Geobacter metallireducens

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Geobacter metallireducens
Systematics
Department : Proteobacteria
Class : Deltaproteobacteria
Order : Desulfuromonadales
Family : Geobacteraceae
Genre : Geobacter
Type : Geobacter metallireducens
Scientific name
Geobacter metallireducens
Lovley et al. 1995

Geobacter metallireducens is a type of prokaryotic microorganism . G. metallireducens is anaerobic and belongs to the Bacteria domain . It is the type species of their genus Geobacter .

description

The first isolation of the later species Geobacter metallireducens took place in 1987 by Derek Lovley from sediments of the Potomac River . The species was described in 1993 and confirmed in 1995.

The name "Geobacter metallireducens" roughly means that the organism is rod-shaped (bacter), occurs underground (Geo) and can reduce metals (metallireducens). During the isolation of the first culture strain, GS-15, it became apparent that these bacteria are not magnetotactic and can reduce amorphous iron oxide to extracellular, fine-grained magnetite under anaerobic conditions .

The cells are Gram-negative , strictly anaerobic rods that oxidize various short-chain fatty acids , alcohols and monoaromatic compounds with trivalent iron as the sole electron acceptor . In addition, acetate is also oxidized with the help of the reduction of other metals, namely tetravalent manganese and tetravalent uranium , as well as with the help of nitrate .

The cytochromes of type c could be oxidized by gold , silver , mercury and chromate . The menaquinone concentration is comparable to that of the Gram-negative sulfate reducer . The fatty acids , which on phospholipid - esters were linked, reported (anaerobic on the activity of enzymes desaturase ) and the function of pathways of fatty acid biosynthesis out.

Electron Transfer and Syntrophies

Schematic representation of the stoichiometric ratios in the conversion of ethanol (C 2 H 6 O) to methane (CH 4 ) and carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) by Geobacter metallireducens and Methanosarcina barkeri . The horizontal arrows (→ and ←) show the direction of chemical reactions. The simple vertical arrows (↑ and ↓) represent diffusion (to the location of lower concentration) and the green double arrow ( ↑↑ ) is the direct electron transfer between the species (DIET, direct interspecies electron transfer ).

G. metallireducens has the distinctive property of being able to transfer electrons extracellularly (i.e. outside the cell ). On the one hand, this probably serves primarily to reduce solids that cannot be absorbed into the cell (e.g. amorphous iron oxide), on the other hand, it enables a mechanism of syntrophy , the direct electron transfer between species (DIET), which occurs first for G. metallireducens and G. sulfurreducens .

The microbial nanowires that were discovered in the species G. sulfurreducens , which is closely related to G. metallireducens, play an important role . The pair mentioned was investigated with regard to the direct electron transfer between the species and it was found that the partner that acts as an electron donor ( G. metallireducens ) needs the microbial nanowires, whereas on the side of the electron acceptor partner ( G. sulfurreducens ) they do not must be present.

A well-studied relationship is that between the bacterium Geobacter metallireducens and the methane-forming archaeon Methanosarcina barkeri . One partner ( G. metallireducens ) can oxidize ethanol and uses M. barkeri as an electron acceptor partner. The partner “ reduced ” by the oxidation ( M. barkeri ) in turn uses the electrons from the electron donor partner G. metallireducens and the other products of the previous oxidation ( acetic acid and protons ) to generate carbon dioxide and methane .

The same applies to Methanosaeta harundinacea , which is also a methane-forming archaeon; Here, too, the formation of methane from ethanol through the interaction of G. metallireducens and M. harundinacea was described by DIET.

Another possibility to use the extracellular electron transfer of G. metallireducens consists in the addition of substances which facilitate such a transfer; This applies for example to the humic substances similar anthraquinone-2,6-disulfonate (AHQDS, reduced form) or anthraquinone -2,6- disulfonate to (AQDS, oxidized form), since this redox system easily from the reduced in converts the oxidized form and vice versa. An investigation of the syntrophy effects between G. metallireducens and Wolinella succinogenes showed that the redox couple (AQDS / AHQDS) mediates the electron transfer between the species. In a study on the biological production of hydrogen from xylose (wood sugar), the clostridial species Clostridium beijerinckii was used. In a co-culture of C. beijerinckii and G. metallireducens to which the reduced form AHQDS was added, the hydrogen production and the use of xylose could be increased compared to the pure culture of C. beijerinckii without AHQDS. The improvement was mainly attributed to the fact that G. metallireducens lowered the acetic acid concentration and it was assumed that G. metallireducens regenerated the reduced form of the AQDS / AHQDS redox system.

