Methanosarcina barkeri

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Methanosarcina barkeri
Methanosarcina barkeri (strain Fusaro)

Methanosarcina barkeri (strain Fusaro)

Systematics
Department : Euryarchaeota
Class : Methanomicrobia
Order : Methanosarcinales
Family : Methanosarcinaceae
Genre : Methanosarcina
Type : Methanosarcina barkeri
Scientific name
Methanosarcina barkeri
Rapid 1947

Methanosarcina barkeri is a type of prokaryotic microorganism . M. barkeri is anaerobic , a methane generator and belongs to the domain of the living organism Archaea . It is the type species of the genus Methanosarcina .

Locations and morphology

The current type strain ( Methanosarcina barkeri MS T ) was isolated in 1966 from a digester for sewage sludge from households in Urbana ( Illinois ). The Fusaro strain of M. barkeri was found in mud samples from Lago Fusaro , a freshwater lake near Naples . M. barkeri is also found in the rumen of cattle , where it works synergistically with other microorganisms to digest biogenic polymers such as cellulose . M. barkeri prefers freshwater systems and has been isolated mainly from sludge from sewage treatment plants, ditches and lakes.

M. barkeri shows a dichotomous morphology : when these microbes are grown in a freshwater medium, they grow into large, multicellular aggregates that are embedded in a matrix of so-called methanochondroitin, while in a marine environment they grow as individual, irregular cocci that only are surrounded by a protein layer ( S-layer ) but not by methanochondroitin. M. barkeri has open reading frames (ORFs) for N-acetylmuramic acid synthesis, but no murein was found in the cell wall . While a single cell of M. barkeri only has the S-layer , which is the "standard equipment" of the cell wall in archaea, many archaea have additional layers, whereby the deposition of methanochondroitin over the S-layer is a special feature of Methanosarcina cell aggregates . Methanochondroitin is a heterogeneous polysaccharide based on N-acetyl-D-galactosamine and D-glucuronic acid and is similar in some respects to chondroitin in the connective tissue of vertebrates.

M. barkeri (strain Fusaro) does not have a flagellum , but it can move through the formation of gas-filled vesicles . However, these vesicles only form in the presence of hydrogen and carbon dioxide, probably in response to a hydrogen gradient . The genome , which consists of a circular chromosome and an additional, also circular, extrachromosomal element, offers the remarkable ability to metabolize a wide variety of molecules . This probably gives the microbe the advantage of being able to adapt to the environment despite its immobility or restricted mobility, depending on which energy source is available. The M. barkeri genome has 3680 open reading frames , which are believed to represent genes .

Physiology and metabolism

Acetoclastic methane formation . Acetic acid (CH 3 COOH) is converted to carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) and methane (CH 4 ).

M. barkeri can produce methane in various metabolic pathways and use various substrates to produce ATP , such as methanol , methylamine , acetate and hydrogen with carbon dioxide . In addition, it was determined stoichiometrically as early as 1947 that M. barkeri produced three mol of carbon dioxide and one mol of methane from four mol carbon monoxide and two mol water. M. barkeri does not have a high affinity for hydrogen and acetate, but can use both; as a result, it presumably gains growth advantages over other methane formers if these two substances are present in high concentrations, e.g. B. in sewage treatment plants. At least two strains of M. barkeri (Fusaro and MS) simultaneously contain DNA sequences for the different ATP synthase types A and F: the A type is typical for archaea (to which Methanosarcina belongs) and the F type is for Bacteria , mitochondria and chloroplasts typical. M. barkeri was the first organism in which the amino acid pyrrolysine was found.

Systematics

Methanosarcina barkeri was described by Schnellen in 1947 and confirmed by the International Association of Microbiological Societies ( IUMS ) in 1980 .

" Methanosarcina barkeri Schnellen 1947 " has been the type species of the genus Methanosarcina since 1986 .

The type strain of the species Methanosarcina barkeri is MS. The MS T strain has been deposited in various collections for culture strains (DSM 800, ATCC 43569 and JCM 10043).

An early classification according to phylogenetic relationships that included M. barkeri was carried out in 1979 by analyzing 16S RNA . The current classification and nomenclature can be viewed in the LPSN (accessed 2019-05).

