Giorgione

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Self-portrait as David (around 1508),
Herzog Anton Ulrich-Museum , Braunschweig

Giorgione (* 1478 in Castelfranco Veneto , † before October 25, 1510 in Venice ) - full name Giorgio da Castelfranco , also Zorzo da Castelfranco - was an Italian painter of the Renaissance .

Life

The Thunderstorm , 1507/1508, Gallerie dell'Accademia Venice

There are hardly any documents about Giorgione's life: the biographer Giorgio Vasari named in the first edition of his biography - published in 1550 - the year of birth 1477, in the second edition of 1568 he corrected the date to 1478.

Giorgione studied together with Tizian in the workshop of Giovanni Bellini in Venice. After his return to Castelfranco he painted the altarpiece Madonna with Saints Francis and Nicasius , known as Pala di Castelfranco, for a chapel in the parish church of San Liberale in 1504/1505 on behalf of Condottiere Tuzio Costanzo . Costanzo had donated the portrait in honor of his son Matteo Costanzo, who died unexpectedly in 1504.

Around 1505 Giorgione returned to Venice, where he executed numerous, now destroyed frescoes on house facades. Verifiable biographical data also relate to payments made to Giorgione by the Council of Ten in Venice: the artist received a payment of 20 ducats on August 14, 1507, and an additional sum of money on January 24, 1508 for a canvas painting in the audience chamber of the Doge's Palace . On November 8, 1508, the head of the Salt Office had to decide on the facade painting on the Fondaco dei Tedeschi (fragments in the Ca'd'Oro and in Saltwood Castle, Kent) on the Grand Canal. Titian was also involved in this work under the direction of Giorgione. On December 11, 1508, three painters commissioned as experts set the fee at 150 ducats. Giorgione received an amount of 130 ducats.

Giorgione died in Venice in 1510 as a result of a plague infection . His death is only recorded in a letter from Isabella d'Este , so that a contract relationship can be assumed.

Of the artist's easel pictures are still authenticated: the so-called. Giorgione's family, three figures in a landscape, with which he created the first pure landscape picture in Italian painting, and the three philosophers in a mountain landscape (Vienna, Kunsthistorisches Museum). In addition, due to the similarity in style with the above paintings, he is still credited with: the concert (Florence, Palazzo Pitti), three life-size half-figures, the ordeal of little Moses, the judgment of Solomon and the portrait of a Knight of Malta (Florence, Uffizi), Madonna with Antonius and Rochus (Madrid, museum), Christ carrying the cross (Vicenza, Casa Loschi), male portrait (Rovigo), Apollo and Daphne (Venice, Seminario della Salute) and sleeping Venus (Dresden, gallery). The Venetian nobleman Marcantonio Michiel lists twelve paintings and one drawing as works by Giorgione in his “Notes of the opera del disegno”, which was created between 1520 and 1543.

reception

Portrait of a young man, around 1505/06, Gemäldegalerie Berlin

Giorgione's works belong to the stylistic epoch of Venetian painting . In his short life he created a number of masterpieces within this epoch: Great creative power, a high perception and a rich poetic imagination combined with a rare talent for color are the hallmarks of Giorgione's artistic personality. What is special about his style of painting is that he largely dispenses with outlines - more decisive for the artist is the elaboration of color transitions.

With his complete works, which corresponded to the ideas and needs of the time, the artist produced a style called Giorgionism. The followers of Giorgionism included: Marco Basaiti , Vincenzo Catena , Giovanni Girolamo Savoldo , Girolamo Romanino , Bartolomeo Veneto , Giovanni Cariani , Palma Vecchio and Bonifazio Veronese . Giorgionism also came from Venice to Ferrara , where it influenced the painting style of Dosso Dossi . And in the 17th century Pietro della Vecchia became interested in Giorgione as an Italian Baroque painter.

Buildings in Castelfranco

In Giorgione's birthplace, Castelfranco Veneto, there is a monument from 1878 and the Museo Casa di Giorgione. On the occasion of the opening in 2009/2010, a special exhibition was held that showed works by the artist that were otherwise exhibited separately as an ensemble.