Systematics

Geobacter metallireducens was discovered in 1993 by Loley et al. and confirmed in 1995 by the International Association of Microbiological Societies ( IUMS ).

The type strain of G. metallireducens is GS-15 and has been deposited in appropriate collections (ATCC 53774 and DSM 7210).

The 16S rRNA - sequence pointed Geobacter as a member of Deltaproteobacteria out; Geobacter is the type genus of the Geobacteraceae family .

The current classification and nomenclature can be found in the LPSN (accessed 2019-05).

Ecology and applications

Geobacter metallireducens is an anaerobic iron reducer that prefers underground, freshwater-rich habitats . Its ability to transfer electrons outside of its own cells makes it possible for G. metallireducens to expand its metabolic spectrum (or that of its partners) through syntrophies . Not least because of the syntrophies, G. metallireducens is likely to have some importance in various material cycles (e.g. in the carbon , nitrogen , iron and sulfur cycle ).

G. metallireducens can develop flagella and pili , but only makes this effort under certain conditions and this has been observed when no soluble but insoluble trivalent iron or tetravalent manganese was available as a terminal electron acceptor. Through chemotaxis with the help of the flagella and exoelectrogenic electron transfer with the help of the pili, G. metallireducens can possibly make better use of the insoluble metals than other metal-reducing microbes; this would explain the dominance of G. metallireducens in some sediments .

In terms of applications, G. metallireducens is interesting because it can break down or convert pollutants ; this includes

While organic pollutants are intended to be broken down, metals (which are mostly heavy metals ) are primarily about extraction from the environment or from wastewater . In most cases, the focus is on cleaning (e.g. technical waste water), but in the case of valuable metals (e.g. platinum), recovery is also of interest.

Another line of thought would be to use G. metallireducens ' property of producing magnetite for superparamagnetic materials; the material properties strongly depend on the culture conditions.

It makes sense to examine G. metallireducens for its usefulness in microbial fuel cells . In an investigation into energy generation from wastewater, the closely related species Geobacter sulfurreducens showed more favorable properties than G. metallireducens , which could be due to the different adhesion to the anode . Elsewhere it was reported that tannery wastewater containing toxic chromium (hexavalent) and other added organic waste were used to generate electricity in microbial fuel cells, with the anode containing G. metallireducens and converting the chromium to a less toxic (trivalent) form. was reduced.

Could continue to G. metallireducens the nitrate cleardown help as it is a denitrifying is. There are also experiments with microbial fuel cells for this purpose . G. metallireducens may also have a reverse path tread, that nitrogen from the air lock when not bound nitrogen is present.

Since G. metallireducens can support the two methane-forming archaea Methanosarcina barkeri and Methanosaeta harundinacea through electron transfer (DIET) on a laboratory scale and such electron transfer is also possible on conductive materials, it makes sense to carry out experiments with conductive materials to test the production of methane . Since in many experiments to promote methane formation by conductive materials there can be several causes for the observed effects and since methanogenesis is not necessarily linked to DIET, the results must be examined from several sides in order to interpret them. So far (2019-05) the relationships between G. metallireducens and M. barkeri and between G. metallireducens and M. harundinacea are the only two pairs in which DIET between bacteria and methane-forming archaea has been unequivocally proven.

