Geobacter

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Geobacter
Geobacter sulfurreducens

Geobacter sulfurreducens

Systematics
Domain : Bacteria (bacteria)
Department : Proteobacteria
Class : Deltaproteobacteria
Order : Desulfuromonadales
Family : Geobacteraceae
Genre : Geobacter
Scientific name
Geobacter
Lovley et al. 1995

Geobacter is a genus of prokaryotic microorganisms . Geobacter is anaerobic and belongs to the domain of the living organism Bacteria .

description

The first isolation of a strain of the later genus Geobacter took place in 1987 by Derek Lovley from sediments of the Potomac River . The genus and its type species ( G. metallireducens ) were described in 1993 and confirmed in 1995. The name "Geobacter" roughly means that the organism is rod-shaped (bacter) and occurs underground (Geo).

The first culture strain , GS-15, can reduce amorphous iron oxide under anaerobic conditions to extracellular, fine-grained magnetite , although the bacteria are not magnetotactic . The ability to reduce metals led to the epithet "metallireducens" for the type species G. metallireducens .

Another important Geobacter species is G. sulfurreducens . The species was from surface sediments a trench in Norman ( Oklahoma ) isolated that with hydrocarbons was contaminated and described 1994th

The first two species, G. metallireducens and G. sulfurreducens, have been classified as closely related and are often compared with one another. They are anaerobic, dissimilatory iron reducers that can use acetate as an electron donor and trivalent iron [Fe (III)] as an electron acceptor for their energy metabolism . Instead of trivalent iron, trivalent cobalt [Co (III)] of both types can also be used for the oxidation of the acetate.

However, there are also a number of differences between the two species, mainly the type strains ( G. metallireducens GS-15 and G. sulfurreducens PCA) were compared:

G. sulfurreducens can use hydrogen as electron donor in combination with Fe (III) as electron acceptor, while G. metallireducens cannot. At the time of the description (1994) no other organism besides G. sulfurreducens was known that could couple the Fe (III) reduction to both the oxidation of hydrogen and the oxidation of acetate. Another difference is the reduction of sulfur , which G. metallireducens cannot and G. sulfurreducens can do with hydrogen as an electron donor (hence the epithet “sulfurreducens”, which means sulfur-reducing). G. metallireducens can use tetravalent manganese [Mn (IV)] as the terminal electron acceptor and G. sulfurreducens cannot. G. metallireducens can breathe with nitrate and G. sulfurreducens cannot. Furthermore, G. metallireducens can oxidize various alcohols and aromatic compounds, which G. sulfurreducens cannot. G. metallireducens could only grow in a medium that corresponds to fresh water , while G. sulfurreducens operated iron breathing in a medium in which the salinity corresponded to half that of seawater .

Both species were sequenced , first the genome of G. sulfurreducens (description 2003) and then the genome of G. metallireducens (description 2009); the ring-shaped bacterial chromosome of G. sulfurreducens comprised 3,814,128 bp (type strain PCA), that of G. metallireducens of 3,997,420 bp (type strain GS-15). G. metallireducens also had a plasmid (pMET1, 13,762 bp). A comparison of known sequences and properties indicated that G. metallireducens could differ dramatically from other Geobacteraceae in terms of its metabolism , physiology and gene regulation .

Characteristics of the genus

If, in addition to information about the two best-known species ( G. metallireducens and G. sulfurreducens ) , one consults a few other species descriptions ( G. anodireducens, G. bemidjiensis, G. bremensis , G. chapellei , G. grbiciae , G. hydrogenophilus , G. . lovleyi, G. pelophilus , G. psychrophilus , G. toluenoxydans , G. uraniireducens ), the following picture emerges:

  • Geobacter is a genus of gram-negative , chemoorganothropic anaerobes whose cells are rod-shaped and which do not form spores .
  • The cells are often immobile, but in some species they can also develop flagella and then be mobile. The size of the cells is often in the range of 1 to 3 micrometers ( µm ) in length and 0.5 to 0.6 µm in diameter. There are shorter (0.8 µm), longer (4 µm), thinner (0.3 µm) and thicker (0.8 µm) cells in this genus. They are often straight rods, with some species slightly curved to curved rods.
  • Special features of the cell morphology occur insofar as pili are sometimes formed in addition to flagella and that vesicles can be present. Some types have a tendency to clump the cells.
  • The optimal growth temperatures are usually in the range of 30 to 35 ° C , but can also be lower (up to 17 ° C). The preferred pH values are usually slightly acidic to neutral. The salt content in the medium, which is favorable for growth , often corresponds to that of fresh water ; Metabolism can also be possible at a higher concentration (which corresponds to half that of seawater ).
  • In terms of their metabolism , Geobacter are anaerobes ; contact with oxygen is sometimes tolerated (aerotolerance in G. anodireducens ).
  • Geobacter are dissimilatory iron reducers. You can couple the oxidation of acetate as an electron donor to the reduction of trivalent iron [Fe (III)] as an electron acceptor . In addition , many other electron donors (e.g. hydrogen , various organic acids ) and electron acceptors (e.g. tetravalent manganese [Mn (IV)], antraquinone -2 ) are possible , depending on the type of Geobacter or the strain used , 6- disulfonate , fumarate , malate , sulfur ).

Special features of electron transfer

Geobacter - cells may in many cases electron extracellularly (ie outside the cell transfer); this has already been found in the first isolated strain of this genus, as it was able to reduce amorphous iron oxide under anaerobic conditions to extracellular, fine-grain magnetite . The point of electron transfer from or to the outside is the use of redox reactions for the energy gain of cells. In the case of amorphous iron oxide, for example, the absorption of this insoluble terminal electron acceptor into the cell is not possible, so the electrons are released to the outside.

Geobacter species use direct electron transfer between species (DIET) as a variant of the syntrophy that was first described for G. metallireducens and G. sulfurreducens . In DIET, biological structures create a path for the extracellular exchange of electrons from cell to cell, and several DIET relationships are known for G. metallireducens : to another Geobacter species (to G. sulfurreducens ,) and to two archaea (to Methanosarcina barkeri , and to Methanosaeta harundinacea ).

A common alternative to DIET in bacteria and archaea is the hydrogen transfer between species: one partner oxidizes organic material and reduces protons to hydrogen with the resulting electrons and the other partner uses the hydrogen as an electron donor and reduces a terminal electron acceptor with the electrons ( e.g. in the bacterium Pelobacter carbinolicus and the archaeon Methanosarcina barkeri ). One can assume that especially with Geobacter species and their relatives ( Geobactereaceae ) combinations of direct and indirect variants of electron transfer occur. There are studies on electron transfer between species through the support of electrically (partially) conductive material such as magnetite, granular activated carbon, biochar and carbon fiber fabric.

Geobacter species can develop pili , which act as microbial nanowires and are then called "e-pili" (e.g.). Studies have shown that in DIET between G. metallireducens and G. sulfurreducens, E-pili can occur in both partners, but are only necessary on the side of the electron donor partner ( G. metallireducens ), while the electron acceptor partner ( G. sulfurreducens ) does not necessarily have to train them.

Systematics

Geobacter is in 1993 by Lovley et al. described as a genus together with the type species Geobacter metallireducens and recognized in 1995 by the International Association of Microbiological Societies ( IUMS ).

The 16S rRNA - sequence pointed Geobacter as a member of Deltaproteobacteria out.

Geobacter is the type genus of the Geobacteriacea family, which Holmes et al. has been described and recognized. A later, renewed description of this family also refers to Geobacter as a type genus (description 2005 and recognition 2006).

The current classification and nomenclature can be seen in the LPSN . Geobacter currently comprises 19 species (accessed 2019-05).

meaning

Due to their anaerobic , chemoorganotrophic metabolism, Geobacter species are important in underground ecosystems. An investigation of agricultural soil, for example, provided indications that Geobacter species in soy fields in the Argentine pampas have a major influence on microbial nitrogen fixation .

Since Geobacter styles are often Exoelektrogene and an anaerobic metabolism chemoorganotrophic, have applications offer based on the oxidation of toxic , organic compounds , the reduction of heavy metals , or the production of energy are focused. Most efforts on these topics can be found for the two Geobacter species G. metallireducens and G. sulfurreducens .