Historical assignment of tribes

The genus Methanosarcina and its first species M. methanica were described in 1936 and confirmed as a genus and type species in 1980 . Since the original description by M. methanica no suitable culture strain was more available and could not be discovered in 1984 it was suggested M. barkeri to elect a new type species of the genus. In 1986 M. barkeri was used as a type species for the genus Methanosarcina .For M. barkeri , however, several strains were available, each of which could be considered a type strain of this type species; on the one hand there was the M. barkeri strain MS (DSM 800), which was confirmed as a type strain of the species in 1980, and on the other hand the M. barkeri strain 227 (DSM 1538), which together with the proposal, M. methanica by M. barkeri, was brought up for discussion. In 1987 the M. barkeri strain MS (DSM 800) was better described and thus its final confirmation as a type strain of the species ( Methanosarcina barkeri MS T ). In 1992, important strains of the genus Methanosarcina were characterized and compared, so that this contributed to an improved description of the species M. barkeri .

Applications and meaning

Methanosarcina barkeri has some properties that can be used for technical applications. For the archaeon M. barkeri , a special study was carried out into how methanogenesis can be promoted through syntrophic relationships with bacteria ; this applies to Pelobacter carbinolicus and Geobacter metallireducens . In combination with P. carbinolicus the archaeon can use hydrogen (HIT, hydrogen interspecies transfer) and in combination with G. metallireducens directly transferred electrons (DIET, direct interspecies electron transfer). However, studies on bioelectrochemical methanogenesis are still taking place on a laboratory scale. M. barkeri is found in locations with extremely low oxygen concentrations, such as the rumen of cattle, and is classified as an extreme anaerobe. The methane produced there makes a notable contribution to the greenhouse effect . With controlled collection, this methane can be used to generate energy; a side effect is, for example, the purification of wastewater. Since M. barkeri can survive under extreme conditions, it is possible to use the archaeon in environments with very low pH levels to effectively neutralize the acid and make the conditions tolerable for other methane generators .

Databases

Remarks

  1. ↑ The assignment to the domain of the archaea was made afterwards through an increase in knowledge (Woese et al. 1990, PMID 2112744 ). At the time of the species description (Schellen 1947), or at the time of confirmation (Approved Lists 1980), no distinction was made between bacteria and archaea. See also #Systematics in this article.