Databases

Remarks

  1. ↑ a b Extracellular conversion of amorphous iron oxide to magnetite by microbes: The amorphous iron oxide is an insoluble, chemical compound that has a low degree of crystallization and is extracellular, i.e. outside the cells of microorganisms . The reduction of Fe (III) to Fe (II), i.e. the transfer of electrons to trivalent iron , produces magnetite , an iron oxide made from bivalent and trivalent iron with a crystalline structure.
  2. ↑ a b c DIET, direct interspecies electron transfer . Immediate electron transfer between species. Use of the abbreviation or the term: Wang et al. 2016, PMID 26973614 .
  3. ↑ type strain GS-15 from Geobacter metallireducens as "ATCC 53774" in the ATCC®: Geobacter metallireducens Lovley et al. (ATCC® 53774 ™). ATCC, accessed May 18, 2019 .
  4. ↑ Type strain GS-15 from Geobacter metallireducens as "DSM 7210" ​​in the DSMZ : DSM No .: 7210, Type strain. Leibniz Institute DSMZ-German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures GmbH, accessed on May 18, 2019 (English).
  5. ↑ Iron reducer: microorganism that reduces iron , generally trivalent iron to divalent iron. See also Iron # External Electron Donor and Acceptor .
  6. ↑ Exoelektrogen: A "Exoelektrogener" is a microorganism , the electron transfer to outside the cell or from outside the cell in a position. See also Microbial Fuel Cell # structure , en: Exoelectrogenic .
  7. ↑ Pili: In Geobacter species, pili serve as microbial nanowires. See microbial nanowires .

