History of Tourism Research

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This article covers the history of tourism research .

Beginning to the end of the 1920s

The scientific study of the phenomenon of "tourism" began at the beginning of the 20th century. In 1905 Josef Stradner tried to develop an economics program for tourism , trying to differentiate between "tourism" and "travel". In 1914 the International Institute for Hotel Education was founded in Düsseldorf . This institute was expanded to become the University of Hotel and Transportation Systems in 1920 , but was closed in 1921 due to inflation . Professor von Schullern-Schrattenhofen carried out one of the first scientific studies that treated tourism as a scientific topic. Even Paul Neff contributed with his work About international travel as an economic problem for the definition of "tourism" at.

Neff understands tourism as "the totality of all movements of people who, for economic, cultural reasons, for professional, sporting, health and pleasure purposes, leave their place of residence for temporary residence without giving up the legal and economic relationships connected with it" (cited in Ernst Spatt : General Tourism Studies ). That was one of the first scientific definitions of the time.

In the 1920s, originated from Italy and Switzerland starting, even in Germany , the tourism science as one of the operation and economy related discipline . So was z. B. In 1928 the first training course on tourism was held in Berlin . This course dealt with lectures on railways and tourism, trade fairs and exhibitions, hotel business management, etc. In 1928 the magazine Verkehr und Bäder published an article entitled Tourism as a Science with a summary of the lectures.

Leopold von Wiese suggested seeing and describing tourism from a relational perspective. This sociological advance was not expanded further. For Artur Bormann, tourism science is part of transport business administration.

Berlin

In 1929, the research institute for tourism was founded at the commercial college in Berlin . At that time, u. a.

  • Construction and technical equipment of restaurants
  • Introduction to tourism
  • Trade fairs and exhibitions
  • Cure and bathing
  • Passenger traffic of the Reichsbahn

However, the lectures and seminars did not lead to any academic qualifications and were also very poorly attended. In 1934 the geographer Adolf Grünthal entered the specialist public with his research into tourism. In his opinion, tourism geography has the primary task of depicting the distribution of tourism and examining the interrelationships between it and the natural phenomena on the earth's surface . The decisive impetus for tourism education was the archive for tourism published by Glücksmann with its interdisciplinary approach. Most of the articles were on economics and statistics , but sociological articles were also published. However, when the research institute closed in 1934, the magazine was discontinued. The reasons were the global economic crisis and Glücksmann's Jewish descent.

In 1935, Glücksmann published his book General Tourism , which, along with Bormann's The Teaching of Tourism (1931), was one of the first textbooks on tourism. The Berlin Research Institute for Tourism was replaced by the Institute for Tourism Research at the University of World Trade in Vienna , which was founded in February 1934 . It was there in 1940 that the “Reich University Course for Tourism” was launched. This course still exists today, albeit under the name of the "University Course for Tourism". In Germany, the Herrmann-Esser Research Association for Tourism was founded in Frankfurt am Main in 1939 , but Glücksmann's thoughts were not taken up again there. Rather, the aim was to promote German tourism. The German Economic Institute for Tourism , founded in 1950, quickly moved away from academic research and cultivated a practical economic orientation. On the part of geographical tourism research , the work written by Hans Poser “Geographical studies on tourism in the Giant Mountains” deserves special mention. Because Poser formulated a methodological concept that fundamentally shaped the issues of tourism geography up to the 1960s.

Bern and St. Gallen

In the same year, before St. Gallen , the Research Institute for Tourism , which still exists today , was founded in Bern , and Kurt Krapf became its director. The Swiss Center for Transport Promotion was also holding specialist courses for tourism in 1941. In all cases there was an unmistakable tendency to combine the scientific treatment of tourism with economics through research and teaching . The two Swiss researchers Walter Hunziker and Kurt Krapf took up Glücksmann's approaches and tried to further develop the discipline. In 1942, Hunziker and Krapf published the work Grundriss der Allgemeine Tourismuslehre , a work that was considered a standard work for basic research in tourism for decades. The two professors wanted to move away from the more economic tourism research to cultural studies research.

Walter Hunziker attempted to create a "scientific tourism education" as a new discipline; He developed the approach to this based on Max Weber and especially Sombart. For Hunziker, tourism was an imaginary “system”, which in turn forms a “basic element” of the modern “cultural system” and is interrelated with it. In contrast to the Bern institute, the institute in St. Gallen placed its main focus on teaching and training. To this day, both institutes have published a series of publications dealing with current topics in tourism research.

