Black and gold pilot mackerel
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Black and gold pilot mackerel ( Gnathanodon speciosus ) |
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| Gnathanodon | ||||||||||||
| Bleeker , 1851 | ||||||||||||
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| Gnathanodon speciosus | ||||||||||||
| ( Forsskål , 1775) |
The Black Gold Pilot mackerel ( Gnathanodon speciosus ), and bluefish or king mackerel , in English Golden Trevally or Golden Kingfish called, is a type of large marine fish of the family of jackfish and the only member of the genus Gnathanodon .
Names
The German trivial names often used for Gnathanodon speciosus give cause for confusion. The name golden mackerel is also used for the golden mackerel from the Coryphaenidae family and its genus Coryphaea . As king mackerel is mainly Scomberomorus regalis , a well-known food fish called. In English, many different fish, in particular jacks, mackerel and tuna are called kingfish (German: "king fish"). The German-language name black and gold pilot mackerel, which is used to distinguish it from the other genera and species, especially in zoos and in trade, indicates on the one hand the coloration and on the other hand the behavior of the fish, in schools or groups around larger marine animals, including sharks and jellyfish to stop and accompany them or swim after them.
features
The body of the black and gold pilot mackerel is elongated oval and laterally flattened. Usually a body length of 75 cm, measured from the tip of the snout to the end of the central rays of the caudal fin , is reached. The maximum total length is 120 cm, the maximum weight is 15 kg. The upper jaw is edentulous and can be pushed forward far. The lower jaw of young animals is weakly dentate, in adults it is edentulous. The lips have papillae, the tongue is covered with tiny teeth. The eyes are small. The sideline runs from the front in a moderately regular arc and merges into a straight course between the ninth and fourteenth soft rays of the second dorsal fin. The breast is completely scaled.
Young and young adults are silvery to yellow with 7 to 11 black, usually alternately wide and narrow bands. The first bandage runs diagonally through the eye, the second over the gill cover and back. The dark spot on the gill cover disappears with age, the body color then becomes yellow-green towards the back and pale yellow underneath.
All fins are yellow, the tips of the caudal fin lobes are black, and the caudal fin of adults is dark. The first dorsal fin (dorsal) with seven hard rays is followed by a second with one hard ray and 18 to 20 soft rays. In the anal fin , two free-standing hard rays are followed by a hard ray and 15 to 17 soft rays.
distribution and habitat
The black and gold pilot mackerel is widespread in the tropical and subtropical waters of the Indo-Pacific . It lives in the entire western Indo-Pacific including Hawaii . It is also found in the eastern Pacific Ocean , from Peru to the southwest coast of Baja California Sur .
The species resides in coastal waters and inhabits deep lagoons and the ocean side of reefs.
Way of life
Smaller juveniles can be found between the tentacles of jellyfish , adults form schools and, together with juveniles, follow larger animals such as sharks and groupers or divers. Due to their maneuverability, they are safe from the host, the bandage offers protection from other predators. The black and gold pilot mackerel feeds on or off the bottom. She uses the protruding jaw to find prey from the sand or small crevices. Crustaceans , molluscs and small fish are eaten .
To reproduce, they form swarms at night at different times of the year.
fishing
The black and gold pilot mackerel forms a significant part of the Middle East fisheries and is also - to a somewhat lesser extent - important for the fishing industry in other countries. With an annual catch of 1187 t to 3475 t per year worldwide (between 2000 and 2010), it is important for world food. The species is popular with sport fishermen and can be caught with bait, fly and spear. Several Asian countries breed the fish in aquaculture . The young animals in saltwater aquariums are particularly popular because of their coloring.
Individual evidence
- ↑ Black and gold pilot mackerel in the zoo animal list of members of the "Zoological Society for Species and Populations Protection eV", accessed on October 6, 2015
- ^ A b c John S. Gunn: A Revision of Selected Genera of the Family Carangidae (Pisces) from Australian Waters. In: Records of the Australian Museum , 1990, Supplement 12, ISBN 0730574458 , pp. 39-40. ( Online )
- ↑ a b c d e f g h i Kent E. Carpenter, Volker H. Niem: The Living Marine Resources of the Western Central Pacific. Volume 4: Bony fishes part 2 (Mugilidae to Carangidae). Rome, FAO. 1998, ISBN 92-5-104301-9 , p. 2725. ( Online )
- ↑ a b c Black and gold pilot mackerel on Fishbase.org (English)
- ^ Pai-Lei Lin, Kwang-Tsao Shao: A Review of the Carangid Fishes (Family Carangidae) From Taiwan with Descriptions of Four New Records. In: Zoological Studies , 38 (1), 1999, p. 58. ( Online )
Web links
- Black and gold pilot mackerel on Fishbase.org (English)