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b IUMS : Validation of the Publication of New Names and New Combinations Previously Effectively Published Outside the IJSB: List No. 54. In: International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology. 45, 1995, p. 619, doi: 10.1099 / 00207713-45-3-619 .
  2. ^ A b D. R. Lovley, SJ Giovannoni, DC White, JE Champine, EJ Phillips, YA Gorby, S. Goodwin: Geobacter metallireducens gen. Nov. sp. nov., a microorganism capable of coupling the complete oxidation of organic compounds to the reduction of iron and other metals. In: Archives of microbiology. Vol. 159, Number 4, 1993, pp. 336-344, PMID 8387263 .
  3. ↑ a b c d e f Derek R. Lovley, John F. Stolz, Gordon L. Nord, Elizabeth JP Phillips: Anaerobic production of magnetite by a dissimilatory iron-reducing microorganism. In: Nature. 330, 1987, p. 252, doi: 10.1038 / 330252a0 .
  4. ↑ a b c d e f g h D. R. Lovley, SJ Giovannoni, DC White, JE Champine, EJ Phillips, YA Gorby, S. Goodwin: Geobacter metallireducens gen. Nov. sp. nov., a microorganism capable of coupling the complete oxidation of organic compounds to the reduction of iron and other metals. In: Archives of microbiology. Vol. 159, Number 4, 1993, pp. 336-344, PMID 8387263 .
  5. ↑ a b IUMS : Validation of the Publication of New Names and New Combinations Previously Effectively Published Outside the IJSB: List No. 54. In: International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology. 45, 1995, p. 619, doi: 10.1099 / 00207713-45-3-619 .
  6. ↑ ZM Summers, HE Fogarty, C. Leang, AE Franks, NS Malvankar, DR Lovley: Direct exchange of electrons within aggregates of an evolved syntrophic coculture of anaerobic bacteria. In: Science . Volume 330, Number 6009, December 2010, pp. 1413-1415, doi: 10.1126 / science.1196526 , PMID 21127257 .
  7. ↑ Gemma Reguera, Kevin D McCarthy, Teena Mehta, Julie S Nicoll, Mark T Tuominen, Derek Lovley: Extracellular electron transfer via microbial nanowires . In: Nature . Vol. 435, No. 7045 , 2005, p. 1098–1101 , doi : 10.1038 / nature03661 (English).
  8. ↑ a b T. Ueki, KP Nevin, AE Rotaru, LY Wang, JE Ward, TL Woodard, DR Lovley: Strains Expressing Poorly Conductive Pili Reveal Constraints on Direct Interspecies Electron Transfer Mechanisms. In: mBio . tape 9 , no. 4 , July 2018, doi : 10.1128 / mBio.01273-18 , PMID 29991583 , PMC 6050967 (free full text) - (English).
  9. ↑ a b c d A. E. Rotaru, PM Shrestha, F. Liu, B. Markovaite, S. Chen, KP Nevin, DR Lovley: Direct interspecies electron transfer between Geobacter metallireducens and Methanosarcina barkeri. In: Applied and Environmental Microbiology . tape 80 , no. 15 , August 2014, p. 4599-4605 , doi : 10.1128 / AEM.00895-14 , PMID 24837373 , PMC 4148795 (free full text) - (English).
  10. ↑ a b c Amelia-Elena Rotaru, Pravin Malla Shrestha, Fanghua Liu, Minita Shrestha, Devesh Shrestha: A new model for electron flow during anaerobic digestion: direct interspecies electron transfer to Methanosaeta for the reduction of carbon dioxide to methane . In: Energy Environ. Sci. tape 7 , no. 1 , 2014, ISSN  1754-5692 , p. 408-415 , doi : 10.1039 / C3EE42189A ( rsc.org [accessed May 7, 2019]).
  11. ↑ a b c D. R. Lovley, JL Fraga, JD Coates, EL Blunt-Harris: Humics as an electron donor for anaerobic respiration . In: Environmental Microbiology . tape 1 , no. 1 , February 1999, ISSN  1462-2912 , pp. 89-98 , PMID 11207721 .
  12. ↑ a b c d Xinyu Zhang, Xiaofeng Ye, Kevin T. Finneran, Julie L. Zilles, Eberhard Morgenroth: Interactions between Clostridium beijerinckii and Geobacter metallireducens in co-culture fermentation with anthrahydroquinone-2, 6-disulfonate (AH2QDS) for enhanced biohydrogen production from xylose . In: Biotechnology and Bioengineering . tape 110 , no. 1 , January 2013, ISSN  1097-0290 , p. 164-172 , doi : 10.1002 / bit.24627 , PMID 22886601 .
  13. ↑ DE Holmes, KP Nevin, DR Lovley: Comparison of 16S rRNA, nifD, recA, gyrB, rpoB and fusA genes within the family Geobacteraceae fam. nov. In: International journal of systematic and evolutionary microbiology. Volume 54, Number 5, September 2004, pp. 1591-1599, doi: 10.1099 / ijs.0.02958-0 , PMID 15388715 .
  14. ↑ LPSN in collaboration with Ribocon GmbH: Classification of domains and phyla - Hierarchical classification of prokaryotes (bacteria), Version 2.1. Updated 19 July 2018. In: LPSN, List of prokaryotic names with standing in nomenclature. JP Euzéby, July 2018, accessed May 2019 .