There are studies on the question of which types of microbes prefer to take on a given task and which Geobacter species favor in generating electricity from household wastewater (e.g.). In technical applications, the properties of the microbes are sometimes both useful and hindering: in G. lovleyi, for example, its anaerobic metabolism enables energy to be generated with fuel cells that are effective in artificial wetlands, but on the other hand its low tolerance to oxygen can prevent its growth limit.

It is possible that different tasks can be combined with one another, e.g. B. Pollutant degradation and energy generation : in an investigation into the use of microbial fuel cells for the degradation of oxytetracycline , in which both electrodes ( anode and cathode ) had a biocompatible surface, cells typical of Geobacter remained after the biofilm had matured on the anode.

Due to their ability to reduce metals, Geobacter species have become interesting for the conversion of toxic and radioactive heavy metals , such as uranium . Geobacter reduce soluble, hexavalent uranyl cations [U (VI)], so that insoluble particles with tetravalent uranium [U (IV)] arise. The pili not only act as a reductase, but also keep the bacterial cells at a distance from the uranium, which does not have to be ingested.

Geobacter can enter into syntrophic relationships with methane-forming archaea by supplying electrons for methanogenesis via electrically conductive pili (e-pili, microbial nanowires ) . Therefore, it has often been investigated how the addition of conductive material affects methanogenesis (e.g.). In an overview, it is discussed that not all observable effects have to be automatically due to a direct electron transfer between species (DIET), especially since DIET only for two pairs (co-cultures: G. metallireducens - Methanosarcina barkeri and G. metallireducens - Methanosaeta harundinacea ) has been proven clean.

Databases

Remarks

  1. ↑ a b Extracellular conversion of amorphous iron oxide to magnetite by microbes: The amorphous iron oxide is an insoluble, chemical compound that has a low degree of crystallization and is extracellular, i.e. outside the cells of microorganisms . The reduction of Fe (III) to Fe (II), i.e. the transfer of electrons to trivalent iron , produces magnetite , an iron oxide made from bivalent and trivalent iron with a crystalline structure.
  2. ↑ a b c iron reducer: microorganism that reduces iron , generally trivalent iron [Fe (III)] to bivalent iron [Fe (II)]. The dissimilatory iron reduction is also called iron breathing. See also Iron # External Electron Donor and Acceptor .
  3. ↑ a b DIET, direct interspecies electron transfer . Immediate electron transfer between species. Use of the abbreviation or the term: Wang et al. 2016, PMID 26973614 .
  4. ↑ Exoelektrogen: A "Exoelektrogener" is a microorganism , the electron transfer to outside the cell or from outside the cell in a position. See also Microbial Fuel Cell # structure , en: Exoelectrogenic .