Works

The Trial by Fire of Moses , 1505, Uffizi Gallery , Florence

painting

Slumbering Venus, 1510, Gemäldegalerie Dresden

Handwritten works

Portrait of a Young Man. around 1505/06
Oil on canvas, 58 × 47 cm, Inv .: 12 A
Christ carrying the cross. around 1500 - 1503
Oil on panel, 52 × 43 cm
Mary with the Child and Saints Francis and Liberals ( Pala di Castelfranco ). around 1504
Oil on panel, 200 × 152 cm
Slumbering Venus . 1510
Oil on canvas, 108 × 174 cm, inv .: 185; The painting was completed by Titian
The Trial by Fire of Moses. around 1500 - 1505
Oil on panel, 89 × 72 cm, inv .: 945; Counterpart to "The Judgment of Solomon"
The judgment of Solomon. around 1500 - 1505
Oil on panel, 89 × 72 cm, inv .: 947; Counterpart to "The Trial by Fire of Moses"
The concert (The Three Ages of Man / The Instruction of Marc Aurel). around 1500/01
Oil on panel, 62 × 77.5 cm, inv .: 110
Shepherd with a flute (so-called Apollo). around 1510
Oil on canvas, 61.2 × 46.5 cm, inv .: 101
Adoration of the Magi. around 1500 - 1504
Oil on panel, 29 × 81 cm, inv .: NG 1160
Landscape with the Saints Rochus, George and Antonius Abbas (The twilight: "Donà delle Rose"). around 1508 - 1510
Oil on canvas, 73.3 × 91.5 cm, inv .: NG 6307
The body of Christ supported by an angel (Engelspietà). around 1510
Oil on canvas, 76 × 63 cm; The painting was completed by Titian
  • Oxford , Ashmolean Museum
Reading Mary with the Child (Madonna Tallard). around 1506/07
Oil on panel, 76.6 × 60.2 cm, inv .: 177
  • San Diego , Fine Arts Gallery
Portrait of a Man. 1510
Oil on panel, 30.1 × 26.7 cm, inv .: 40-100
Judith. around 1502 - 1504
Oil on canvas, 144 × 68 cm, inv .: 37; former Crozat collection
Mary with the child in a landscape. around 1506
Oil on wood transferred to canvas, 44 × 36.5 cm, inv .: 38
Standing female nude. Around 1507/08
Detached fresco, 243 × 140 cm, inv .: 1133
La Tempesta (The Thunderstorm) . around 1506 - 1508
Oil on canvas, 82 × 73 cm, inv .: 881
Portrait of an old woman (Col Tempo). around 1510
Oil on canvas, 68 × 59 cm, inv .: 95
Portrait of a young woman ("Laura") , 1506, Kunsthistorisches Museum , Vienna
Christ carrying the cross. around 1509/10
Oil on canvas, 70 × 100 cm, inv .: 110
The Holy Family (Benson). around 1500
Oil on wood transferred to pressboard, 37.3 × 45.6 cm, inv .: 1952.2.8
The Adoration of the Shepherds (Allendale). around 1500 - 1505
Oil on panel, 90.8 × 110.5 cm, inv .: 1939.1.289
Portrait of a Venetian nobleman. around 1508 - 1510
Oil on canvas, 76.2 × 63.5 cm, inv .: 1939.1.258
The three philosophers , around 1508/1509, Kunsthistorisches Museum , Vienna
Boy with the arrow. around 1504 - 1506
Oil on panel, 48 × 42 cm, inv .: 63
Portrait of a young woman ("Laura"). 1506
Oil on canvas, glued to wood, 41 × 33.6 cm, inv .: 219
The three philosophers , around 1508/1509
Oil on canvas, 123.8 × 144.5 cm, inv .: 116
Portrait of a soldier with his servant (Girolamo Marcello?). around 1509/10
Oil on canvas, 72 × 56.5 cm, inv .: 1526