  15. ↑ LPSN in cooperation with Ribocon GmbH: retrieval of the genus with its species. In: LPSN, List of prokaryotic names with standing in nomenclature. JP Euzéby, accessed May 2019 .
  16. ^ A b Susan E. Childers, Stacy Ciufo, Derek R. Lovley: Geobacter metallireducens accesses insoluble Fe (III) oxide by chemotaxis . In: Nature . tape 416 , no. 6882 , April 18, 2002, ISSN  0028-0836 , p. 767-769 , doi : 10.1038 / 416767a , PMID 11961561 .
  17. ↑ Simona G. Huwiler, Claudia Löffler, Sebastian EL Anselmann, Hans-Joachim Stark, Martin von Bergen: One-megadalton metalloenzyme complex in Geobacter metallireducens involved in benzene ring reduction beyond the biological redox window . In: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America . tape 116 , no. 6 , May 2, 2019, ISSN  1091-6490 , p. 2259–2264 , doi : 10.1073 / pnas.1819636116 , PMID 30674680 , PMC 6369795 (free full text).
  18. ↑ Tian Zhang, Timothy S. Bain, Kelly P. Nevin, Melissa A. Barlett, Derek R. Lovley: Anaerobic benzene oxidation by Geobacter species . In: Applied and Environmental Microbiology . tape 78 , no. December 23 , 2012, ISSN  1098-5336 , p. 8304–8310 , doi : 10.1128 / AEM.02469-12 , PMID 23001648 , PMC 3497359 (free full text).
  19. ↑ Akhilesh Kumar Chaurasia, Pier-Luc Tremblay, Dawn E. Holmes, Tian Zhang: Genetic evidence that the degradation of para-cresol by Geobacter metallireducens is catalyzed by the periplasmic para-cresol methylhydroxylase . In: FEMS microbiology letters . tape 362 , no. October 20 , 2015, ISSN  1574-6968 , doi : 10.1093 / femsle / fnv145 , PMID 26316547 .
  20. ↑ Jörg Johannes, Alexander Bluschke, Nico Jehmlich, Martin von Bergen, Matthias Boll: Purification and characterization of active-site components of the putative p-cresol methylhydroxylase membrane complex from Geobacter metallireducens . In: Journal of Bacteriology . tape 190 , no. October 19 , 2008, ISSN  1098-5530 , p. 6493–6500 , doi : 10.1128 / JB.00790-08 , PMID 18658262 , PMC 2566014 (free full text).
  21. ↑ Tian Zhang, Pier-Luc Tremblay, Akhilesh Kumar Chaurasia, Jessica A. Smith, Timothy S. Bain: Anaerobic benzene oxidation via phenol in Geobacter metallireducens . In: Applied and Environmental Microbiology . tape 79 , no. December 24 , 2013, ISSN  1098-5336 , p. 7800-7806 , doi : 10.1128 / AEM.03134-13 , PMID 24096430 , PMC 3837793 (free full text).
  22. ↑ Kathleen M. Schleinitz, Sirko Schmeling, Nico Jehmlich, Martin von Bergen, Hauke ​​Harms: Phenol degradation in the strictly anaerobic iron-reducing bacterium Geobacter metallireducens GS-15 . In: Applied and Environmental Microbiology . tape 75 , no. June 12 , 2009, ISSN  1098-5336 , p. 3912-3919 , doi : 10.1128 / AEM.01525-08 , PMID 19376902 , PMC 2698347 (free full text).
  23. ↑ Nicole B. Tobler, Thomas B. Hofstetter, René P. Schwarzenbach: Carbon and hydrogen isotope fractionation during anaerobic toluene oxidation by Geobacter metallireducens with different Fe (III) phases as terminal electron acceptors . In: Environmental Science & Technology . tape 42 , no. 21 , November 1, 2008, ISSN  0013-936X , p. 7786-7792 , PMID 19031861 .
  24. ↑ RU Meckenstock: Fermentation toluene degradation in anaerobic defined syntrophic cocultures . In: FEMS microbiology letters . tape 177 , no. 1 , August 1, 1999, ISSN  0378-1097 , p. 67-73 , doi : 10.1111 / j.1574-6968.1999.tb13715.x , PMID 10436924 .
  25. ↑ Man Jae Kwon, Kevin Thomas Finneran: Biotransformation products and mineralization potential for hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX) in abiotic versus biological degradation pathways with anthraquinone-2,6-disulfonate ( AQDS) and Geobacter metallireducens . In: biodegradation . tape 19 , no. 5 , September 2008, ISSN  0923-9820 , p. 705-715 , doi : 10.1007 / s10532-008-9175-5 , PMID 18239998 .
  26. ↑ a b M. Sindhuja, p Harinipriya, Amarnath C. Bala, Arvind Kumar Ray: Environmentally available biowastes as substrates in microbial fuel cell for efficient chromium reduction . In: Journal of Hazardous Materials . tape 355 , August 5, 2018, ISSN  1873-3336 , p. 197–205 , doi : 10.1016 / j.jhazmat.2018.05.030 , PMID 29857224 .
  27. ^ A b Synthia Maes, Ruben Props, Jeffrey P. Fitts, Rebecca De Smet, Frank Vanhaecke: Biological Recovery of Platinum Complexes from Diluted Aqueous Streams by Axenic Cultures . In: PloS One . tape 12 , no. 1 , 2017, ISSN  1932-6203 , p. e0169093 , doi : 10.1371 / journal.pone.0169093 , PMID 28046131 , PMC 5207411 (free full text).