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c IUMS : Validation of the Publication of New Names and New Combinations Previously Effectively Published Outside the IJSB: List No. 54. In: International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology. 45, 1995, p. 619, doi: 10.1099 / 00207713-45-3-619 .
  2. ↑ a b c d e D. R. Lovley, SJ Giovannoni, DC White, JE Champine, EJ Phillips, YA Gorby, S. Goodwin: Geobacter metallireducens gen. Nov. sp. nov., a microorganism capable of coupling the complete oxidation of organic compounds to the reduction of iron and other metals. In: Archives of microbiology. Vol. 159, Number 4, 1993, pp. 336-344, PMID 8387263 .
  3. ↑ a b c Derek R. Lovley, John F. Stolz, Gordon L. Nord, Elizabeth JP Phillips: Anaerobic production of magnetite by a dissimilatory iron-reducing microorganism. In: Nature. 330, 1987, p. 252, doi: 10.1038 / 330252a0 .
  4. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k F. Caccavo, DJ Lonergan, DR Lovley, M. Davis, JF Stolz, MJ McInerney: Geobacter sulfurreducens sp. nov., a hydrogen- and acetate-oxidizing dissimilatory metal-reducing microorganism. In: Applied and environmental microbiology. Volume 60, Number 10, October 1994, pp. 3752-3759, PMID 7527204 , PMC 201883 (free full text).
  5. ↑ a b c d D. R. Lovley, EJ Phillips: Novel mode of microbial energy metabolism: organic carbon oxidation coupled to dissimilatory reduction of iron or manganese . In: Applied and Environmental Microbiology . tape 54 , no. 6 , June 1988, ISSN  0099-2240 , pp. 1472-1480 , PMID 16347658 , PMC 202682 (free full text).
  6. ↑ a b B. A. Methe, KE Nelson, JA iron, IT Paulsen, W. Nelson: genomes of Geobacter sulfurreducens: metal reduction in subsurface environments . In: Science (New York, NY) . tape 302 , no. 5652 , December 12, 2003, ISSN  1095-9203 , p. 1967–1969 , doi : 10.1126 / science.1088727 , PMID 14671304 .
  7. ↑ a b c d Muktak Aklujkar, Julia Krushkal, Genevieve DiBartolo, Alla Lapidus, Miriam L. Land: The genome sequence of Geobacter metallireducens: features of metabolism, physiology and regulation common and dissimilar to Geobacter sulfurreducens . In: BMC microbiology . tape 9 , May 27, 2009, ISSN  1471-2180 , p. 109 , doi : 10.1186 / 1471-2180-9-109 , PMID 19473543 , PMC 2700814 (free full text).
  8. ^ A b Dan Sun, Aijie Wang, Shaoan Cheng, Matthew Yates, Bruce E. Logan: Geobacter anodireducens sp. nov., an exoelectrogenic microbe in bioelectrochemical systems . In: International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology . tape 64 , Pt 10, October 2014, ISSN  1466-5034 , p. 3485-3491 , doi : 10.1099 / ijs.0.061598-0 , PMID 25052395 .
  9. ↑ a b Kelly P. Nevin, Dawn E. Holmes, Trevor L. Woodard, Erich S. Hinlein, David W. Ostendorf: Geobacter bemidjiensis sp. nov. and Geobacter psychrophilus sp. nov., two novel Fe (III) -reducing subsurface isolates . In: International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology . tape 55 , Pt 4, July 2005, ISSN  1466-5026 , p. 1667-1674 , doi : 10.1099 / ijs.0.63417-0 , PMID 16014499 .
  10. ↑ a b K. L. Straub, BE Buchholz-Cleven: Geobacter bremensis sp. nov. and Geobacter pelophilus sp. nov., two dissimilatory ferric-iron-reducing bacteria . In: International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology . tape 51 , Pt 5, September 2001, ISSN  1466-5026 , doi : 10.1099 / 00207713-51-5-1805 , PMID 11594612 .
  11. ↑ a b c J. D. Coates, VK Bhupathiraju, LA Achenbach, MJ Mclnerney, DR Lovley: Geobacter hydrogenophilus, Geobacter chapellei and Geobacter grbiciae, three new, strictly anaerobic, dissimilatory Fe (III) -reducers . In: International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology . tape 51 , Pt 2, March 2001, ISSN  1466-5026 , p. 581-588 , doi : 10.1099 / 00207713-51-2-581 , PMID 11321104 .