Attributed works

  • Bergamo , private collection
Maria with the child. around 1500 - 1504
Oil on panel, 68 × 48 cm, inv .: 110; Authorship possible but extremely controversial due to the lack of comparable pieces
Self-portrait as David.
Oil on canvas, 52 × 43 cm, inv .: 454; Predominantly valued as a copy after a lost original
Portrait of a young man (so-called Brocardo).
Oil on canvas, 72.5 × 54 cm, inv .: 140; Authorship possible but mostly rejected
  • London , National Gallery
Homage to a poet. around 1495 - 1500
Oil on wood, 12 × 19 cm, Inv .: NG 1173; Recently recognized again as a youth work
  • Montagna , Duomo
David and Goliath. around 1498/99
Fresco; Recently attributed with a high degree of recognition, whereby it is pointed out that one must wait until the pictures have been freed from all modern overpainting
Judith and Holofernes. around 1498/99
Fresco; Recently attributed with a high degree of recognition, whereby it is pointed out that one must wait until the pictures have been freed from all modern overpainting
  • New York , Knoedler Collection
Page.
Oil on panel, 24.1 × 20.6 cm; Recently deleted from his own oeuvre due to poor quality
  • Padua , Museo Civico
Rural idyll. around 1498/99
Oil on panel, 12 × 19 cm, inv .: 170; Recently recognized as a youth work
Leda with the swan. around 1498/99
Oil on panel, 12 × 19 cm, inv .: 162; Recently recognized as a youth work
  • Washington , Frank Pearl Collection
The sermon of John the Baptist. around 1495 - 1500
Oil on panel, 34.3 × 27.9 cm; Recently recognized as a youth work
  • Washington , National Gallery of Art
Venus and Cupid in a landscape. around 1498/99
Oil on panel, 11 × 20 cm, Inv .: 1939.1.142; Recently recognized as a youth work
Double portrait of Giovanni Borgherini and his teacher Niccolò Leonico Tomeo.
Oil on canvas, 47 × 60.7 cm, Inv .: 1974.87.1; Believed to be handwritten by a very large number of art historians
  • Washington , Phillips Memorial Gallery
Astrologer (Orpheus and Time). around 1498/99
Oil on panel, 12 × 19.5 cm; Recently recognized as a youth work

Controversial works

  • Berlin , Gemäldegalerie
Ceres.
Oil on canvas, 70 × 54 cm, inv .: 1/56; Today it is mostly attributed to Sebastiano del Piombo
  • Budapest , Szépmüvészeti Múzeum
Self-portrait.
Oil on paper, glued to wood, 91 × 63 cm, inv .: 86; A copy for sure
Triple portrait.
Oil on canvas, 84 × 69 cm, Inv .: 26.108; Is mainly attributed to the Sebastiano del Piombo
  • Florence , Galleria degli Uffizi
Armored nobleman with squire (Gattamelatta).
Oil on canvas, 90 × 73 cm, inv .: 911; Definitely excluded from Giorgione's oeuvre from the new research
  • Hampton Court , Royal Collection
The concert (so-called Apollo). around 1510
Oil on canvas, 76.2 × 98 cm, inv .: 505-130; Probably originated in the circle of Giovanni Bellini
Rural concert, around 1505-10.
Oil on canvas, 110 × 138 cm, here the attribution fluctuates between Giorgione and Tizian

drawings

An attempt was made to assign drawings to Giorgione. However, these assignments are inconsistent and should be viewed with caution.

Seated male nude.
Brown ink on paper, 23 × 15.6 cm, Inv .: KdZ 416; Attributed to
Village square with farmhouses.
Gray-brown ink on paper, 23.2 × 28.8 cm, Inv .: KdZ 5130; Recently attributed to Andrea Pevitali
  • Budapest , Szépmüvézeti Muzeum
Saint Elizabeth with the boy John.
Brown ink on paper, 16.5 × 11.3 cm, inv .: 1783; More likely from Titian
Jupiter and Callisto.
Red chalk on cardboard, 14 × 19 cm, inv .: 175; More likely from Titian
  • Lausanne , Stroelin Collection
Seated female nude from the back.
Ink on paper, 19.5 × 12.5 cm; More likely from Titian
Putto.
Red chalk on paper, 15.8 × 6.3 cm, inv .: 11.66.5 .; very controversial, mostly rejected attribution
  • Oxford , Christ Church
Sitting philosopher. around 1508
  • Rotterdam , Boymans-van Beuningen Museum
Resting shepherd in front of a city wall. around 1506 - 1508
Red chalk on cardboard, 20.3 × 29 cm, inv .: I 485; only undisputed drawing
  • Washington , National Gallery of Art
The kidnapping of Ganymede. around 1500
Pencil and brown ink on paper, 15 × 11.7 cm, inv .: 1996.11.1
  • Zurich , private collection
Bearded man's head. (recto) / Head of a Bearded Man. (verso) around 1508
Cardboard, 21.5 × 13.5 cm
  • Whereabouts unknown
Landscape with a fort. (auctioned on July 5, 2005 at Christie's in London)

