction in uranium-contaminated deposits in the aquifer.
  • Cummings et al. (2003) - The diversity of Geobacteraceae species living in metal-polluted freshwater sediments was determined by 16S rDNA analyzes.
  • Lin et al. (2005) - The composition of the Geobacteraceae community was related to hydrochemistry and biodegradation in an iron-reducing aquifer that was polluted from a neighboring landfill.
  • O'Neil et al. (2008) - Gene transcript analysis for assimilatory iron limitation in Geobacteraceae during groundwater treatment.
  • Botton et al. (2007) - The dominance of Geobacteraceae in the accumulation of microbes from an iron-reducing aquifer that break down BTX (benzene, toluene, xylene).
  • Praveckova et al. (2016) - An indirect evidence links the dehalogenation of PCBs (of polychlorinated biphenyls) in anaerobic sediment-free microcosms with the Geobacteraceae.
  • Bravo et al. (2018) - The Geobacteraceae are important members of mercury methylating microbial communities in sediments affected by wastewater.

Generation of electrical energy

  • Holmes et al. (2004) - A possible role of a novel psychrotolerant member of the Geobacteraceae family, Geopsychrobacter electrodiphilus gen. Nov., Sp. nov., when generating electricity from a fuel cell for marine sediment.
  • Holmes et al. (2005) - The potential of quantifying the expression of the Geobacteraceae citrate synthase gene to determine the activity of Geobacteraceae in the subsurface and on electrodes for power generation.
  • Li et al. (2018) - The improved redox conductivity and enriched Geobacteraceae in exoelectrogenic biofilms in response to a static magnetic field.

Databases

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c d e f g D. E. Holmes, KP Nevin, DR Lovley: Comparison of 16S rRNA, nifD, recA, gyrB, rpoB and fusA genes within the family Geobacteraceae fam. nov. In: International journal of systematic and evolutionary microbiology. Volume 54, Number 5, September 2004, pp. 1591-1599, doi : 10.1099 / ijs.0.02958-0 , PMID 15388715 .
  2. ↑ a b Dawn E. Holmes, Regina A. O'Neil, Helen A. Vrionis, Lucie A. N'guessan, Irene Ortiz-Bernad, Maria J. Larrahondo, Lorrie A. Adams, Joy A. Ward, Julie S. Nicoll, Kelly P. Nevin, Milind A. Chavan, Jessica P. Johnson, Philip E. Long, Derek R. Lovley: Subsurface clade of Geobacteraceae that predominates in a diversity of Fe (III) -reducing subsurface environments . In: The ISME journal . tape 1 , no. 8 , 2007, ISSN  1751-7362 , p. 663-677 , doi : 10.1038 / ismej.2007.85 , PMID 18059491 .
  3. ↑ K. Kashefi, DE Holmes, JA Baross, DR Lovley: Thermophily in the Geobacteraceae: Geothermobacter Ehrlichii gen. Nov., Sp. nov., a novel thermophilic member of the Geobacteraceae from the "Bag City" hydrothermal vent. In: Applied and Environmental Microbiology. Volume 69, Number 5, May 2003, pp. 2985-2993, PMID 12732575 , PMC 154550 (free full text).
  4. ↑ a b Dawn E. Holmes, Julie S. Nicoll, Daniel R. Bond, Derek R. Lovley: Potential Role of a Novel Psychrotolerant Member of the Family Geobacteraceae, Geopsychrobacter electrodiphilus gen. Nov., Sp. nov., in Electricity Production by a Marine Sediment Fuel Cell. In: Appl. Environ. Microbiol. tape 70 , no. 10 , October 1, 2004, p. 6023-6030 , doi : 10.1128 / AEM.70.10.6023-6030.2004 .
  5. ↑ a b LPSN in cooperation with Ribocon GmbH: Classification of domains and phyla - Hierarchical classification of prokaryotes (bacteria), Version 2.1. Updated 19 July 2018. In: LPSN, List of prokaryotic names with standing in nomenclature. JP Euzéby, July 2018, accessed February 2019 .
  6. ↑ GM Garrity, JA Bell & T. Lilburn: Family II. Geobacteraceae fam. nov. In: DJ BURNER, NO WAR, JT STALEY & GM GARRITY (ed.): Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology, second edition, . Volume two: (The Proteobacteria), part C (The Alpha-, Beta-, Delta-, and Epsilonproteobacteria). Springer-Verlag, New York 2005, ISBN 978-0-387-24145-6 , pp. 1017 , doi : 10.1007 / 978-0-387-29298-4 .