  12. ↑ Youlboong Sung, Kelly E. Fletcher, Kirsti M. Ritalahti, Robert P. Apkarian, Natalia Ramos-Hernández: Geobacter lovleyi sp. nov. strain SZ, a novel metal-reducing and tetrachloroethene-dechlorinating bacterium . In: Applied and Environmental Microbiology . tape 72 , no. 4 , April 2006, ISSN  0099-2240 , p. 2775-2782 , doi : 10.1128 / AEM.72.4.2775-2782.2006 , PMID 16597982 , PMC 1448980 (free full text).
  13. ↑ Umakanth Kunapuli, Michael K. Jahn, Tillmann Lueders, Roland Geyer, Hermann J. Heipieper: Desulfitobacterium aromaticivorans sp. nov. and Geobacter toluenoxydans sp. nov., iron-reducing bacteria capable of anaerobic degradation of monoaromatic hydrocarbons . In: International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology . tape 60 , Pt 3, March 2010, ISSN  1466-5026 , p. 686-695 , doi : 10.1099 / ijs.0.003525-0 , PMID 19656942 .
  14. ↑ Evgenya S. Shelobolina, Helen A. Vrionis, Robert H. Findlay, Derek R. Lovley: Geobacter uraniireducens sp. nov., isolated from subsurface sediment undergoing uranium bioremediation . In: International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology . tape 58 , Pt 5, May 2008, ISSN  1466-5026 , p. 1075-1078 , doi : 10.1099 / ijs.0.65377-0 , PMID 18450691 .
  15. ^ A b Z. M. Summers, HE Fogarty, C. Leang, AE Franks, NS Malvankar, DR Lovley: Direct exchange of electrons within aggregates of an evolved syntrophic coculture of anaerobic bacteria. In: Science . Volume 330, Number 6009, December 2010, pp. 1413-1415, doi: 10.1126 / science.1196526 , PMID 21127257 .
  16. ↑ Pravin Malla Shrestha, Amelia-Elena Rotaru, Muktak Aklujkar, Fanghua Liu, Minita Shrestha: Syntrophic growth with direct interspecies electron transfer as the primary mechanism for energy exchange . In: Environmental Microbiology Reports . tape 5 , no. 6 , December 2013, ISSN  1758-2229 , p. 904-910 , doi : 10.1111 / 1758-2229.12093 , PMID 24249299 .
  17. ↑ a b c d A. E. Rotaru, PM Shrestha, F. Liu, B. Markovaite, S. Chen, KP Nevin, DR Lovley: Direct interspecies electron transfer between Geobacter metallireducens and Methanosarcina barkeri. In: Applied and Environmental Microbiology. Volume 80, number 15, August 2014, pp. 4599-4605, doi: 10.1128 / AEM.00895-14 , PMID 24837373 , PMC 4148795 (free full text).
  18. ↑ a b c Amelia-Elena Rotaru, Pravin Malla Shrestha, Fanghua Liu, Minita Shrestha, Devesh Shrestha: A new model for electron flow during anaerobic digestion: direct interspecies electron transfer to Methanosaeta for the reduction of carbon dioxide to methane . In: Energy Environ. Sci. tape 7 , no. 1 , 2014, ISSN  1754-5692 , p. 408-415 , doi : 10.1039 / C3EE42189A ( rsc.org [accessed May 7, 2019]).
  19. ↑ DE Holmes, AE Rotaru, T. Ueki, PM Shrestha, JG Ferry, DR Lovley: Electron and Proton Flux for Carbon Dioxide Reduction in Methanosarcina barkeri During Direct Interspecies Electron Transfer. In: Frontiers in Microbiology. Volume 9, 2018, p. 3109, doi: 10.3389 / fmicb.2018.03109 , PMID 30631315 , PMC 6315138 (free full text).
  20. ↑ Souichiro Kato, Kazuhito Hashimoto, Kazuya Watanabe: Methanogenesis facilitated by electric syntrophy via (semi) conductive iron-oxide minerals . In: Environmental Microbiology . tape 14 , no. 7 , July 2012, ISSN  1462-2920 , p. 1646-1654 , doi : 10.1111 / j.1462-2920.2011.02611.x , PMID 22004041 .
  21. ↑ Souichiro Kato, Kazuhito Hashimoto, Kazuya Watanabe: Microbial interspecies electron transfer via electric currents through conductive minerals . In: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America . tape 109 , no. 25 , June 19, 2012, ISSN  1091-6490 , p. 10042-10046 , doi : 10.1073 / pnas.1117592109 , PMID 22665802 , PMC 3382511 (free full text).