source

  • Lorenzo Lazzarini: Giorgione. La Pala di Castelfranco Veneto . Catalog of the exhibition in Castelfranco Veneto from May 29th to September 30th 1978.

literature

  • Wolfgang L. Eller: Giorgione - catalog raisonné. Riddle and solution. Imhof, Petersberg 2007, ISBN 978-3-86568-042-6 .
  • Ludwig Justi: Giorgione. Two volumes. Bard, Berlin 1908.
  • Frank Keim: The discovery of the moons of Jupiter 105 years before Galileo Galilei. Peter Lang, Frankfurt a. a. 2009.
  • Ursula Kesselhut: Giorgione. Henschel, Berlin 1978.
  • Sylvia Ferino Pagden, Giovanna Nepi Scire and others: Giorgione. Myth and Enigma. Exhibition at the Kunsthistorisches Museum Vienna, March 23 to July 11, 2004. Skira, Milan 2004, ISBN 88-8491-888-X .
  • Terisio Pignatti , Filippo Pedrocco: Giorgione. Life and work . Hirmer, Munich 1999, ISBN 3-7774-8300-1 .
  • Terisio Pignatti: Giorgione. Work and effect. Electa-Klett-Cotta, Stuttgart 1979, ISBN 3-88448-001-4 .
  • Enrico Maria Dal Pozzolo: Giorgione. Actes Sud, Arles 2009, ISBN 978-2-7427-8448-6 .
  • Enrico Maria Dal Pozzolo (Ed.): Giorgione. Exhibition Museo Casa Giorgione, Castelfranco Veneto, December 12, 2009 to April 11, 2010. In Italian. Skira, Milan 2009, ISBN 978-88-572-0484-0 .
  • Salvatore Settis : La 'tempesta' interpretata. Giorgione. I committenti il ​​soggetto. Einaudi, Turin 1978.
    • German edition: Giorgione's 'thunderstorm'. Client and hidden subject of a Renaissance painting. Wagenbach, Berlin 1982, ISBN 3-8031-3506-0 .
  • Angelo Walther : Giorgione. Verlag der Kunst, Dresden 1979.
  • Franz Spunda: "Giorgones Liebesleid", Roman, Eduard Wancura Verlag Vienna / Stuttgart 1955

Web links

Commons : Giorgione  - collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Angelo Walther: Giorgione. Verlag der Kunst, Dresden 1979, p. 3.
  2. ↑ a b Angelo Walther: Giorgione. Verlag der Kunst, Dresden 1979, p. 28.
  3. ↑ Angelo Walther: Giorgione. Verlag der Kunst, Dresden 1979, p. 8.
  4. ↑ Ursula Kesselhut: Giorgione. Henschel, Berlin 1978, p. 7.
  5. ^ Wolfgang Eller: Giorgione catalog raisonné. Imhof 2007, p. 18
  6. Jump up ↑ Harold E. Wethey: "Giorgione", in: http://www.esterday.com/EBchecked/topic/234034/Giorgione/2710/Works#ref50144
  7. ↑ Angelo Walther: Giorgione. Verlag der Kunst, Dresden 1979, p. 2.
personal data
SURNAME Giorgione
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Giorgio da Castelfranco; Zorzo da Castelfranco
BRIEF DESCRIPTION Italian Renaissance painter
DATE OF BIRTH 1478
PLACE OF BIRTH Castelfranco Veneto
DATE OF DEATH before October 25, 1510
Place of death Venice