Austria

The Vienna Institute for Tourism Research, founded in 1939, expanded its scientific research activities with its own structure and system approaches after 1959. Paul Bernecker , who first worked as a lecturer and later as a professor from 1951, promoted modern tourism science with his publications Der modern Tourismus (1955), The position of tourism in the economic system (1956) and the basic theory of tourism . In particular, the establishment of tourism research as a special business administration course is thanks to Bernecker. Together with his two Swiss colleagues Walter Hunziker and Kurt Krapf, he is considered the founder of scientific tourism research in the German-speaking area. He also founded the Society for Tourism Science. The Institute for Tourism Research at the Vienna University of Economics and Business (today: Institute for Tourism and Leisure Economics ) published the series of articles on tourism research and is the oldest research institute for tourism in German-speaking countries. On the other hand, the Austrians tried to give practitioners without a university entrance qualification access to tourism science.

Developments since the 1950s

Research in the post-war period was increasingly devoted to economic issues. In tourism geography , case studies were predominantly made. In 1968 Karl Ruppert and Jörg Maier presented the so-called "geography of leisure behavior" to the specialist public.

In 1958 the first students in the GDR graduated from the Friedrich List University in Dresden . On September 1, 1964, the chair “Economics of Tourism” was established, and in 1967 the “Department of Tourism” was established to coordinate all disciplines involved in tourism education. Also at the commercial college in Leipzig was trained in tourism, mainly in the catering and hotel industry. An important publication is the book Scientific Aspects of Tourism , published in 1969 .

In 1960 Knebel tried to establish a "tourism sociology" with his book Sociological Structural Changes in Modern Tourism . In 1961, a tourism research institute based on the social sciences was founded with the study group for tourism , which carried out numerous research work, including preliminary studies on travel analysis, the first travel analysis in 1971 and subsequently numerous pilot and accompanying studies.

At the beginning of the 1970s a textbook was published by Gustav Zedek entitled Tourism. Foundations and tools published. Zedek developed a definition of tourism in which tourism is also linked to leisure activities . According to Zedek, tourism is “the epitome of economic, social and emotional relationships and phenomena under the influence of aspects of recreational activities, basic maintenance or restoration and the promotion and maintenance of interpersonal encounters, as well as the perception of educational opportunities in connection with excursions, trips and stays non-resident persons, provided that no permanent or temporary main employment is exercised. "

literature

  • Paul Bernecker et al. a .: On the development of tourism research and teaching in recent years . Fachverlag der Wirtschaftsuniversität, Vienna 1984
  • Voyage. Yearbook for Travel & Tourism Research , Dumont, Cologne 1997 (1st year)
  • Heinz Hahn u. a. (Ed.): Tourism psychology and tourism sociology. A Guide to Tourism Science . Quintessenz publishing house, Munich 1993, ISBN 3-86128-153-8
  • Walter Hunziker: Present-day tasks in tourism science . In: Yearbook for Tourism, 2nd year (1954)
  • Walter Hunziker: On the problems and systematics of business administration in tourism . In: Yearbook for Tourism, 1st year (1952/53)
  • Walter Hunziker, Kurt Krapf: Outline of general tourism teaching . Polygraphischer Verlag, Zurich 1942
  • Claude Kaspar: The application of systems theory to solve methodological problems in tourism science and tourism . In: Walter A. Ender (Ed.): Festschrift for the completion of the 70th year of life by Prof. Paul Bernecker . Institute for Tourism Research, Vienna 1978
  • Rudolf Klöpper (ed.): Scientific aspects of tourism . Jänecke, Hanover 1969
  • J. Leugger: Transport and Tourism Sociology . In: Sociological Works , 1966
  • F. Schadlbauer: New tendencies in the question of the definition of tourism . In: Mitteilungen der Österreichische Geographische Gesellschaft , Vol. 115, 1973 pp. 162–164
  • Hasso Spode: On the history of tourism (PDF; 10.9 MB), in Voyage. Yearbook for Travel & Tourism Research, Vol. 8/2009
  • Hasso Spode : History of Tourism Science . In: Günther Haedrich u. a. Ed .: Tourism Management. Tourism marketing and planning . De Gruyter, Berlin 1998, ISBN 3-11-015185-5
  • Hasso Spode: How tourism science did not emerge 50 years ago . In: Reinhard Bachleitner u. a. (Ed.): The tourist through which you see. Tourism research work . Profil, Munich 1998, ISBN 3-89019-405-2

notes

  1. see Angela Genger: "I think so often about home ..." On the story of a displacement in the letters of the Glücksmann family. in Zs. moment . Ed. Mahn- und Gedenkstätte Düsseldorf , No. 12-13, 1998, ISSN  1434-3606 p. 25f
  2. A. Schrand: The Institute for Tourism in Starnberg: The institutionalization of social science tourism research in Germany. In: A. Günther et al .: Tourism research in Bavaria . Munich, Vienna, 2006, pp. 29–38, available online  ( page no longer available , search in web archivesInfo: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (PDF; 151 kB)@1@ 2Template: Toter Link / www.tourismusforschung-in-bayern.de