  7. ↑ IUMS: Validation List No. 107: List of new names and new combinations previously effectively, but not validly, published. In: INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SYSTEMATIC AND EVOLUTIONARY MICROBIOLOGY. 56, 2006, p. 499, doi : 10.1099 / ijs.0.64289-0 .
  8. ↑ LPSN in cooperation with Ribocon GmbH: Retrieval of the individual genera with their species. In: LPSN, List of prokaryotic names with standing in nomenclature. JP Euzéby, accessed February 2019 .
  9. ↑ ZM Summers, HE Fogarty, C. Leang, AE Franks, NS Malvankar, DR Lovley: Direct exchange of electrons within aggregates of an evolved syntrophic coculture of anaerobic bacteria. In: Science . Volume 330, Number 6009, December 2010, pp. 1413-1415, doi : 10.1126 / science.1196526 , PMID 21127257 .
  10. ↑ a b c T. Ueki, KP Nevin, AE Rotaru, LY Wang, JE Ward, TL Woodard, DR Lovley: Strains Expressing Poorly Conductive Pili Reveal Constraints on Direct Interspecies Electron Transfer Mechanisms. In: mBio. Volume 9, number 4, 07 2018, p., Doi : 10.1128 / mBio.01273-18 , PMID 29991583 , PMC 6050967 (free full text).
  11. ↑ ZM Summers, HE Fogarty, C. Leang, AE Franks, NS Malvankar, DR Lovley: Direct exchange of electrons within aggregates of an evolved syntrophic coculture of anaerobic bacteria. In: Science . Volume 330, Number 6009, December 2010, pp. 1413-1415, doi : 10.1126 / science.1196526 , PMID 21127257 .
  12. ^ F. Liu, AE Rotaru, PM Shrestha, NS Malvankar, KP Nevin, DR Lovley: Magnetite compensates for the lack of a pilin-associated c-type cytochrome in extracellular electron exchange. In: Environmental microbiology. Volume 17, number 3, March 2015, pp. 648-655, doi : 10.1111 / 1462-2920.12485 , PMID 24725505 .
  13. ↑ S. Kato, K. Hashimoto, K. Watanabe: Microbial interspecies electron transfer via electric currents through conductive minerals. In: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences . Volume 109, number 25, June 2012, pp. 10042-10046, doi : 10.1073 / pnas.1117592109 , PMID 22665802 , PMC 3382511 (free full text).
  14. ^ SE McGlynn, GL Chadwick, CP Kempes, VJ Orphan: Single cell activity reveals direct electron transfer in methanotrophic consortia. In: Nature . Volume 526, number 7574, October 2015, pp. 531-535, doi : 10.1038 / nature15512 , PMID 26375009 .
  15. ↑ Fanghua Liu, Amelia-Elena Rotaru, Pravin M. Shrestha, Nikhil S. Malvankar, Kelly P. Nevin, Derek R. Lovley: Promoting direct interspecies electron transfer with activated carbon. In: Energy & Environmental Science. 5, 2012, p. 8982, doi : 10.1039 / c2ee22459c .
  16. ↑ Amelia-Elena Rotaru, Pravin Malla Shrestha, Fanghua Liu, Minita Shrestha, Devesh Shrestha, Mallory Embree, Karsten Zengler, Colin Wardman, Kelly P. Nevin, Derek R. Lovley: A new model for electron flow during anaerobic digestion: direct interspecies electron transfer to Methanosaeta for the reduction of carbon dioxide to methane. In: Energy Environ. Sci .. 7, 2014, p. 408, doi : 10.1039 / C3EE42189A .
  17. ^ AE Rotaru, PM Shrestha, F. Liu, B. Markovaite, S. Chen, KP Nevin, DR Lovley: Direct interspecies electron transfer between Geobacter metallireducens and Methanosarcina barkeri. In: Applied and Environmental Microbiology. Volume 80, number 15, August 2014, pp. 4599-4605, doi : 10.1128 / AEM.00895-14 , PMID 24837373 , PMC 4148795 (free full text).