  28. ↑ Gary A. Icopini, Joe G. paint, Larry E. Hersman, Mary P. New, Hakim Boukhalfa: Plutonium (V / VI) reduction by the metal-Reducing Bacteria Geobacter metallireducens GS-15 and Shewanella oneidensis MR-1 . In: Applied and Environmental Microbiology . tape 75 , no. June 11 , 2009, ISSN  1098-5336 , pp. 3641-3647 , doi : 10.1128 / AEM.00022-09 , PMID 19363069 , PMC 2687282 (free full text).
  29. ↑ Hakim Boukhalfa, Gary A. Icopini, Sean D. Reilly, Mary P. New: Plutonium (IV) reduction by the metal-reducing bacteria Geobacter metallireducens GS15 and Shewanella oneidensis MR1 . In: Applied and Environmental Microbiology . tape 73 , no. September 18 , 2007, ISSN  0099-2240 , p. 5897-5903 , doi : 10.1128 / AEM.00747-07 , PMID 17644643 , PMC 2074912 (free full text).
  30. ↑ Ling-Yun Ding, Yao-Yu Zhang, Li-Juan Zhang, Fang Fang, Ning-Ning He: Mercury methylation by Geobacter metallireducens GS-15 in the presence of Skeletonema costatum . In: The Science of the Total Environment . tape 671 , 2019, ISSN  1879-1026 , p. 208–214 , doi : 10.1016 / j.scitotenv.2019.03.222 , PMID 30928750 .
  31. ↑ Kevin T. Finneran, Meghan E. Housewright, Derek R. Lovley: Multiple influences of nitrate on uranium solubility during bioremediation of uranium-contaminated subsurface sediments . In: Environmental Microbiology . tape 4 , no. 9 , September 2002, ISSN  1462-2912 , pp. 510-516 , PMID 12220407 .
  32. ↑ Irene Ortiz-Bernad, Robert T. Anderson, Helen A. Vrionis, Derek R. Lovley: Vanadium respiration by Geobacter metallireducens: novel strategy for in situ removal of vanadium from groundwater . In: Applied and Environmental Microbiology . tape 70 , no. 5 , May 2004, ISSN  0099-2240 , p. 3091-3095 , doi : 10.1128 / AEM.70.5.3091-3095.2004 , PMID 15128571 , PMC 404428 (free full text).
  33. ↑ Hojatollah Vali, Benjamin Weiss, Yi-Liang Li, S. Kelly Sears, Sam Soon Kim: Formation of tabular single-domain magnetite induced by Geobacter metallireducens GS-15 . In: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America . tape 101 , no. 46 , November 16, 2004, ISSN  0027-8424 , p. 16121-16126 , doi : 10.1073 / pnas.0404040101 , PMID 15525704 , PMC 528942 (free full text).
  34. ↑ Booki Min, Shaoan Cheng, Bruce E. Logan: Electricity generation using membrane and salt bridge microbial fuel cells . In: Water Research . tape 39 , no. 9 , May 2005, ISSN  0043-1354 , p. 1675-1686 , doi : 10.1016 / j.watres.2005.02.002 , PMID 15899266 .
  35. ↑ Hong Liu, Ramanathan Ramnarayanan, Bruce E. Logan: Production of electricity during wastewater treatment using a single chamber microbial fuel cell . In: Environmental Science & Technology . tape 38 , no. 7 , April 1, 2004, ISSN  0013-936X , p. 2281-2285 , PMID 15112835 .
  36. ↑ Kerstin Julia Dolch: Stability and performance of specifically grown biofilms on anodes . In: Faculty of Chemistry and Biosciences (Ed.): Approved dissertations in the university sector . Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe October 2014 ( d-nb.info ).
  37. ↑ F. Martínez Murillo, T. Gugliuzza, J. Senko, P. Basu, JF Stolz: A heme-C-containing enzyme complex that exhibits nitrate and nitrite reductase activity from the dissimilatory iron-reducing bacterium Geobacter metallireducens . In: Archives of Microbiology . tape 172 , no. 5 , November 1999, ISSN  0302-8933 , p. 313-320 , PMID 10550473 .
  38. ↑ Hiroyuki Kashima, John M. Regan: Facultative nitrate reduction by electrode-respiring Geobacter metallireducens biofilms as a competitive reaction to electrode reduction in a bioelectrochemical system . In: Environmental Science & Technology . tape 49 , no. 5 , March 3, 2015, ISSN  1520-5851 , p. 3195-3202 , doi : 10.1021 / es504882f , PMID 25622928 .
  39. ↑ DA Bazylinski, AJ Dean, D. Schüler, EJ Phillips, DR Lovley: N2-dependent growth and nitrogenase activity in the metal-metabolizing bacteria, Geobacter and Magnetospirillum species . In: Environmental Microbiology . tape 2 , no. 3 , June 2000, ISSN  1462-2912 , pp. 266-273 , PMID 11200427 .
  40. ^ A b Gilberto Martins, Andreia F. Salvador, Luciana Pereira, M. Madalena Alves: Methane Production and Conductive Materials: A Critical Review . In: Environmental Science & Technology . tape 52 , no. 18 , September 18, 2018, ISSN  0013-936X , p. 10241-10253 , doi : 10.1021 / acs.est.8b01913 .