  22. ↑ Souichiro Kato, Kazuhito Hashimoto, Kazuya Watanabe: Microbial interspecies electron transfer via electric currents through conductive minerals . In: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America . tape 109 , no. 25 , June 19, 2012, ISSN  1091-6490 , p. 10042-10046 , doi : 10.1073 / pnas.1117592109 , PMID 22665802 , PMC 3382511 (free full text).
  23. ↑ Souichiro Kato, Kazuhito Hashimoto, Kazuya Watanabe: Microbial interspecies electron transfer via electric currents through conductive minerals . In: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America . tape 109 , no. 25 , June 19, 2012, ISSN  1091-6490 , p. 10042-10046 , doi : 10.1073 / pnas.1117592109 , PMID 22665802 , PMC 3382511 (free full text).
  24. ↑ Shanshan Chen, Amelia-Elena Rotaru, Pravin Malla Shrestha, Nikhil S. Malvankar, Fanghua Liu: Promoting interspecies electron transfer with biochar . In: Scientific Reports . tape 4 , May 21, 2014, ISSN  2045-2322 , p. 5019 , doi : 10.1038 / srep05019 , PMID 24846283 , PMC 4028902 (free full text).
  25. ↑ Shanshan Chen, Amelia-Elena Rotaru, Fanghua Liu, Jo Philips, Trevor L. Woodard: Carbon cloth stimulates direct interspecies electron transfer in syntrophic co-cultures . In: Bioresource Technology . tape 173 , December 2014, ISSN  1873-2976 , p. 82-86 , doi : 10.1016 / j.biortech.2014.09.009 , PMID 25285763 .
  26. ↑ Gemma Reguera, Kevin D McCarthy, Teena Mehta, Julie S Nicoll, Mark T Tuominen, Derek Lovley: Extracellular electron transfer via microbial nanowires . In: Nature . Vol. 435, No. 7045 , 2005, p. 1098–1101 , doi : 10.1038 / nature03661 .
  27. ↑ a b T. Ueki, KP Nevin, AE Rotaru, LY Wang, JE Ward, TL Woodard, DR Lovley: Strains Expressing Poorly Conductive Pili Reveal Constraints on Direct Interspecies Electron Transfer Mechanisms. In: mBio. Volume 9, number 4, 07 2018, p., Doi: 10.1128 / mBio.01273-18 , PMID 29991583 , PMC 6050967 (free full text).
  28. ↑ DE Holmes, KP Nevin, DR Lovley: Comparison of 16S rRNA, nifD, recA, gyrB, rpoB and fusA genes within the family Geobacteraceae fam. nov. In: International journal of systematic and evolutionary microbiology. Volume 54, Number 5, September 2004, pp. 1591-1599, doi: 10.1099 / ijs.0.02958-0 , PMID 15388715 .
  29. ↑ GM Garrity, JA Bell & T. Lilburn: Family II. Geobacteraceae fam. nov. In: DJ BURNER, NO WAR, JT STALEY & GM GARRITY (ed.): Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology, second edition, . Volume two: (The Proteobacteria), part C (The Alpha-, Beta-, Delta-, and Epsilonproteobacteria). Springer-Verlag, New York 2005, ISBN 978-0-387-24145-6 , pp. 1017 , doi : 10.1007 / 978-0-387-29298-4 .
  30. ↑ IUMS : Validation List No. 107: List of new names and new combinations previously effectively, but not validly, published. In: INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SYSTEMATIC AND EVOLUTIONARY MICROBIOLOGY. 56, 2006, p. 499, doi: 10.1099 / ijs.0.64289-0 .
  31. ↑ LPSN in collaboration with Ribocon GmbH: Classification of domains and phyla - Hierarchical classification of prokaryotes (bacteria), Version 2.1. Updated 19 July 2018. In: LPSN, List of prokaryotic names with standing in nomenclature. JP Euzéby, July 2018, accessed May 2019 .
  32. ↑ LPSN in cooperation with Ribocon GmbH: retrieval of the genus with its species. In: LPSN, List of prokaryotic names with standing in nomenclature. JP Euzéby, accessed May 2019 .
  33. ↑ Priscila A. Calderoli, Mónica M. Collavino, Filipe Behrends Kraemer, Héctor JM Morrás, O. Mario Aguilar: Analysis of nifH-RNA reveals phylotypes related to Geobacter and Cyanobacteria as important functional components of the N2 -fixing community depending on depth and agricultural use of soil . In: MicrobiologyOpen . tape 6 , no. October 5 , 2017, ISSN  2045-8827 , doi : 10.1002 / mbo3.502 , PMID 28766873 , PMC 5635172 (free full text).