  18. ↑ George M. Garrity, John G. Holt, William B. Whitman, Jyoti Keswani, David R. Boone, Yosuke Koga, et al .: Phylum AII. Euryarchaeota phy. nov. In: David R. Boone, Richard W. Castenholz, George M. Garrity (Eds.): Bergey's Manual® of Systematic Bacteriology . Second ed. Volume one: The Archaea and the Deeply Branching and Phototrophic Bacteria. Springer Verlag, New York 2001, ISBN 978-0-387-98771-2 , pp. 211 , doi : 10.1007 / 978-0-387-21609-6_17 .
  19. ↑ J. Ye, A. Hu, G. Ren, T. Zhou, G. Zhang, S. Zhou: Red mud enhances methanogenesis with the simultaneous improvement of hydrolysis-acidification and electrical conductivity. In: Bioresource Technology . Volume 247, January 2018, pp. 131-137, doi : 10.1016 / j.biortech.2017.08.063 , PMID 28946086 .
  20. ↑ a b c A. E. Rotaru, PM Shrestha, F. Liu, B. Markovaite, S. Chen, KP Nevin, DR Lovley: Direct interspecies electron transfer between Geobacter metallireducens and Methanosarcina barkeri. In: Applied and Environmental Microbiology. Volume 80, number 15, August 2014, pp. 4599-4605, doi : 10.1128 / AEM.00895-14 , PMID 24837373 , PMC 4148795 (free full text).
  21. ↑ GW Zhou, XR Yang, CW Marshall, H. Li, BX Zheng, Y. Yan, JQ Su, YG Zhu: Biochar Addition Increases the Rates of Dissimilatory Iron Reduction and Methanogenesis in Ferrihydrite Enrichments. In: Frontiers in Microbiology. Volume 8, 2017, p. 589, doi : 10.3389 / fmicb.2017.00589 , PMID 28428774 , PMC 5382251 (free full text).
  22. ↑ a b c Z. Zhao, Y. Zhang, L. Wang, X. Quan: Potential for direct interspecies electron transfer in an electric-anaerobic system to increase methane production from sludge digestion. In: Scientific Reports . Volume 5, June 2015, p. 11094, doi : 10.1038 / srep11094 , PMID 26057581 , PMC 4650609 (free full text).
  23. ↑ a b Shuo Zhang, Jiali Chang, Chao Lin, Yiran Pan, Kangping Cui, Xiaoyuan Zhang, Peng Liang, Xia Huang: Enhancement of methanogenesis via direct interspecies electron transfer between Geobacteraceae and Methanosaetaceae conducted by granular activated carbon . In: Bioresource Technology . tape 245 , Pt A, 2017, ISSN  1873-2976 , p. 132-137 , doi : 10.1016 / j.biortech.2017.08.111 , PMID 28892682 .
  24. ↑ a b Dawn E. Holmes, Julie S. Nicoll, Daniel R. Bond, Derek R. Lovley: Potential role of a novel psychrotolerant member of the family Geobacteraceae, Geopsychrobacter electrodiphilus gen. Nov., Sp. nov., in electricity production by a marine sediment fuel cell . In: Applied and Environmental Microbiology . tape 70 , no. 10 , 2004, ISSN  0099-2240 , p. 6023-6030 , doi : 10.1128 / AEM.70.10.6023-6030.2004 , PMID 15466546 .
  25. ^ S. Chen, AE Rotaru, PM Shrestha, NS Malvankar, F. Liu, W. Fan, KP Nevin, DR Lovley: Promoting interspecies electron transfer with biochar. In: Scientific Reports . Volume 4, May 2014, p. 5019, doi : 10.1038 / srep05019 , PMID 24846283 , PMC 4028902 (free full text).
  26. ↑ Shiling Zheng, Hongxia Zhang, Ying Li, Hua Zhang, Oumei Wang, Jun Zhang, Fanghua Liu: Co-occurrence of Methanosarcina mazei and Geobacteraceae in an iron (III) -reducing enrichment culture . In: Frontiers in Microbiology . tape 6 , 2015, ISSN  1664-302X , p. 941 , doi : 10.3389 / fmicb.2015.00941 , PMID 26441876 , PMC 4562271 (free full text).