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c d P. HA Sneath, Vicki McGOWAN, VBD Skerman: Approved Lists of Bacterial Names . In: International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology . tape 30 , no. 1 , January 1, 1980, ISSN  1466-5026 , pp. 225-420 , doi : 10.1099 / 00207713-30-1-225 .
  2. ^ A b c International Union of Microbiological Societies: Opinion 63: Rejection of the Type Species Methanosarcina methanica (Approved Lists, 1980) and Conservation of the Genus Methanosarcina (Approved Lists, 1980) emend. Mah and Kuhn 1984 with Methanosarcina barkeri (Approved Lists, 1980) as the Type Species. In: International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology. 36, 1986, p. 492, doi : 10.1099 / 00207713-36-3-492 .
  3. ↑ MP Bryant, DR Boone: Emended Description of Strain MST (DSM 800T), the Type Strain of Methanosarcina barkeri . In: International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology . tape 37 , no. 2 , April 1, 1987, ISSN  0020-7713 , pp. 169-170 , doi : 10.1099 / 00207713-37-2-169 .
  4. ↑ a b c d e f g D. L. Maeder, I. Anderson, TS Brettin, DC Bruce, P. Gilna, CS Han, A. Lapidus, WW Metcalf, E. Saunders, R. Tapia, KR Sowers: The Methanosarcina barkeri genome : comparative analysis with Methanosarcina acetivorans and Methanosarcina mazei reveals extensive rearrangement within methanosarcinal genomes. In: Journal of bacteriology. Volume 188, number 22, November 2006, pp. 7922-7931, doi : 10.1128 / JB.00810-06 , PMID 16980466 , PMC 1636319 (free full text).
  5. ↑ O. Kandler, H. Hippe: Lack of peptidoglycan in the cell walls of Methanosarcina barkeri . In: Archives of Microbiology . tape 113 , no. 1-2 , May 13, 1977, ISSN  0302-8933 , pp. 57-60 , PMID 889387 .
  6. ↑ Suzanne C. Lambie, William J. Kelly, Sinead C. Leahy, Dong Li, Kerri Reilly: The complete genome sequence of the rumen methanogen Methanosarcina barkeri CM1 . In: Standards in Genomic Sciences . tape 10 , 2015, ISSN  1944-3277 , p. 57 , doi : 10.1186 / s40793-015-0038-5 , PMID 26413197 , PMC 4582637 (free full text).
  7. ↑ GN Jarvis, C. Strömpl, DM Burgess, LC Skillman, ER Moore: Isolation and identification of ruminal methanogens from grazing cattle . In: Current Microbiology . tape 40 , no. 5 , May 2000, ISSN  0343-8651 , p. 327-332 , PMID 10706664 .
  8. ^ KR Sowers, JE Boone, RP Gunsalus: Disaggregation of Methanosarcina spp. and Growth as Single Cells at Elevated Osmolarity . In: Applied and Environmental Microbiology . tape 59 , no. November 11 , 1993, ISSN  0099-2240 , pp. 3832-3839 , PMID 16349092 , PMC 182538 (free full text).
  9. ↑ a b c G. M. Maestrojuan, JE Boone, RA Mah, JAGF Menaia, MS Sachs: Taxonomy and Halotolerance of Mesophilic Methanosarcina Strains, Assignment of Strains to Species, and Synonymy of Methanosarcina mazei and Methanosarcina frisia . In: International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology . tape 42 , no. 4 , October 1, 1992, ISSN  0020-7713 , p. 561-567 , doi : 10.1099 / 00207713-42-4-561 .
  10. ^ KR Sowers, JE Boone, RP Gunsalus: Disaggregation of Methanosarcina spp. and Growth as Single Cells at Elevated Osmolarity. In: Applied and Environmental Microbiology. Volume 59, Number 11, November 1993, pp. 3832-3839, PMID 16349092 , PMC 182538 (free full text).
  11. ↑ O. Kandler, H. Hippe: Lack of peptidoglycan in the cell walls of Methanosarcina barkeri. In: Archives of microbiology. Volume 113, Numbers 1-2, May 1977, pp. 57-60, PMID 889387 .
  12. ↑ A. Klingl: S-layer and cytoplasmic membrane - exceptions from the typical archaeal cell wall with a focus on double membranes. In: Frontiers in Microbiology. Volume 5, 2014, p. 624, doi : 10.3389 / fmicb.2014.00624 , PMID 25505452 , PMC 4243693 (free full text) (review).
  13. ↑ Peter circ, Otto Kandler: Chemical structure of the cell wall polymer of methanosarcina. In: Systematic and Applied Microbiology. 7, 1986, p. 293, doi : 10.1016 / S0723-2020 (86) 80022-4 .
  14. ↑ L. Kjellén, U. Lindahl: Proteoglycans: structures and interactions. In: Annual review of biochemistry. Volume 60, 1991, pp. 443-475, doi : 10.1146 / annurev.bi.60.070191.002303 , PMID 1883201 (review).
  15. ^ SV Albers, BH Meyer: The archaeal cell envelope. In: Nature reviews. Microbiology. Volume 9, Number 6, June 2011, pp. 414-426, doi : 10.1038 / nrmicro2576 , PMID 21572458 (review).
  16. ^ A b W. E. Balch: Methanogens: reevaluation of a unique biological group . In: Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews . tape 43 , no. 2 , 1979, p. 260–296 , PMID 390357 , PMC 281474 (free full text) - ( asm.org [PDF]).
  17. ↑ JM O'Brien, RH Wolkin, TT Moench, JB Morgan, JG Zeikus: Association of hydrogen metabolism with unitrophic or mixotrophic growth of Methanosarcina barkeri on carbon monoxide . In: Journal of Bacteriology . tape 158 , no. 1 , April 1984, ISSN  0021-9193 , pp. 373-375 , PMID 6715282 , PMC 215429 (free full text).