  34. ↑ Clara Corbella, Miriam Guivernau, Marc Viñas, Jaume Puigagut: Operational, design and microbial aspects related to power production with microbial fuel cells implemented in constructed wetlands . In: Water Research . tape 84 , November 1, 2015, ISSN  1879-2448 , p. 232-242 , doi : 10.1016 / j.watres.2015.06.005 , PMID 26253894 .
  35. ↑ Zhou Fang, Hai-Liang Song, Ning Cang, Xian-Ning Li: Performance of microbial fuel cell coupled constructed wetland system for decolorization of azo dye and bioelectricity generation . In: Bioresource Technology . tape 144 , September 2013, ISSN  1873-2976 , p. 165-171 , doi : 10.1016 / j.biortech.2013.06.073 , PMID 23867535 .
  36. ^ Roland D. Cusick, Patrick D. Kiely, Bruce E. Logan: A monetary comparison of energy recovered from microbial fuel cells and microbial electrolysis cells fed winery or domestic wastewaters . In: International Journal of Hydrogen Energy . tape 35 , no. 17 , September 2010, p. 8855-8861 , doi : 10.1016 / j.ijhydene.2010.06.077 .
  37. ↑ Clara Corbella, Rebecca P. Steidl, Jaume Puigagut, Gemma Reguera: Electrochemical characterization of Geobacter lovleyi identifies limitations of microbial fuel cell performance in constructed wetlands . In: International Microbiology: The Official Journal of the Spanish Society for Microbiology . tape 20 , no. 2 , June 2017, ISSN  1139-6709 , p. 55-64 , doi : 10.2436 / 20.1501.01.285 , PMID 28617523 .
  38. ↑ Junfeng Chen, Yongyou Hu, Wantang Huang, Yanyan Liu, Meizhen Tang: Biodegradation of oxytetracycline and electricity generation in microbial fuel cell with in situ dual graphene modified bioelectrode . In: Bioresource Technology . tape 270 , December 2018, ISSN  1873-2976 , p. 482-488 , doi : 10.1016 / j.biortech.2018.09.060 , PMID 30245318 .
  39. ↑ Gemma Reguera: Microbes, cables, and an electrical touch . In: International Microbiology: The Official Journal of the Spanish Society for Microbiology . tape 18 , no. 3 , September 2015, ISSN  1139-6709 , p. 151-157 , doi : 10.2436 / 20.1501.01.245 , PMID 27036742 .
  40. ↑ a b Dena L. Cologgi, Sanela Lampa-Pastirk, Allison M. Speer, Shelly D. Kelly, Gemma Reguera: Extracellular reduction of uranium via Geobacter Conductive pili as a protective cellular mechanism . In: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America . tape 108 , no. 37 , September 13, 2011, ISSN  1091-6490 , p. 15248–15252 , doi : 10.1073 / pnas.1108616108 , PMID 21896750 , PMC 3174638 (free full text).
  41. ↑ Gemma Reguera: Electron transfer at the cell-uranium interface in Geobacter spp . In: Biochemical Society Transactions . tape 40 , no. 6 , December 1, 2012, ISSN  1470-8752 , p. 1227-1232 , doi : 10.1042 / BST20120162 , PMID 23176459 .
  42. ↑ Haifeng Zhuang, Hao Zhu, Shengdao Shan, Liting Zhang, Chengran Fang: Potential enhancement of direct interspecies electron transfer for anaerobic degradation of coal gasification wastewater using up-flow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) with nitrogen doped sewage sludge carbon assisted . In: Bioresource Technology . tape 270 , December 2018, ISSN  1873-2976 , p. 230–235 , doi : 10.1016 / j.biortech.2018.09.012 , PMID 30219574 .
  43. ↑ Jiajia Li, Leilei Xiao, Shiling Zheng, Yuechao Zhang, Min Luo: A new insight into the strategy for methane production affected by conductive carbon cloth in wetland soil: Beneficial to acetoclastic methanogenesis instead of CO2 reduction . In: The Science of the Total Environment . tape 643 , December 1, 2018, ISSN  1879-1026 , p. 1024-1030 , doi : 10.1016 / j.scitotenv.2018.06.271 , PMID 30189519 .