  27. ↑ Dawn E. Holmes, Kevin T. Finneran, Regina A. O'Neil, Derek R. Lovley: Enrichment of members of the family Geobacteraceae associated with stimulation of dissimilatory metal reduction in uranium-contaminated aquifer sediments . In: Applied and Environmental Microbiology . tape 68 , no. 5 , 2002, ISSN  0099-2240 , p. 2300-2306 , PMID 11976101 .
  28. ↑ DE Cummings, OL Snoeyenbos-West, DT Newby, AM Niggemyer, DR Lovley, LA Achenbach, RF Rosenzweig: Diversity of Geobacteraceae species inhabiting metal-polluted freshwater lake sediments ascertained by 16S rDNA analyzes . In: Microbial Ecology . tape 46 , no. 2 , 2003, ISSN  0095-3628 , p. 257-269 , PMID 14708750 .
  29. ↑ Bin Lin, Martin Braster, Boris M. van Breukelen, Henk W. van Verseveld, Hans V. Westerhoff, Wilfred FM Röling: Geobacteraceae community composition is related to hydrochemistry and biodegradation in an iron-reducing aquifer polluted by a neighboring landfill . In: Applied and Environmental Microbiology . tape 71 , no. 10 , 2005, ISSN  0099-2240 , p. 5983-5991 , doi : 10.1128 / AEM.71.10.5983-5991.2005 , PMID 16204512 , PMC 1266018 (free full text).
  30. ^ Regina A. O'Neil, Dawn E. Holmes, Maddalena V. Coppi, Lorrie A. Adams, M. Juliana Larrahondo, Joy E. Ward, Kelly P. Nevin, Trevor L. Woodard, Helen A. Vrionis, A. Lucie N'Guessan, Derek R. Lovley: Gene transcript analysis of assimilatory iron limitation in Geobacteraceae during groundwater bioremediation . In: Environmental Microbiology . tape 10 , no. 5 , 2008, ISSN  1462-2920 , p. 1218-1230 , doi : 10.1111 / j.1462-2920.2007.01537.x , PMID 18279349 .
  31. ↑ Sabrina Botton, Marijn van Harmelen, Martin Braster, John R. Parsons, Wilfred FM Röling: Dominance of Geobacteraceae in BTX-degrading enrichments from an iron-reducing aquifer . In: FEMS microbiology ecology . tape 62 , no. 1 , 2007, ISSN  0168-6496 , p. 118-130 , doi : 10.1111 / j.1574-6941.2007.00371.x , PMID 17784862 .
  32. ↑ Martina Praveckova, Maria V. Brennerova, Christof Holliger, Felippe De Alencastro, Pierre Rossi: Indirect Evidence Link PCB Dehalogenation with Geobacteraceae in Anaerobic Sediment-Free Microcosms . In: Frontiers in Microbiology . tape 7 , 2016, ISSN  1664-302X , p. 933 , doi : 10.3389 / fmicb.2016.00933 , PMID 27379063 , PMC 4909783 (free full text).
  33. ↑ Andrea G. Bravo, Jakob Zopfi, Moritz Buck, Jingying Xu, Stefan Bertilsson, Jeffra K. SchaIndirekte efer, John Poté, Claudia Cosio: Geobacteraceae are important members of mercury-methylating microbial communities of sediments impacted by waste water releases . In: The ISME journal . tape 12 , no. 3 , 2018, ISSN  1751-7370 , p. 802-812 , doi : 10.1038 / s41396-017-0007-7 , PMID 29321692 , PMC 5864163 (free full text).
  34. ↑ Dawn E. Holmes, Kelly P. Nevin, Regina A. O'Neil, Joy E. Ward, Lorrie A. Adams, Trevor L. Woodard, Helen A. Vrionis, Derek R. Lovley: Potential for quantifying expression of the Geobacteraceae citrate synthase gene to assess the activity of Geobacteraceae in the subsurface and on current-harvesting electrodes . In: Applied and Environmental Microbiology . tape 71 , no. 11 , 2005, ISSN  0099-2240 , p. 6870-6877 , doi : 10.1128 / AEM.71.11.6870-6877.2005 , PMID 16269721 , PMC 1287699 (free full text).
  35. ↑ Cheng Li, Luguang Wang, Hong Liu: Enhanced redox conductivity and enriched Geobacteraceae of exoelectrogenic biofilms in response to static magnetic field . In: Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology . 2018, ISSN  1432-0614 , doi : 10.1007 / s00253-018-9158-3 , PMID 29923078 .