  18. ↑ AJ Kluyver, CGTP Schnellen: On the fermentation of carbon monoxide by pure cultures of methane bacteria . In: Archives of Biochemistry . tape 14 , no. 1-2 , July 1947, ISSN  0096-9621 , pp. 57-70 , PMID 20251332 .
  19. ^ Derek R. Lovley: The Hydrogen Economy of Methanosarcina barkeri: Life in the Fast Lane . In: Journal of Bacteriology . tape 200 , no. October 20 , 15, 2018, ISSN  1098-5530 , doi : 10.1128 / JB.00445-18 , PMID 30082458 , PMC 6153660 (free full text).
  20. ↑ Regina Saum et al: The F 1 F O ATP synthase genes in Methanosarcina acetivorans are dispensable for growth and ATP synthesis. In: FEMS Microbiology Letters. Vol. 300, Issue 2, November 2009, pp. 230-236. doi: 10.1111 / j.1574-6968.2009.01785.x
  21. ↑ John Atkins, Ray Gesteland: The 22nd Amino Acid . In: Science Magazine . tape 296 . American Association for the Advancement of Science, May 24, 2002, doi : 10.1126 / science.1073339 ( sciencemag.org [PDF; accessed June 1, 2014]).
  22. ↑ CGTP Schnellen: Onderzoekingen over de methaangisting . Inaugural dissertation . Delft 1947, p. 1-137 (Dutch).
  23. ↑ a b M. P. Bryant, DR Boone: Emended Description of Strain MST (DSM 800T), the Type Strain of Methanosarcina barkeri. In: International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology. 37, 1987, p. 169, doi : 10.1099 / 00207713-37-2-169 .
  24. ↑ Methanosarcina barkeri, type strain MS (DSM 800). Leibniz Institute DSMZ - German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures GmbH, accessed in May 2019 (English).
  25. ↑ Methanosarcina barkeri, type strain MS (ATCC® 43569 ™). ATCC®, accessed in May 2019 (English, further designation: ATCC 51582).
  26. ↑ Methanosarcina barkeri, type strain MS (JCM 10043). RIKEN-BRC, Microbe Division (JCM - Japan Collection of Microorganisms), accessed May 2019 .
  27. ↑ LPSN in collaboration with Ribocon GmbH: Classification of domains and phyla - Hierarchical classification of prokaryotes (bacteria), Version 2.1. Updated 19 July 2018. In: LPSN, List of prokaryotic names with standing in nomenclature. JP Euzéby, July 2018, accessed May 2019 .
  28. ↑ LPSN in cooperation with Ribocon GmbH: retrieval of the genus with its species. In: LPSN, List of prokaryotic names with standing in nomenclature. JP Euzéby, accessed May 2019 .
  29. ^ AJ Kluyver & CB Van Niel: Prospects for a natural system of classification of bacteria . In: Zentralblatt für Bakteriologie Parasitenkunde, Infectious Diseases and Hygiene. Department II . tape 94 , 1936, pp. 369-403 .
  30. ^ A b R. A. Mah, DA Kuhn: Rejection of the Type Species Methanosarcina methanica (Approved Lists 1980), Conservation of the Genus Methanosarcina with Methanosarcina barkeri (Approved Lists 1980) as the Type Species, and Emendation of the Genus Methanosarcina: Request for an Opinion. In: International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology. 34, 1984, p. 266, doi : 10.1099 / 00207713-34-2-266 .
  31. ↑ Lawrence G.Wayne: Actions of the Judicial Commission of the International Committee on Systematic Bacteriology on Requests for Opinions Published in 1983 and 1984. In: International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology. vol. 36, no. 2, 1986, pp. 357-358.
  32. ↑ a b D. E. Holmes, AE Rotaru, T. Ueki, PM Shrestha, JG Ferry, DR Lovley: Electron and Proton Flux for Carbon Dioxide Reduction in methanosarcina barkeri During Direct Interspecies Electron Transfer. In: Frontiers in Microbiology. Volume 9, 2018, p. 3109, doi : 10.3389 / fmicb.2018.03109 , PMID 30631315 , PMC 6315138 (free full text).
  33. ↑ F. Enzmann, F. Mayer, M. Rother, D. Holtmann: Methanogens: biochemical background and biotechnological applications. In: AMB Express. Volume 8, number 1, January 2018, p. 1, doi : 10.1186 / s13568-017-0531-x , PMID 29302756 , PMC 5754280 (free full text) (review).
  34. ^ A b c Sarah E. Hook, André-Denis G. Wright, Brian W. McBride: Methanogens: Methane Producers of the Rumen and Mitigation Strategies . In: Archaea . tape 2010 , 2010, ISSN  1472-3646 , pp. 1–11 , doi : 10.1155 / 2010/945785 , PMID 21253540 , PMC 3021854 (free full text) - ( hindawi.com [accessed May 23, 2019]).
  35. ↑ Alexander Aivasidis, Christian Wandrey: Development and practical implementation of a biogas high-performance process for cleaning organically heavily polluted wastewater: Development and practical implementation of a biogas high-performance process for cleaning organically highly polluted wastewater . In: Chemical Engineer Technology . tape 61 , no. 6 , June 30, 1989, pp. 484-487 , doi : 10.1002 / cite.330610613 ( wiley.com [accessed May 23, 2019]).

See also

  • Amelia-Elena Rotaru, Pravin Malla Shrestha, Fanghua Liu, Beatrice Markovaite, Shanshan Chen, Kelly P. Nevin, Derek R. Lovley: Direct Interspecies Electron Transfer between Geobacter metallireducens and Methanosarcina barkeri . In: Applied and Environmental Microbiology . tape 80 , no. 15 , May 16, 2014, p. 4599-4605 , doi : 10.1128 / AEM.00895-14 .
  • Jessica Brill: Methanosarcina barkeri fusaro. In: JGI Genome Portal. The Regents of the University of California (© 1997-2019), accessed May 22, 2019 .