  44. ↑ Xiomar Gómez, William Meredith, Camino Fernández, Mario Sánchez-García, Rebeca Díez-Antolínez: Evaluating the effect of biochar addition on the anaerobic digestion of swine manure: application of Py-GC / MS . In: Environmental Science and Pollution Research International . tape 25 , no. September 25 , 2018, ISSN  1614-7499 , p. 25600-25611 , doi : 10.1007 / s11356-018-2644-4 , PMID 29959741 .
  45. ↑ Zhongzhong Wang, Qidong Yin, Mengqi Gu, Kai He, Guangxue Wu: Enhanced azo dye Reactive Red 2 degradation in anaerobic reactors by dosing conductive material of ferroferric oxide . In: Journal of Hazardous Materials . tape 357 , September 5, 2018, ISSN  1873-3336 , p. 226-234 , doi : 10.1016 / j.jhazmat.2018.06.005 , PMID 29890419 .
  46. ↑ Dexin Wang, Yuxing Han, Hongjun Han, Kun Li, Chunyan Xu: New insights into enhanced anaerobic degradation of Fischer-Tropsch wastewater with the assistance of magnetite . In: Bioresource Technology . tape 257 , June 2018, ISSN  1873-2976 , p. 147–156 , doi : 10.1016 / j.biortech.2018.02.084 , PMID 29499496 .
  47. ↑ Carolina Cruz Viggi, Serena Simonetti, Enza Palma, Pamela Pagliaccia, Camilla Braguglia: Enhancing methane production from food waste fermentate using biochar: the added value of electrochemical testing in pre-selecting the most effective type of biochar . In: Biotechnology for Biofuels . tape 10 , 2017, ISSN  1754-6834 , p. 303 , doi : 10.1186 / s13068-017-0994-7 , PMID 29255486 , PMC 5729428 (free full text).
  48. ↑ Zisheng Zhao, Yang Li, Qilin Yu, Yaobin Zhang: Ferroferric oxide triggered possible direct interspecies electron transfer between Syntrophomonas and Methanosaeta to enhance waste activated sludge anaerobic digestion . In: Bioresource Technology . tape 250 , February 2018, ISSN  1873-2976 , p. 79-85 , doi : 10.1016 / j.biortech.2017.11.003 , PMID 29153653 .
  49. Jump up ↑ Maria José Cuetos, E. Judith Martinez, Rubén Moreno, Rubén Gonzalez, Marta Otero: Enhancing anaerobic digestion of poultry blood using activated carbon . In: Journal of Advanced Research . tape 8 , no. 3 , May 2017, ISSN  2090-1232 , p. 297–307 , doi : 10.1016 / j.jare.2016.12.004 , PMID 28462003 , PMC 5403941 (free full text).
  50. ↑ Yue Li, Yaobin Zhang, Yafei Yang, Xie Quan, Zhiqiang Zhao: Potentially direct interspecies electron transfer of methanogenesis for syntrophic metabolism under sulfate reducing conditions with stainless steel . In: Bioresource Technology . tape 234 , June 2017, ISSN  1873-2976 , p. 303-309 , doi : 10.1016 / j.biortech.2017.03.054 , PMID 28340434 .
  51. ↑ Qidong Yin, Kai He, Aike Liu, Guangxue Wu: Enhanced system performance by dosing ferroferric oxide during the anaerobic treatment of tryptone-based high-strength wastewater . In: Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology . tape 101 , no. May 9 , 2017, ISSN  1432-0614 , p. 3929-3939 , doi : 10.1007 / s00253-017-8194-8 , PMID 28235990 .
  52. ↑ Yan Dang, Dawn E. Holmes, Zhiqiang Zhao, Trevor L. Woodard, Yaobin Zhang: Enhancing anaerobic digestion of complex organic waste with carbon-based conductive materials . In: Bioresource Technology . tape 220 , November 2016, ISSN  1873-2976 , p. 516-522 , doi : 10.1016 / j.biortech.2016.08.114 , PMID 27611035 .
  53. ↑ Jianchao Zhang, Yahai Lu: Conductive Fe3O4 Nanoparticles Accelerate Syntrophic Methane Production from Butyrate Oxidation in Two Different Lake Sediments . In: Frontiers in Microbiology . tape 7 , 2016, ISSN  1664-302X , p. 1316 , doi : 10.3389 / fmicb.2016.01316 , PMID 27597850 , PMC 4992681 (free full text).
  54. ^ Gilberto Martins, Andreia F. Salvador, Luciana Pereira, M. Madalena Alves: Methane Production and Conductive Materials: A Critical Review . In: Environmental Science & Technology . tape 52 , no. 18 , September 18, 2018, ISSN  0013-936X , p. 10241-10253 , doi : 10.1021 / acs.est.8b01913 .